2020-05-12 TOEFL: word roots, reading inference

Greg Malivuk
gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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https://ed.ted.com/lessons/are-there-universal-expressions-of-emotion-sophie-zadeh
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Word Roots (list 4) - With your partners, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
icon (iconography, iconoclast, iconic) = image/symbol
idio (idiomatic, idiosyncrasy, idiot) = peculiar/oneself
il/im/in/ir (illegal, impossible, inconsiderate, irresponsible) = not
il/im/in/ir (illuminate, impress, inhale, irradiate) = in
	Spelling rules:
	il before L
	im before B, M, P: imbibe, imbalance, immerse, immobile
	ir before R
	in before everything else: inaction, increase, indominable, ineffable, infect, ingratiate, inhabit, etc.
infra (infrastructure, infrared) = under
inter (interview, international, intercept) = between/among
intra/intro (intravenous, introvert) = into/inward
	(con/contra, ex/extra, in/intra, re/retro - the “tra” adds something like direction)
ject (interject, eject, inject) = throw/push
junct (junction, conjunction, adjunct) = join
kine (kinetic, kinesthetic, telekinesis) = motion (The Latin spelling of this root is “cine”.)
lab (labor, collaborate, elaborate) = work
lex/lect (lexical, dyslexia, lecture, dialect) = word/speak/read
	(The base root really means “to gather or pick”, as in collect/select/elect, but most words using this root in English have to do with gathering or picking out words. In other words: speaking.)
loc (location, dislocation, relocate) = place
luc (translucent, elucidate) = light
lum (illuminate, lumen) = light
macro (macroeconomics, macroevolution) = big
magni (magnify, magnificent, magnate) = great (in size or quality)
mal (malpractice, malaria, malicious) = bad
man/mani/manu (manual, maneuver, manuscript) = hand
mar (marine, maritime) = sea/ocean
mega (megabyte, megastructure, megalith) = huge (unit prefix for 1,000,000 or 220)
meta (metamorphosis, metastasis, metabolism) = change
meta (metaphysics, metacognition, metadata) = beyond/about (metacognition is thinking about thoughts)
micro (microscope, microphone, microbe) = tiny (unit prefix for 1/1,000,000)
migr (immigrate, migrant) = move (from one place to another)
mis (misbehave, misnomer) = incorrect
miss/mit (dismiss, transmit, missile) = send
mono (monochromatic, monotonous, monologue) = one
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Big Units:
deca = 10x
hecto = 100x
kilo = 1000x
mega = 1,000,000x = 10^6
giga = 1,000,000,000x = 10^9
tera = 1,000,000,000,000 = 10^12

Small Units:
deci = 1/10
centi = 1/100
milli = 1/1000
micro = 1/1,000,000 = 10^-6
nano = 1/1,000,000,000 = 10^-9
pico = 1/1,000,000,000,000 = 10^-12
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TOEFL: 4 sections, 3.5 hours, 120 points, $205
1 reading: 54-72 minutes, 3-4 passages, 9-10 questions per passage
2 listening: 40-60 minutes, 2-3 conversations and 3-4 lectures (1 long set and 1-2 short sets)
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking: 17 minutes, 4 tasks, 3m45s speaking time
4 writing: 55 minutes, 2 tasks, 20+30 minutes of writing time
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Reading Question Types:
- vocabulary
- inference
- fact
- negative fact
- purpose
- paraphrase
- reference
- sentence insertion
- summary
- organize/categorize
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Inference questions ask you to identify the answer choice(s) that must be true given the information in the text (even though it’s not stated directly in the passage).
Cambridge exercise R15 - Identify all the correct inferences that can be made from each statement.
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BREAK
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1 C
2 B
3 B D (“previously introduced” means European bees are also there already)
4 A B (“floating nest”)
5 B C
6 B D
7 A C
8 B (Morphine is unsurpassed, which means every other drug must not be as good as morphine. Therefore, cocaine is not as good as morphine for controlling pain.) (maybe C - But we don’t really know that they used it for pain relief 5000 years ago.)
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In R16, all of the inferences are correct. Identify the parts of the passage that you can use to make these inferences.
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exercise R17 - Is each of these statements a correct inference?
1 yes
2 yes
3 no
4 yes (“the rest” and “the others” mean all of the remaining ones, in this case the other 9)
5 no
6 yes
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Common features of wrong inference answer choices:
- causation (when the passage only says things happened at the same time or one after the other)
- predictions (when the only information is about the present or the past)
- judgments about good/bad or “should” (when the only information is factual)
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It’s also incorrect to choose an answer choice that you know is true, but which can’t be concluded from the passage.
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Cengage exercise 3.1 - Check tomorrow
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Homework: exercise 3.2 passages 4 and 5 (pdf pages 8-15)
	(optional - passages 1-3)