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  58.             <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Markup language</h1>
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  61.             <div id="bodyContent">
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  63.                 <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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  76. <div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:RecipeBook_XML_Example.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/RecipeBook_XML_Example.png/300px-RecipeBook_XML_Example.png" width="300" height="206" class="thumbimage" /></a>
  77. <div class="thumbcaption">
  78. <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:RecipeBook_XML_Example.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
  79. Example of RecipeBook, a simple markup language based on XML for creating recipes. The markup can be converted to <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rich_Text_Format" title="Rich Text Format">Rich Text Format</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> or <a href="/wiki/Extensible_Stylesheet_Language" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language" class="mw-redirect">XSL</a>.</div>
  80. </div>
  81. </div>
  82. <p>A <b>markup language</b> is a modern system for <a href="/wiki/Annotation" title="Annotation">annotating</a> a text in a way that is syntactically distinguishable from that text. The idea and terminology evolved from the "<i>marking up</i>" of manuscripts, i.e. the revision instructions by editors, traditionally written with a blue pencil on authors' manuscripts. Examples are typesetting instructions such as those found in <a href="/wiki/Troff" title="Troff">troff</a> and <a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a>, and structural markers such as <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> tags. Markup is typically omitted from the version of the text which is displayed for end-user consumption. Some markup languages, like HTML have <a href="/wiki/Presentation_semantics" title="Presentation semantics">presentation semantics</a>, meaning their specification prescribes how the structured data is to be presented, but other markup languages, like XML, have no predefined semantics.</p>
  83. <p>A well-known example of a markup language in widespread use today is <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">HyperText</a> Markup Language (<a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>), one of the document formats of the <a href="/wiki/WWW" title="WWW" class="mw-redirect">World Wide Web</a>. HTML is mostly an instance of <a href="/wiki/SGML" title="SGML" class="mw-redirect">SGML</a> (though, strictly, it does not comply with all the rules of SGML) and follows many of the markup conventions used in the publishing industry in the communication of printed work between authors, editors, and printers.</p>
  84. <table id="toc" class="toc">
  85. <tr>
  86. <td>
  87. <div id="toctitle">
  88. <h2>Contents</h2>
  89. </div>
  90. <ul>
  91. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Types"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Types</span></a></li>
  92. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
  93. <ul>
  94. <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#GenCode"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">GenCode</span></a></li>
  95. <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#TeX"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">TeX</span></a></li>
  96. <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Scribe.2C_GML_and_SGML"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Scribe, GML and SGML</span></a>
  97. <ul>
  98. <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#HTML"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">HTML</span></a></li>
  99. </ul>
  100. </li>
  101. <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#XML"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">XML</span></a>
  102. <ul>
  103. <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#XHTML"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">XHTML</span></a></li>
  104. <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Other_XML-based_applications"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other XML-based applications</span></a></li>
  105. </ul>
  106. </li>
  107. </ul>
  108. </li>
  109. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Features"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Features</span></a></li>
  110. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Alternative_usage"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Alternative usage</span></a></li>
  111. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
  112. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
  113. <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
  114. </ul>
  115. </td>
  116. </tr>
  117. </table>
  118. <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Markup_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Types">Types</span></h2>
  119. <p>There are three general categories of electronic markup: Presentational, procedural, and descriptive.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
  120. <ul>
  121. <li><i>Presentational markup</i> is that used by traditional word-processing systems, binary codes embedded in document text that produced the <a href="/wiki/WYSIWYG" title="WYSIWYG">WYSIWYG</a> effect. Such markup is usually designed to be hidden from human users, even those who are authors or editors.</li>
  122. </ul>
  123. <ul>
  124. <li><i>Procedural markup</i> is embedded in text and provides instructions for programs that are to process the text. Well-known examples include <a href="/wiki/Troff" title="Troff">troff</a>, <a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a>; it is expected that the processor runs through the text from beginning to end, following the instructions as encountered. Text with such markup is often edited with the markup visible and directly manipulated by the author. Popular procedural-markup systems usually include programming constructs, such that macros or subroutines can be defined and invoked by name.</li>
  125. </ul>
  126. <ul>
  127. <li>In <i>Descriptive markup</i>, the markup is used to label parts of the document rather than to provide specific instructions as to how they should be processed. The objective is to decouple the inherent structure of the document from any particular treatment or rendition of it. Such markup is often described as "semantic". An example of descriptive markup would be HTML's <b>&lt;cite&gt;</b> tag, which is used to label a citation.</li>
