Structure 2013-09-05 Present and Past Perfect

p. 31 Exercise 1 B
2 F - "the historic event was a week late"
3 T - "Erden started in February"
"for Alaska" = Alaska is their destination
4 F - "for years"
5 ? (question mark) - we don't know when
6 T - "since he was 11"
7 T - "In 2003, he left his job to begin an around the world trip..."
8 ? - we don't know when
9 ? - "recently" isn't specific
10 T - She has been teaching. = She teaches now.

p. 32 Exercise 3
A
2 bought - specific past time (she was 10)
3 was
4 took - "at first" is finished
5 changed - "then" is also finished
6 has shot / has been shooting - "lately"
7 has competed - we think it will continue
8 won - "last month" is finished
B
1 began - specific past time (12th birthday)
2 got
3 has not stopped ("stop" happens once)
  "He has been playing ever since." - OK
4 has become - completed, but no specific time
5 joined - "last year" is finished
6 have performed / have been performing
7 has given - they will give more this year
C
1 found - "last month" is finished
2 has worked / has been working
3 saved - "at first" is finished
4 got
5 began - "after some time" is finished
6 has bought / has been buying - "lately" includes now
7     traded /          trading
She has bought and traded.
She has been buying and trading.
8 has found - "so far" includes now, each "find" is finished (How many/How much = perfect, How long = perfect progressive)

"She has been finding stamps from all over." - OK
* "She has been finding 200 stamps." - NOT OK
"She has found 200 stamps." - OK
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Long Actions:
  These actions continue for a long time.
  Progressive and simple have the same meaning.
  I have lived in Boston for 5 years.
= I have been living in Boston for 5 years.
  I live in Boston. = I am living in Boston.

Medium Actions:
  These actions continue for a "medium" time, so I can think about them as finished or continuing.
  Progressive and simple have different meanings.
  I speak Spanish. NOT= I am speaking Spanish.
  I have written a book. NOT= I have been writing a book.

Short Actions: like "start" and "finish"
  These actions finish very quickly, so it is usually not necessary to think about them as continuing.
  We don't usually use them in the progressive.
  I have started to study French. - OK
 *I have been starting to study French. - NOT OK
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Non-Actions:
  These actions don't take any time.
  It is incorrect to use them in progressive.
  I want a new computer. - OK
 *I am wanting a new computer - NOT OK
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Past Perfect
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Simple past and present perfect mean that something happened before now.

Past Perfect means that something happened before another event in the past.
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I have taught English for 6 years. (present perfect)
I have lived in 4 apartments in Boston.
I have been working at BAE for 6 months. (present perfect progressive)

In 2010, I had taught English for 3 years. (past perfect)
In 2010, I had lived in 2 apartments in Boston.
In 2010, I had been teaching at GEOS for 2 years. (past perfect progressive)
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2000 - she started writing
2005 - she wrote her first book
2008 - I met her
2010 - she wrote her second book
2013 - NOW

Now, she has written 2 books.
     She has been writing for 13 years.
     I have known her for 5 years.

In 2009, she had written 1 book.
         She had been writing for 9 years.
         I had known her for 1 year.

When I met her, she had written 1 book.
                She had been writing for 8 years.
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You can think of past perfect as "past of the past".
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p. 43 Exercise 1
1 F - He won a competition *before* the show.
2 F - unfinished action (the break interrupted the explanation)
3 ? - we don't know what happened after 4pm.
4 F - I found my seat, then the concert started.
 (simple past + simple past, "when" = "after")
5 T - "The concert had started" = the concert started before
6 T - p. 41, note 2, "USAGE NOTE" - We can use perfect progressive for finished actions, when we can still see the results. (The action isn't continuing, but the results are.)
7 F - "by the end" = before the end = during the concert
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Homework: p. 38-40, reading and questions A & B