Debian on LS-WVL

# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
#                                   Debian on LS-WVL                                    #
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- #

# I have a Buffalo LS-WVL. I bought it with drives, so it does NOT have NAND.

# I wanted my NAS to have it's brains back, so I decided to install Debian. Then I
# compiled a vanilla 3.8.3 kernel using patches by hato.

# Credits
# -------
# * The Buffalo NAS-Central wiki: http://buffalo.nas-central.org/wiki/Debian_Squeeze_on_LS-WXL
# * hato (http://forum.buffalo.nas-central.org/memberlist.php?mode=viewprofile&u=5411). Without
#   him this would not have been possible. Thank you very much!

# Goal
# ----
# It all started with me wanting to run OpenVPN. I quickly found out that the stock Buffalo
# kernel does not support tun/tap. And here it began.. If only they would've let that module
# in. Here I tried my best to document my journey.

# After this guide, you will have a LS-WVL running Debian Squeeze with a kernel 3.8.3 in RAID1

# You will loose your Buffalo webinterface. If you like, you can replace it with webmin. You
# will also loose LED indications, and you can also uninstall NasNavigator. Doesn't work either.

# If you are planning on compiling the kernel after his guide, go ahead and open up the kernel compile
# guide (Step 6) so you can read some notes you should be aware

# I am assuming you are ALWAYS logging in as root (except instructed otherwise)

# Liability and TFTP
# ------------------
# Everything you do is your own responsibility. Expect to brick your device several times
# (I did, COUNTLESS times). But the LS-WVL HAS TFTP support! Here (http://pastebin.com/5sY24CTQ)
# you can read how it's done. I promise you, it works.

# You are expected to format all your partitions/drives. So save all your data somewhere else.

# TFTP is described here: http://pastebin.com/5sY24CTQ

# Files
# -----
# http://members.ziggo.nl/roodgoudzilver/lswvl/
# * TFTP Boot                       - To unbrick your NAS (info: http://pastebin.com/5sY24CTQ)
# * LSRecovery                      - To reset your linkstation to factory defaults
                              (ONLY works when running stock firmware!)
# * kernel/lswvl_config_by_hato.config          - .config file to compile the kernel
# * kernel/lswvl_support_and_mv-cesa_dma_3.8_x_x.patch  - Patch to make the kernel compatible with LS-WVL

# Further reading & sources
# -------------------------
# * vi          - linux text editor: http://www.cs.colostate.edu/helpdocs/vi.html
# * nano        - another linux text editor: https://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/325049:linuxables-introduction-to-the-nano-text-editor
# * netconsole      - log kernel printk messages over UDP: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/netconsole.txt
# * netcat for windows: http://joncraton.org/blog/46/netcat-for-windows
# * screen      - http://ss64.com/bash/screen.html
# * mdadm cheatsheet    - http://www.ducea.com/2009/03/08/mdadm-cheat-sheet/

# * http://forum.buffalo.nas-central.org/viewtopic.php?f=73&t=25941#p159615
# * http://buffalo.nas-central.org/wiki/Debian_Squeeze_on_LS-WXL

# Update 2013-04-13: Fan control works! See here: http://pastebin.com/ch7TuxED

# ---

# Preperation
# -----------
# I can suggest you set your router so that your NAS always gets the same IP address. This way,
# it shouldn't get lost. I never lost my NAS this way.

# Step 1: Root access
# -------------------
# Before we can start, you need root access to the NAS. If you don't have it, you can flash
# Shonk's LS Series 1.64 mod1a firmware (here: http://forum.buffalo.nas-central.org/viewtopic.php?f=68&t=23603)
# It is possible that you cannot enter the webinterface. I did not manage to reset the LS-WVL
# to factory settings. I used an official Buffalo tool called LSRecovery.exe. After this, you can
# login to the Buffalo Webinterface using admin/password.

# Check if you have SSH. If not, telnet in. username: admin. password: password

su
passwd          # change root password
vi /etc/melco/info  # Google for a guide on vi for linux.

# Scroll down, find
# TELNET=on
# SSH=off
# Change SSH=off to SSH=on save and

reboot

# Check if you can SSH the NAS using root (and the password you just changed). If all works, carry on!

# Step 2: Configure RAID
# ----------------------
# Use the Buffalo Webinterface to setup the RAID. Login (admin/password), go to System -> Storage.
# I am assuming we are using RAID1, if not do your homework because partitions will change.