  128. </ul>
  129. <p>There is considerable blurring of the lines between the types of markup. In modern word-processing systems, presentational markup is often saved in descriptive-markup-oriented systems such as <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>, and then processed procedurally by implementations. The programming constructs in descriptive-markup systems such as <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> may be used to create higher-level markup systems which are more descriptive, such as <a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a>.</p>
  130. <p>In recent years, a number of small and largely unstandardized markup languages have been developed to allow authors to create formatted text via web browsers, for use in <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wikis</a> and web forums. These are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Lightweight_markup_language" title="Lightweight markup language">Lightweight markup languages</a>. The markup language used by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> is one such.</p>
  131. <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Markup_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
  132. <p>The term <i>markup</i> is derived from the traditional publishing practice of <i>"marking up"</i> a <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a>, which involves adding handwritten annotations in the form of conventional symbolic <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printer</a>'s instructions in the margins and text of a paper manuscript or printed <a href="/wiki/Proofreading" title="Proofreading">proof</a>. For centuries, this task was done primarily by skilled typographers known as "markup men"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> or "copy markers"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> who marked up text to indicate what <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typeface</a>, style, and size should be applied to each part, and then passed the manuscript to others for <a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">typesetting</a> by hand. Markup was also commonly applied by editors, proofreaders, publishers, and graphic designers, and indeed by document authors.</p>
  133. <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Markup_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: GenCode">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="GenCode">GenCode</span></h3>
  134. <p>The first well-known public presentation of markup languages in computer text processing was made by <a href="/wiki/William_W._Tunnicliffe" title="William W. Tunnicliffe">William W. Tunnicliffe</a> at a conference in 1967, although he preferred to call it <i>generic coding.</i> It can be seen as a response to the emergence of programs such as <a href="/wiki/RUNOFF" title="RUNOFF" class="mw-redirect">RUNOFF</a> that each used their own control notations, often specific to the target typesetting device. In the 1970s, Tunnicliffe led the development of a standard called GenCode for the publishing industry and later was the first chair of the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> committee that created <a href="/wiki/SGML" title="SGML" class="mw-redirect">SGML</a>, the first standard descriptive markup language. Book designer Stanley Rice published speculation along similar lines in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Reid_(computer_scientist)" title="Brian Reid (computer scientist)">Brian Reid</a>, in his 1980 dissertation at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>, developed the theory and a working implementation of descriptive markup in actual use.</p>
  135. <p>However, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> researcher <a href="/wiki/Charles_Goldfarb" title="Charles Goldfarb">Charles Goldfarb</a> is more commonly seen today as the "father" of markup languages. Goldfarb hit upon the basic idea while working on a primitive document management system intended for law firms in 1969, and helped invent <a href="/wiki/IBM_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="IBM Generalized Markup Language">IBM GML</a> later that same year. GML was first publicly disclosed in 1973.</p>
  136. <p>In 1975, Goldfarb moved from <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a> to <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a> and became a product planner at the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Almaden_Research_Center" title="IBM Almaden Research Center">IBM Almaden Research Center</a>. There, he convinced IBM's executives to deploy GML commercially in 1978 as part of IBM's Document Composition Facility product, and it was widely used in business within a few years.</p>
  137. <p>SGML, which was based on both GML and GenCode, was developed by Goldfarb in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Goldfarb eventually became chair of the SGML committee. SGML was first and released by ISO as the ISO 8879 standard in October 1986.</p>
  138. <p>Some early examples of computer markup languages available outside the publishing industry can be found in typesetting tools on <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> systems such as <a href="/wiki/Troff" title="Troff">troff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nroff" title="Nroff">nroff</a>. In these systems, formatting commands were inserted into the document text so that typesetting software could format the text according to the editor's specifications. It was a <a href="/wiki/Trial_and_error" title="Trial and error">trial and error</a> iterative process to get a document printed correctly.<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from February 2007" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> Availability of <a href="/wiki/WYSIWYG" title="WYSIWYG">WYSIWYG</a> ("what you see is what you get") publishing software supplanted much use of these languages among casual users, though serious publishing work still uses markup to specify the non-visual structure of texts, and WYSIWYG editors now usually save documents in a markup-language-based format.</p>
  139. <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Markup_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: TeX">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="TeX">TeX</span></h3>
