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- Greg Malivuk
- gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
- http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - Notes from all classes.
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- Homework: Write a postcard from a real or imagined vacation. Use the grammar from this unit and practice some of the first five informal features (NOT listing or leaving out words).
- Also: read p. 75 (Unit 6 pdf p. 7) and do parts 3, 4, and 5 on p. 74 (pdf p. 6)
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- part 3
- 1 chocolate
- 2 drug
- 3 energy
- 4 foods and drinks
- 5 rhythm / sleep cycle
- part 4
- makes you more alert
- relieves pain
- reduces asthma symptoms
- increases reaction speed
- is habit-forming
- raises blood pressure
- increases the risk of heart disease
- part 5
- 1 People work by the clock, not the sun.
- 2 caffeine, artificial light (gas before electric)
- 3 The body doesn’t function well.
- 4 vicious cycle (or “downward spiral”, as in the book): people drink caffeine because they can’t stay awake because they don’t sleep well because they drink caffeine
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- A “paradox” is something that is or seems contradictory.
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- Contrast Language:
- However, / On the other hand, (usually at the beginning of a sentence)
- despite / in spite of (prepositions, can be at the beginning or in the middle)
- but (conjunction, in the middle of a sentence)
- Consequence Language:
- One result...is
- thus
- consequently
- therefore
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- Remember that this type of functional language can have the same meaning but might fit differently in a sentence, so you can’t always just exchange one expression for another.
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- Tell your partner about one of the best meals and one of the worst meals you can remember eating.
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- p. 70 (pdf p. 2) - “Pizza with a pedigree”
- pedigree = family tree (for many generations) or (long) history, which usually implies high quality
- connoisseur = someone who knows a lot about something (so they probably have rifined tastes and know how to find the very best of that thing)
- criteria = a principle or standard we can use to judge or decide something
- http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32010R0097 - full official EU documentation of “Pizza Napoletana”
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- Which basic ingredient of Pizza Napoletana (tomatoes, cheese, flour, olive oil) couldn’t have been on the pizza from 997 CE? Why?
- - Tomatoes come originally from Mexico. Europeans didn’t get any products from the Americas until after Columbus “discovered” it in 1492.
- Do you know other common foods from the Americas?
- - tomatoes
- - corn (maize)
- - potatoes
- - chocolate
- - avocados
- - chili peppers
- - vanilla
- - turkey
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- Grammar: modals for advice and obligation
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- modal verbs: can, could, (shall), should, may, might, will, would, must, had better, ought to
- (Modals don’t change form and must be the first verb in the verb phrase. You can’t have two.)
- similar expressions: have to, be going to, be allowed to, be able to
- (These change with he/she/it and they don’t need to be first, so you can combine them.)
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- WRONG: You must can pronounce this correctly.
- OKAY: You must be able to pronounce this correctly. / You have to be able to pronounce this correctly.
- WRONG: You will must do your homework.
- OKAY: You will have to do your homework. / You’re going to have to do your homework.
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- obligation (you have no choice):
- You must pay this bill. I must go to the bank tomorrow. You have to do your homework.
- no obligation (you have a choice):
- You don’t have to pay me back. (If you want you can, but otherwise consider it a gift.)
- recommendation/advice (this is the best choice, but you have other options too):
- You should practice English at home. You’d better call him soon. She ought to do her homework.
- negative recommendation (this is not the best choice):
- You shouldn’t speak Italian in class. You shouldn’t take a bus because it’s very slow.
- permission (you have a choice):
- You can pay me back if you want to (but you don’t have to). You may leave when you’re finished.
- You’re allowed to park here for free on Sunday.
- no permission/prohibition (you don’t have a choice):
- You must not park there. You can’t park there. You’re not allowed to park there. You may not leave.
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- p. 71 (pdf p. 3) part 5 - With your partner, decide which option (between the two modals or similar expressions) makes sence. Then write a sentence with the same meaning as the food label.
- 1 Vegetarians can eat this product.
- 2 People with nut allergies shouldn’t eat this product.
- 3 You shouldn’t exceed the recommended daily intake of salt.
- 4 This sample product is not allowed to be sold. / You are not allowed to buy/sell this sample product.
- 5 You have to heat this food thoroughly before serving.
- (thoroughly = completely and carefully)
- 6 Diabetics shouldn’t eat this. / This food shouldn’t be eaten by diabetics.
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- With your partner, discuss whether each of these are things you must do, should do but don’t have to, may or may not do, or shouldn’t do:
- keep eggs in the fridge
- wash rice before you cook it
- eat fish on the day you buy it
- cook meat until it isn’t pink
- keep butter in the fridge
- keep mayonnaise in the fridge
- rinse pasta after cooking it
- Also, share any other things that your host family does differently with food than you think they should.
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- Read about “Imaginary eating”
- http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/12/101209-chocolate-obesity-science-mind-diet-weight-loss-eat-food/ - National Geographic article about this research
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- part 3 - Listen to the conversation and decide if each statement is true or false
- part 4 - Listen again and choose the correct completions of each sentence.
- 1 I’ll believe it when I see it.
- 2 If you don’t train your mind, you won’t be able to lose weight.
- 3 I won’t find out unless I try.
- 4 When I want to eat a snack, I’ll try just imagining it.
- 5 I’ll never have to buy chocolate again if this technique works.
- 6 As soon as it starts working, I’ll let you know.
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- Grammar: first conditional = future real conditional
- future - it’s about something happening in the future
- real - this thing really can happen (we’re not just imagining possibilities)
- form = if + [present], [future] / [future] + if + [present]
- Note: all present and future forms are possible, but simple present and “will” are the most common
- If it is raining tomorrow, I’m staying in bed. - present continuous can be about present or future
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- We use the same form for other conjunctions like “unless”, “when”, “until”, “as soon as”, “before”, “after”
- (Clauses about time or conditions use present forms with future meaning.)
- If you study, you will pass the test.
- Unless you study, you will fail the test. (unless = if + not)
- I’ll call you when I come to work. = I’ll definitely come to work, and then I’ll call you.
- I’ll call you if I come to work. = I may or may not come to work. I’ll call you if I do.
- I won’t call you until I need help. = I’ll definitely need help, and then I’ll call you.
- I won’t call you unless I need help. = I may or may not need help. I’ll call you if I do.
- I’ll call you after I come back from vacation. = It could be a few days later.
- I’ll call you when I come back from vacation. = It will be soon after, for example the next workday.
- I’ll call you as soon as I come back from vacation. = I’ll call immediately, even if it’s late or the weekend.
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- p. 73 (pdf p. 5) part 9 - Make sure you understand these words and expressions (especially the phrasal verbs)
- cut down on = reduce (do or use or eat less than before)
- cut out = remove completely (from “in” something, such as your diet)
- (cut off = remove completely (from “on” something))
- give up = quit (could be a good or bad thing)
- take up = start doing or practicing something
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- If you graduate today: you’ll receive your certificate by email. You can take the exit test any time.
- You can email Kim with questions.
- If you have finished 12 weeks (2 sessions) in level 4 (you’ve seen all 12 units of this book), you will take your level test today at 1:45pm. (Stay in the Zoom class for that)
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- Are you trying to make any of these changes right now?
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- part 7 - Complete these sentences with the correct forms of the verbs.
- 1 believe, will be
- 2 will need, want
- 3 don’t buy, won’t be able
- 4 find, will you let (this is a question)
- 5 go, will check
- 6 will give up, do
- - “If you give up junk food, I will too.”
- 7 don’t try, will never know
- 8 will you do, doesn’t work
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- Homework: 5-6 test
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