# Here is the trick. It takes around 980 minutes to sync RAID1. If I had to wait 980 minutes each time I
# bricked my NAS, it would've taken me YEARS. So, we are going to interrupt the sync process:
# Make sure the RAID is configured (The orange LED is blinking indicating it is rebuilding the array)
# * Turn off the NAS using the switch on the back
# * Remove drive 2
# * Turn on the NAS using the powerswitch
# The NAS will boot, the red error light will blink and the red bay light will turn on. This is good.
# We now have a degraded array: it's missing one drive, but the /dev/md0 device exists but is only
# addressing one drive (/dev/sda or /dev/sdb). Once we have the NAS up and running we will
# use mdadm to add the second drive back to the array and let it rebuild.

# more on this here: http://forum.buffalo.nas-central.org/viewtopic.php?f=77&t=28559&p=168261#p168261

# Step 3: Prepare Debian Squeeze root filesystem (http://buffalo.nas-central.org/wiki/Debian_Squeeze_on_LS-WXL)
# ----------------------------------------------

# SSH to the NAS. Login as root, and you can stay in ~/

wget http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/pool/main/d/debootstrap/debootstrap_1.0.46_all.deb
dpkg -i debootstrap_1.0.46_all.deb

which ar >/dev/null || ln -s /bin/busybox /usr/bin/ar  # fix ar link

mkdir debian-armel-rootfs
debootstrap --verbose --arch armel squeeze debian-armel-rootfs http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian

# This will take some time. When you see
# I: Base system installed successfully.
# debootstrap is done.

# Copy kernel modules from stock kernel:

cp /boot/initrd.buffalo debian-armel-rootfs/tmp/
LANG=C chroot debian-armel-rootfs/ /bin/bash
cd /tmp
dd if=initrd.buffalo of=initrd.gz ibs=64 skip=1
gunzip initrd.gz
mkdir INITRD
mount -t ext2 -o loop initrd INITRD
cp -R INITRD/lib/modules/* /lib/modules/
umount INITRD
rmdir INITRD
rm initrd*

# Adding missing devices

apt-get install makedev
ln -s /sbin/makedev /dev/MAKEDEV
mount -t proc proc /proc
cd /dev
mv .udev .oldudev
MAKEDEV generic
MAKEDEV md
mv .oldudev  .udev
umount /proc

# Edit /etc/apt/sources.list

nano /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian squeeze main
deb http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates main contrib

# Save and exit nano

apt-get update

# Install mdadm

apt-get --no-install-recommends install mdadm

# Ignore any errors. Update mdadm.conf

exit                                                # exit from chroot
cp /etc/mdadm.conf debian-armel-rootfs/etc/mdadm/
LANG=C chroot debian-armel-rootfs/ /bin/bash        # back again

# Configure locales

apt-get install locales
dpkg-reconfigure locales

# Create /etc/fstab
cat >/etc/fstab <<EOF
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# file system   mount point type    options         dump pass
/dev/md2    /       xfs defaults,noatime    0    1
/dev/md0    /boot       ext3    rw,nosuid,nodev     0    2
/dev/md10   none        swap    sw          0    0
proc        /proc       proc    defaults        0    0
EOF

# Network: Edit /etc/network/interfaces to match your LAN configuration:
# (We are assigning both eth0 and eth1, my NAS used eth1, but other NAS use eth0
# and I am not able to figure out which one uses which one. AFAIK, it is indicated
# in the Buffalo Web Interface on the left. Unable to check now, I already am at Squeeze)

nano /etc/network/interfaces

# We always want the loopback interface.
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

# DHCP for Ethernet connection
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet dhcp

auto eth1
iface eth1 inet dhcp

# Example static IP setup: (broadcast and gateway are optional)
# auto eth0
# iface eth0 inet static
#     address 192.168.0.42
#     network 192.168.0.0
#     netmask 255.255.255.0
#     broadcast 192.168.0.255
#     gateway 192.168.0.1

# Save file and exit nano

echo "hostname" > /etc/hostname             # Change hostname to something sensible (NAS for example)

# Install SSHD

apt-get install openssh-server
passwd root
mkdir ~/.ssh
exit
cp /root/.ssh/au* debian-armel-rootfs/root/.ssh/
LANG=C chroot debian-armel-rootfs/ /bin/bash        # back again

nano  /etc/ssh/sshd_config              # Check that PermitRootLogin yes is uncommented

# Prepare rootfs archive

aptitude clean
exit
tar zcvf squeeze-armel-rootfs.tgz -C debian-armel-rootfs .