  140. <p>Another major publishing standard is <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a>, created and continuously refined by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a> in the 1970s and '80s. <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> concentrated on detailed layout of text and font descriptions in order to typeset mathematical books in professional quality. This required Knuth to spend considerable time investigating the art of <a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">typesetting</a>. However, TeX has a steep learning curve, so that it is mainly used in <a href="/wiki/Academia" title="Academia">academia</a>, where it is the <i>de facto</i> standard in many scientific disciplines. A TeX macro package known as <a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a> provides a descriptive markup system on top of TeX, and is widely used.</p>
  141. <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Markup_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Scribe, GML and SGML">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Scribe.2C_GML_and_SGML">Scribe, GML and SGML</span></h3>
  142. <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/IBM_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="IBM Generalized Markup Language">IBM Generalized Markup Language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">Standard Generalized Markup Language</a></div>
  143. <p>The first language to make a clear and clean distinction between structure and presentation was <a href="/wiki/Scribe_(markup_language)" title="Scribe (markup language)">Scribe</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Reid_(computer_scientist)" title="Brian Reid (computer scientist)">Brian Reid</a> and described in his doctoral thesis in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Scribe was revolutionary in a number of ways, not least that it introduced the idea of styles separated from the marked up document, and of a <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> controlling the usage of descriptive elements. Scribe influenced the development of <a href="/wiki/IBM_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="IBM Generalized Markup Language">Generalized Markup Language</a> (later SGML) and is a direct ancestor to HTML and <a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a>.</p>
  144. <p>In the early 1980s, the idea that markup should be focused on the structural aspects of a document and leave the visual presentation of that structure to the interpreter led to the creation of SGML. The language was developed by a committee chaired by Goldfarb. It incorporated ideas from many different sources, including Tunnicliffe's project, GenCode. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharon_Adler&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sharon Adler (page does not exist)">Sharon Adler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anders_Berglund" title="Anders Berglund">Anders Berglund</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_A._Marke&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="James A. Marke (page does not exist)">James A. Marke</a> were also key members of the SGML committee.</p>
  145. <p>SGML specified a syntax for including the markup in documents, as well as one for separately describing what tags were allowed, and where (the Document Type Definition (<a href="/wiki/Document_Type_Definition" title="Document Type Definition">DTD</a>) or <a href="/wiki/XML_schema" title="XML schema">schema</a>). This allowed authors to create and use any markup they wished, selecting tags that made the most sense to them and were named in their own natural languages. Thus, SGML is properly a <a href="/wiki/Meta-language" title="Meta-language" class="mw-redirect">meta-language</a>, and many particular markup languages are derived from it. From the late '80s on, most substantial new markup languages have been based on SGML system, including for example <a href="/wiki/Text_Encoding_Initiative" title="Text Encoding Initiative">TEI</a> and <a href="/wiki/DocBook" title="DocBook">DocBook</a>. SGML was promulgated as an International Standard by <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a>, ISO 8879, in 1986.</p>
  146. <p>SGML found wide acceptance and use in fields with very large-scale documentation requirements. However, it was generally found to be cumbersome and difficult to learn, a side effect of attempting to do too much and be too flexible. For example, SGML made end <a href="/wiki/Tag_(metadata)" title="Tag (metadata)">tags</a> (or start-tags, or even both) optional in certain contexts, because it was thought that markup would be done manually by overworked support staff who would appreciate saving keystrokes<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2008" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup>.</p>
  147. <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Markup_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: HTML">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="HTML">HTML</span></h4>
  148. <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a></div>
  149. <p>By 1991, it appeared to many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. from February 2011" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words" class="mw-redirect">who?</a></i>]</sup> that SGML would be limited to commercial and data-based applications while <a href="/wiki/WYSIWYG" title="WYSIWYG">WYSIWYG</a> tools (which stored documents in proprietary binary formats) would suffice for other <a href="/wiki/Document_processing" title="Document processing">document processing</a> applications. The situation changed when <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Sir Tim Berners-Lee</a>, learning of SGML from co-worker Anders Berglund and others at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>, used SGML syntax to create <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>. HTML resembles other SGML-based tag languages, although it began as simpler than most and a formal DTD was not developed until later. <a href="/wiki/Steven_DeRose" title="Steven DeRose">Steven DeRose</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> argues that HTML's use of descriptive markup (and SGML in particular) was a major factor in the success of the Web, because of the flexibility and extensibility that it enabled (other factors include the notion of URLs and the free distribution of browsers). HTML is quite likely the most used markup language in the world today.</p>
  150. <p>Some<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2007" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> would restrict the term "markup language" to systems that directly support non-hierarchical structures (see <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_model" title="Hierarchical model" class="mw-redirect">Hierarchical model</a>). By this definition HTML, XML, and even SGML (apart from its rarely-used CONCUR option) would be disqualified and called "container languages" instead. However, the term "container language" is not in widespread use, and such hierarchical languages are almost universally considered markup languages. There is active research on non-hierarchical markup models, some expressed within XML and related languages (for example, using the <a href="/wiki/Text_Encoding_Initiative" title="Text Encoding Initiative">Text Encoding Initiative</a> Guidelines and derivatives such as the <a href="/wiki/Open_Scripture_Information_Standard" title="Open Scripture Information Standard">Open Scripture Information Standard</a> and <a href="/wiki/CLIX" title="CLIX" class="mw-redirect">CLIX</a>), and some not (for example, <a href="/wiki/MECS" title="MECS">MECS</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Layed_Markup_and_Annotation_Language&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Layed Markup and Annotation Language (page does not exist)">Layed Markup and Annotation Language</a> or LMNL). Much of this research is published in the proceedings of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Extreme_Markup&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Extreme Markup (page does not exist)">Extreme Markup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balisage" title="Balisage">Balisage</a> conferences, generally held in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>.</p>
  151. <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Markup_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: XML">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="XML">XML</span></h3>
  152. <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a></div>
  153. <p>XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a meta markup language that is now widely used. XML was developed by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>, in a committee created and chaired by <a href="/wiki/Jon_Bosak" title="Jon Bosak">Jon Bosak</a>. The main purpose of XML was to simplify SGML by focusing on a particular problem — documents on the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> XML remains a meta-language like SGML, allowing users to create any tags needed (hence "extensible") and then describing those tags and their permitted uses.</p>
  154. <p>XML adoption was helped because every XML document can be written in such a way that it is also an SGML document, and existing SGML users and software could switch to XML fairly easily. However, XML eliminated many of the more complex and human-oriented features of SGML to simplify implementation environments such as documents and publications. However, it appeared to strike a happy medium between simplicity and flexibility, and was rapidly adopted for many other uses. XML is now widely used for communicating <a href="/wiki/Database_transaction" title="Database transaction">data</a> between applications. Like HTML, it can be described as a 'container' language.</p>
  155. <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Markup_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: XHTML">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="XHTML">XHTML</span></h4>
  156. <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a></div>
  157. <p>Since January 2000 all <a href="/wiki/W3C_Recommendation" title="W3C Recommendation" class="mw-redirect">W3C Recommendations</a> for HTML have been based on XML rather than SGML, using the abbreviation <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a> (<i>E<b>x</b>tensible <b>H</b>yper<b>T</b>ext <b>M</b>arkup <b>L</b>anguage</i>). The language specification requires that XHTML Web documents must be <i>well-formed</i> XML documents – this allows for more rigorous and robust documents while using tags familiar from HTML.</p>
  158. <p>One of the most noticeable differences between HTML and XHTML is the rule that <i>all tags must be closed</i>: empty HTML tags such as <code>&lt;br&gt;</code> must either be <i>closed</i> with a regular end-tag, or replaced by a special form: <code>&lt;br&#160;/&gt;</code> (the space before the '<code>/</code>' on the end tag is optional, but frequently used because it enables some pre-XML Web browsers, and SGML parsers, to accept the tag). Another is that all <a href="/wiki/HTML#Attributes" title="HTML">attribute</a> values in tags must be quoted. Finally, all tag and attribute names must be lowercase in order to be valid; HTML, on the other hand, was case-insensitive.</p>
  159. <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Markup_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Other XML-based applications">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Other_XML-based_applications">Other XML-based applications</span></h4>
  160. <p>Many XML-based applications now exist, including <a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">Resource Description Framework</a> (RDF), <a href="/wiki/XForms" title="XForms">XForms</a>, <a href="/wiki/DocBook" title="DocBook">DocBook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simple_Object_Access_Protocol" title="Simple Object Access Protocol" class="mw-redirect">SOAP</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">Web Ontology Language</a> (OWL). For a partial list of these see <a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_markup_languages" title="List of XML markup languages">List of XML markup languages</a>.</p>
  161. <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Markup_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Features">Features</span></h2>
  162. <p>A common feature of many markup languages is that they intermix the text of a document with markup instructions in the same data stream or file. This is not necessary; it is possible to isolate markup from text content, using pointers, offsets, IDs, or other methods to co-ordinate the two. Such "standoff markup" is typical for the internal representations that programs use to work with marked-up documents. However, embedded or "inline" markup is much more common elsewhere. Here, for example, is a small section of text marked up in HTML:</p>
  163. <pre>
  164. &lt;h1&gt; Anatidae &lt;/h1&gt;
  165. &lt;p&gt;
  166. The family &lt;i&gt;Anatidae&lt;/i&gt; includes ducks, geese, and swans,
  167. but &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; the closely-related screamers.