# Now you have a complete rootfs for Debian squeeze armel. Put a copy of squeeze-armel-rootfs.tgz on
# your computer (for example in nas/debian)

# Step 4: Create an INITRD
# ------------------------

# These steps are literally copied and pasted from the 'Debian Squeeze on LS-WXL', they are just here
# for the record.

chroot debian-armel-rootfs/ /bin/bash
apt-get install busybox
apt-get install uboot-mkimage

cd /tmp
dd if=/dev/zero of=initrd bs=1k count=0 seek=3K
mke2fs -F -m 0 -b 1024 initrd
tune2fs -c0 -i0 initrd
mkdir INITRD
mount -o loop initrd INITRD

mkdir -p INITRD/{bin,lib,dev,etc/mdadm,proc,sbin}
cp -a /dev/{null,console,tty,sd{a,b,c,d}?,md*} INITRD/dev/

cp /bin/busybox INITRD/bin/
cp /sbin/mdadm INITRD/sbin
cp /lib/{libm.so.6,libc.so.6,libgcc_s.so.1,ld-linux.so.3} INITRD/lib

cat > INITRD/linuxrc <<EOF
#!/bin/busybox sh

# Mount the /proc and /sys filesystems.
mount -t proc none /proc
mount -t sysfs none /sys

echo 'DEVICE /dev/sd??*' > /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf
mdadm -Eb /dev/sd??* >> /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf
mdadm -As --force

# use /dev/md1 as root
# echo "0x901" > /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev
# use /dev/md2 as root
echo "0x902" > /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev
# use /dev/sda6 as root
# echo "0x806" > /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev
# use /dev/sdb6 as root
# echo "0x822" > /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev

# Clean up.
umount /proc
umount /sys
EOF
chmod +x INITRD/linuxrc

umount INITRD
gzip initrd
mkimage -A arm -O linux -T ramdisk -C gzip -a 0x0 -e 0x0 -n initrd -d initrd.gz initrd.buffalo

gunzip initrd.gz
mount -o loop initrd INITRD

nano INITRD/linuxrc
# Comment   echo "0x902" > /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev
# Uncomment # echo "0x901" > /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev
# Save and quit

umount INITRD
gzip initrd
mkimage -A arm -O linux -T ramdisk -C gzip -a 0x0 -e 0x0 -n initrd -d initrd.gz initrd.buffalo.final
rmdir INITRD

# Exit the chrooted environment.
exit

# We have now created two initrd files:
# initrd.buffalo    - Temporary initrd
# initrd.buffalo.final  - Final initrd (Will be used forever!)
# Make a copy of these two files on your computer! See next paragraph why

# IMPORTANT
# Make sure you have a copy of initrd.buffalo, initrd.buffalo.final and squeeze-armel-rootfs.tgz
# on your computer. If you brick the NAS from here on, you will only have to do these steps:
# * Unbrick your nas using TFTP: http://pastebin.com/5sY24CTQ
# * Open the NAS (Enable SSH: Step 1)
# * Copy initrd.buffalo, initrd.buffalo.final and squeeze-armel-rootfs.tgz to ~/
# * Continue with Step 5!
# If you do not perform these three steps, and your NAS bricks you have to prepare the whole
# chroot again, and create the initrds again. Make a backup, and you can just use the
# ones you just created :)

# Step 5: Installation
# --------------------

# See here: http://pastebin.com/6nXswgf3

# Step 6: Compiling the kernel
# ----------------------------

# See here: http://pastebin.com/9aKT3z3i

# Step 7: Post-installation setup
# -------------------------------

# Now you have Debian Squeeze with 3.8.3 kernel. Last things:

apt-get install ntp                     # NTP (keeps the clock in sync)
dpkg-reconfigure tzdata                     # Configure timezone
apt-get install sudo less usbutils bzip2 mc linuxlogo psmisc    # Useful packages

# Webmin
wget http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/webadmin/webmin_1.620_all.deb
apt-get install libnet-ssleay-perl openssl libauthen-pam-perl libio-pty-perl apt-show-versions libapt-pkg-perl
dpkg -i webmin_1.620_all.deb                    # On my NAS, this took nearly 10 minutes
# For more information, see http://buffalo.nas-central.org/wiki/Webmin_to_remotely_administer_your_LinkStation

# Cleaning up (You can choose to keep or move these files yourself)
rm lswvl_config_by_hato.config          # kernel .config file
rm lswvl_support_and_mv-cesa_dma_3.8*.patch # lswvl patch for kernel 3.8
rm webmin_1.620_all.deb             # if you installed webmin, you don't need this anymore

# Step 7: Recontructing the RAID array
# ------------------------------------

# Last thing we have to do, get the RAID array back together.

# See here: http://pastebin.com/pWWrkzQB

# Final notes:
# ------------
# This guide was created by VolleMelk. As stated before, I only gathered all the guides and information
# I used for my own NAS. Credits where credits are due. Any questions? I can recommend
# http://http://forum.buffalo.nas-central.org/