  168. &lt;/p&gt;
  169. </pre>
  170. <p>The codes enclosed in angle-brackets <code>&lt;like this&gt;</code> are markup instructions (known as tags), while the text between these instructions is the actual text of the document. The codes <code>h1</code>, <code>p</code>, and <code>em</code> are examples of <i>semantic</i> markup, in that they describe the intended purpose or meaning of the text they include. Specifically, <code>h1</code> means "this is a first-level heading", <code>p</code> means "this is a paragraph", and <code>em</code> means "this is an emphasized word or phrase". A program interpreting such structural markup may apply its own rules or styles for presenting the various pieces of text, using diffent typefaces, boldness, font size, indention, colour, or other styles, as desired. A tag such as "h1" (header level 1) might be presented in a large bold sans-serif typeface, for example, or in a monospaced (typewriter-style) document it might be underscored – or it might not change the presentation at all.</p>
  171. <p>In contrast, the <code>i</code> tag in HTML is an example of <i>presentational</i> markup; it is generally used to specify a particular characteristic of the text (in this case, the use of an italic typeface) without specifying the reason for that appearance.</p>
  172. <p>The <a href="/wiki/Text_Encoding_Initiative" title="Text Encoding Initiative">Text Encoding Initiative</a> (TEI) has published extensive guidelines<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> for how to encode texts of interest in the humanities and social sciences, developed through years of international cooperative work. These guidelines are used by projects encoding historical documents, the works of particular scholars, periods, or genres, and so on.</p>
  173. <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Markup_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Alternative usage">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Alternative_usage">Alternative usage</span></h2>
  174. <p>While the idea of markup language originated with text documents, there is an increasing usage of markup languages in other areas which involve the presentation of various types of information, including <a href="/wiki/Playlist" title="Playlist">playlists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector graphics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_service" title="Web service">web services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_syndication" title="Web syndication">content syndication</a>, and <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interfaces</a>. Most of these are XML applications because it is a well-defined and extensible language.</p>
  175. <p>The use of XML has also led to the possibility of combining multiple markup languages into a single profile, like <a href="/wiki/XHTMLplusSMIL" title="XHTMLplusSMIL" class="mw-redirect">XHTML+SMIL</a> and <a href="/wiki/XHTMLplusMathMLplusSVG" title="XHTMLplusMathMLplusSVG" class="mw-redirect">XHTML+MathML+SVG</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
  176. <p>Because markup languages, and more generally data description languages (not necessarily textual markup), are not programming languages<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> (they are data without instructions), they are more easily manipulated than programming languages – for example, web pages are presented as HTML documents, not C code, and thus can be embedded within other web pages, displayed when only partially received, and so forth. This leads to the web design principle of the "<a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Least_Power" title="Rule of Least Power">Rule of Least Power</a>", which advocates using the <i>least</i> (computationally) powerful language that satisfies a task to facilitate such manipulation and reuse.</p>
  177. <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Markup_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
  178. <ul>
  179. <li><a href="/wiki/ColdFusion_Markup_Language" title="ColdFusion Markup Language">ColdFusion Markup Language</a></li>
  180. <li><a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</a> (Cascading Style Sheets)</li>
  181. <li><a href="/wiki/Curl_(programming_language)" title="Curl (programming language)">Curl</a> (declarative markup and functional programming)</li>
  182. <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_markup_language" title="Lightweight markup language">Lightweight markup language</a></li>
  183. <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_markup_languages" title="List of markup languages">List of markup languages</a></li>
  184. <li><a href="/wiki/Parameter_Value_Language" title="Parameter Value Language">Parameter Value Language</a></li>
  185. <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a> (contrast)</li>
  186. <li><a href="/wiki/SVG" title="SVG" class="mw-redirect">Scalable Vector Graphics</a></li>
  187. <li><a href="/wiki/Struxt" title="Struxt">Struxt</a> (C-style equivalent to XML)</li>
  188. <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface_markup_language" title="User interface markup language">User interface markup language</a></li>
  189. <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics_markup_language" title="Vector graphics markup language" class="mw-redirect">Vector graphics markup language</a></li>
  190. <li><a href="/wiki/YAML" title="YAML">YAML</a> (YAML is not a markup language, but it's close)</li>
  191. <li><a href="/wiki/Wikitext" title="Wikitext" class="mw-redirect">Wikitext</a></li>
  192. </ul>
  193. <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Markup_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
  194. <div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;">
  195. <ol class="references">
  196. <li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Coombs, James H.; Renear, Allen H.; DeRose, Steven J. (November 1987). <a href="http://xml.coverpages.org/coombs.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Markup systems and the future of scholarly text processing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Communications_of_the_ACM" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a>) <b>30</b> (11): 933–947. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1145%2F32206.32209" class="external text" rel="nofollow">10.1145/32206.32209</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://xml.coverpages.org/coombs.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://xml.coverpages.org/coombs.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Markup+systems+and+the+future+of+scholarly+text+processing&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BCommunications+of+the+ACM%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Coombs&amp;rft.aufirst=James+H.&amp;rft.au=Coombs%2C%26%2332%3BJames+H.&amp;rft.au=Renear%2C%26%2332%3BAllen+H.&amp;rft.au=DeRose%2C%26%2332%3BSteven+J.&amp;rft.date=November+1987&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=933%E2%80%93947&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BAssociation+for+Computing+Machinery%7CACM%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1145%2F32206.32209&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxml.coverpages.org%2Fcoombs.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Markup_language"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
  197. <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.tbray.org/ongoing/When/200x/2003/04/09/SemanticMarkup#p-1" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Taxonomy of Markup"</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.tbray.org/ongoing/When/200x/2003/04/09/SemanticMarkup#p-1" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.tbray.org/ongoing/When/200x/2003/04/09/SemanticMarkup#p-1</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Taxonomy+of+Markup&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbray.org%2Fongoing%2FWhen%2F200x%2F2003%2F04%2F09%2FSemanticMarkup%23p-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Markup_language"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
  198. <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> Allan Woods, <i>Modern Newspaper Production</i> (New York: Harper &amp; Row, 1963), 85; Stewart Harral, <i>Profitable Public Relations for Newspapers</i> (Ann Arbor: J.W. Edwards, 1957), 76; and <i>Chiarella v. United States</i>, <span class="plainlinks">445 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a href="http://supreme.justia.com/us/445/222/case.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">222</a> (1980)</span>.</li>
  199. <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <i>From the Notebooks of H.J.H &amp; D.H.A on Composition</i>, Kingsport Press Inc., undated (1960s).</li>
  200. <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> Rice, Stanley. “Editorial Text Structures (with some relations to information structures and format controls in computerized composition).” American National Standards Institute, March 17, 1970.</li>
  201. <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.drdobbs.com/blog/archives/2009/08/beyond_html_an.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"2009 interview with SGML creator Charles F. Goldfarb"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dr._Dobb%27s_Journal" title="Dr. Dobb's Journal">Dr. Dobb's Journal</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.drdobbs.com/blog/archives/2009/08/beyond_html_an.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.drdobbs.com/blog/archives/2009/08/beyond_html_an.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-18</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=2009+interview+with+SGML+creator+Charles+F.+Goldfarb&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BDr.+Dobb%27s+Journal%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drdobbs.com%2Fblog%2Farchives%2F2009%2F08%2Fbeyond_html_an.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Markup_language"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
  202. <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> Reid, Brian. "Scribe: A Document Specification Language and its Compiler." Ph.D. thesis, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA. Also available as Technical Report CMU-CS-81-100.</li>
  203. <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> DeRose, Steven J. "The SGML FAQ Book." Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0792399439" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7923-9943-9</a></li>
  204. <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xml11-20040204/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Extensible Markup Language (XML)</a></li>
  205. <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.tei-c.org/Guidelines2/index.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.tei-c.org/Guidelines2/index.html</a></li>
  206. <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/WD-XHTMLplusMathMLplusSVG-20020809/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">An XHTML + MathML + SVG Profile</a>". W3C, August 9, 2002. Retrieved on 17 March 2007.</li>
  207. <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Korpela, Jukka (2005-11-16). <a href="http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/prog.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Programs vs. markup"</a>. <i>IT and communication</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tampere_University_of_Technology" title="Tampere University of Technology">Tampere University of Technology</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/prog.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/prog.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-01-08</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Programs+vs.+markup&amp;rft.atitle=IT+and+communication&amp;rft.aulast=Korpela&amp;rft.aufirst=Jukka&amp;rft.au=Korpela%2C%26%2332%3BJukka&amp;rft.date=2005-11-16&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BTampere+University+of+Technology%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.tut.fi%2F%7Ejkorpela%2Fprog.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Markup_language"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
  208. </ol>
  209. </div>
  210. <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Markup_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
  211. <div id="section_SpokenWikipedia" class="infobox sisterproject plainlinks haudio">
  212. <div style="text-align: center; white-space:nowrap"><b>Listen to this article</b> (<a href="/wiki/File:Markup_language.ogg" title="File:Markup language.ogg">info/dl</a>)<br />
  213. <div class="center">
  214. <div class="floatnone">
  215. <div id="ogg_player_1">
  216. <div><button onclick="if (typeof(wgOggPlayer)&#160;!= 'undefined') wgOggPlayer.init(false, {&quot;id&quot;: &quot;ogg_player_1&quot;, &quot;videoUrl&quot;: &quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Markup_language.ogg&quot;, &quot;width&quot;: 200, &quot;height&quot;: 35, &quot;length&quot;: &quot;1227&quot;, &quot;linkUrl&quot;: &quot;/wiki/File:Markup_language.ogg&quot;, &quot;isVideo&quot;: false});" style="width: 200px; text-align: center" title="Play sound"><img src="/w/extensions/OggHandler/play.png" width="22" height="22" alt="Play sound" /></button></div>
  217. </div>
  218. </div>
  219. </div>
  220. </div>
  221. <div style="float: left; margin-left: 5px;">
  222. <div class="floatnone"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" width="45" height="34" /></div>
  223. </div>
  224. <div style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1.6em; margin-left: 60px;">This audio file was created from a revision of <span class="fn">Markup language</span> dated 2006-05-06, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a>)</div>
  225. <div style="text-align: center; clear: both"><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a></b></div>
  226. </div>
  227. <div style="right:30px; display:none;" class="metadata topicon" id="spoken-icon"><a href="/wiki/File:Markup_language.ogg" title="File:Markup language.ogg"><img alt="Sound-icon.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/15px-Sound-icon.svg.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>
  228. <table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;">
  229. <tr>
  230. <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="37" height="40" /></td>
  231. <td class="mbox-text" style="">Look up <i><b><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/markup_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:markup language">markup language</a></b></i> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</td>
  232. </tr>
  233. </table>
  234. <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";">
  235. <tr>
  236. <td style="padding:2px;">
  237. <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;">
  238. <tr>
  239. <th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span style="float:left;width:6em;text-align:left;"><span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style=""><span style="white-space:nowrap;word-spacing:-.12em;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Markup_languages" title="Template:Markup languages"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Markup_languages&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Markup languages (page does not exist)"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Markup_languages&amp;action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-size:110%;">Types of <strong class="selflink">Markup languages</strong></span></th>
  240. </tr>
  241. <tr style="height:2px;">
  242. <td></td>
  243. </tr>
  244. <tr>
  245. <td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
  246. <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Application_markup_language&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Application markup language (page does not exist)">Application</a> · <a href="/wiki/Content_syndication_markup_language" title="Content syndication markup language">Content syndication</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_document_markup_languages" title="List of document markup languages">Document</a> · <a href="/wiki/General_purpose_markup_language" title="General purpose markup language">General purpose</a> · <a href="/wiki/GIS_file_formats" title="GIS file formats">Geographic information</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lightweight_markup_language" title="Lightweight markup language">Lightweight</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_markup_languages" title="Mathematical markup languages">Mathematical</a> · <a href="/wiki/Page_description_markup_language" title="Page description markup language">Page description</a> · <a href="/wiki/Playlist_markup_language" title="Playlist markup language">Playlist</a> · <a href="/wiki/User_interface_markup_language" title="User interface markup language">User interface</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics_markup_language" title="Vector graphics markup language" class="mw-redirect">Vector graphics</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_web_service_markup_languages" title="List of web service markup languages">Web service</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_markup_languages" title="List of XML markup languages">XML</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_markup_languages#Unclassified" title="List of markup languages">Unclassified</a></div>
  247. </td>
  248. </tr>
  249. </table>
  250. </td>
  251. </tr>
  252. </table>
  253. <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";">
  254. <tr>
  255. <td style="padding:2px;">
  256. <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;">
  257. <tr>
  258. <th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span style="float:left;width:6em;text-align:left;"><span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style=""><span style="white-space:nowrap;word-spacing:-.12em;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_language" title="Template:Computer language"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Computer_language&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Computer language (page does not exist)"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Computer_language&amp;action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-size:110%;">Types of <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">computer languages</a></span></th>
  259. </tr>
  260. <tr style="height:2px;">
  261. <td></td>
  262. </tr>
  263. <tr>
  264. <td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
  265. <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_description_language" title="Architecture description language">Architecture description</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hardware_description_language" title="Hardware description language">Hardware description</a> · <strong class="selflink">Markup</strong> · <a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling</a> · <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming</a> · <a href="/wiki/Query_language" title="Query language">Query</a> · <a href="/wiki/Specification_language" title="Specification language">Specification</a> · <a href="/wiki/Style_sheet_language" title="Style sheet language">Stylesheet</a> · <a href="/wiki/Template_processor" title="Template processor">Template processing</a> · <a href="/wiki/Transformation_language" title="Transformation language">Transformation</a></div>
  266. </td>
  267. </tr>
  268. </table>
  269. </td>
  270. </tr>
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  272. <p><span id="interwiki-es-ga"></span></p>
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  284. <div class="printfooter">
  285. Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language</a>"</div>
  286.                 <!-- /bodytext -->
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  300.     <ul>
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  438.  
  439. <!-- LANGUAGES -->
  440. <div class="portal" id="p-lang">
  441.     <h5>Languages</h5>
  442.     <div class="body">
  443.         <ul>
  444.                     <li class="interwiki-ar"><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="لغة ترميز">العربية</a></li>
  445.                     <li class="interwiki-bn"><a href="http://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C" title="মার্কআপ ল্যাংগুয়েজ">বাংলা</a></li>
  446.                     <li class="interwiki-bg"><a href="http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Маркиращ език">Български</a></li>
  447.                     <li class="interwiki-ca"><a href="http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llenguatge_de_marques" title="Llenguatge de marques">Català</a></li>
  448.                     <li class="interwiki-cs"><a href="http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zna%C4%8Dkovac%C3%AD_jazyk" title="Značkovací jazyk">Česky</a></li>
  449.                     <li class="interwiki-da"><a href="http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">Dansk</a></li>
  450.                     <li class="interwiki-de"><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auszeichnungssprache" title="Auszeichnungssprache">Deutsch</a></li>
  451.                     <li class="interwiki-es"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguaje_de_marcado" title="Lenguaje de marcado">Español</a></li>
  452.                     <li class="interwiki-eu"><a href="http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markaketa_lengoaia" title="Markaketa lengoaia">Euskara</a></li>
  453.                     <li class="interwiki-fa"><a href="http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="زبان نشانه‌گذاری">فارسی</a></li>
  454.                     <li class="interwiki-fr"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langage_de_balisage" title="Langage de balisage">Français</a></li>
  455.                     <li class="interwiki-fy"><a href="http://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markeartaal" title="Markeartaal">Frysk</a></li>
  456.                     <li class="interwiki-gl"><a href="http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguaxe_de_marcas" title="Linguaxe de marcas">Galego</a></li>
  457.                     <li class="interwiki-ko"><a href="http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%81%AC%EC%97%85_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4" title="마크업 언어">한국어</a></li>
  458.                     <li class="interwiki-id"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_markah" title="Bahasa markah">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li>
  459.                     <li class="interwiki-it"><a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguaggio_di_markup" title="Linguaggio di markup">Italiano</a></li>
  460.                     <li class="interwiki-he"><a href="http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפת תגיות">עברית</a></li>
  461.                     <li class="interwiki-ku"><a href="http://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_n%C3%AE%C5%9Fandan" title="Zimanê nîşandan">Kurdî</a></li>
  462.                     <li class="interwiki-hu"><a href="http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jel%C3%B6l%C5%91nyelv" title="Jelölőnyelv">Magyar</a></li>
  463.                     <li class="interwiki-mk"><a href="http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Јазик за означување">Македонски</a></li>
  464.                     <li class="interwiki-ms"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_penanda" title="Bahasa penanda">Bahasa Melayu</a></li>
  465.                     <li class="interwiki-nl"><a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opmaaktaal" title="Opmaaktaal">Nederlands</a></li>
  466.                     <li class="interwiki-ja"><a href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="マークアップ言語">日本語</a></li>
  467.                     <li class="interwiki-no"><a href="http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markeringsspr%C3%A5k" title="Markeringsspråk">‪Norsk (bokmål)‬</a></li>
  468.                     <li class="interwiki-pl"><a href="http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_znacznik%C3%B3w" title="Język znaczników">Polski</a></li>
  469.                     <li class="interwiki-pt"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_de_marca%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Linguagem de marcação">Português</a></li>
  470.                     <li class="interwiki-ro"><a href="http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbaj_de_marcare" title="Limbaj de marcare">Română</a></li>
  471.                     <li class="interwiki-ru"><a href="http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Язык разметки">Русский</a></li>
  472.                     <li class="interwiki-sq"><a href="http://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_markup" title="Gjuha markup">Shqip</a></li>
  473.                     <li class="interwiki-simple"><a href="http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">Simple English</a></li>
  474.                     <li class="interwiki-sk"><a href="http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zna%C4%8Dkov%C3%BD_jazyk" title="Značkový jazyk">Slovenčina</a></li>
  475.                     <li class="interwiki-fi"><a href="http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkint%C3%A4kieli" title="Merkintäkieli">Suomi</a></li>
  476.                     <li class="interwiki-sv"><a href="http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4rkspr%C3%A5k" title="Märkspråk">Svenska</a></li>
  477.                     <li class="interwiki-ta"><a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="குறியீட்டு மொழி">தமிழ்</a></li>
  478.                     <li class="interwiki-th"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9B" title="ภาษามาร์กอัป">ไทย</a></li>
  479.                     <li class="interwiki-tr"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Faretleme_dili" title="İşaretleme dili">Türkçe</a></li>
  480.                     <li class="interwiki-uk"><a href="http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Мова розмітки даних">Українська</a></li>
  481.                     <li class="interwiki-ur"><a href="http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زبان تدوین">اردو</a></li>
  482.                     <li class="interwiki-vi"><a href="http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_%C4%91%C3%A1nh_d%E1%BA%A5u" title="Ngôn ngữ đánh dấu">Tiếng Việt</a></li>
  483.                     <li class="interwiki-zh"><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%AE%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="置标语言">中文</a></li>
  484.                 </ul>
  485.     </div>
  486. </div>
  487.  
  488. <!-- /LANGUAGES -->
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