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Shanghai (Chinese Studies)

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Jun 11th, 2018
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  1.  
  2. Introduction
  3. Not long after its establishment as a treaty port in 1842, and roughly until the Japanese invasion of China proper in 1937, Shanghai maintained a reputation as one of Asia’s most spellbinding, entrepreneurial, and freewheeling cities. It had served as the mainland China’s commercial, industrial, and cultural hub during that period, and since 1991, it has indisputably re-emerged as China’s second most important city after the capital, Beijing. Yet, although first mentioned by name in Chinese records dating back to the 12th century, Shanghai was not among the 10 most populous cities on the mainland on the eve of Western settlement in 1842. Perched advantageously 15 km downstream from the confluence of the Huangpu River, the Yangtze River (Changjiang), and the East China Sea, Shanghai’s Chinese population numbered around two hundred thousand inhabitants in 1842, most of whom resided within the ancient city walls. By the 1930s, the city’s population exceeded three million, with new neighborhoods sprawling far beyond the historic walled area west of the Huangpu River. Today, the Shanghai Municipality (6,340 sq km) is one of four self-governing urban areas not affiliated with any other province. The city’s perimeters are thus much wider than was the case before 1949, including jurisdiction over fifteen districts, one county, and several offshore islands. Over twenty-three million people now reside in Shanghai, making it the most populous city in China, and one of the largest in the world. Shanghai’s newly built port, sprawling tens of kilometers along the East China Sea, is the busiest in the world, and the skyscrapers in the Pudong district have come to symbolize China’s re-established economic power. Interest in the city’s pre-war legacy has increased in recent years as a result of China’s rapid economic reforms and the opening up of its archives to foreign scholars. Western academics have begun engaging with these newly declassified materials in ways that often reshape our understanding of Chinese modern history. Yet the development path that makes Shanghai so vital to what may be loosely defined as “Chinese modernity,” has not yet been agreed on. One of many testaments to Shanghai’s enduring appeal, is the 2006 CBC television documentary Legendary Cities of Sin, in which Shanghai is portrayed as a megalopolis on par with Paris and Berlin between the two world wars. Shanghai’s mystique is even more potent in the realm of cinema, with scores of Hollywood and Chinese productions set in the pre-Communist era—Ang Lee’s acclaimed feature film Lust, Caution (2007) is an obvious example. Shanghai is also the city where past and present are most studied and written about by China specialists. The body of scholarly literature on post-1842 Shanghai is particularly abundant.
  4.  
  5. Historical Surveys
  6. Xiong 1999, a collection of works by scholars affiliated with the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, under the guidance and chief editorship of Xiong Yuezhi, provides a thematically organized, fifteen-volume compilation of essays on the city’s history that remains the benchmark for academic research. Tang 1989 provides an extensive chronology of Shanghai, although it does not cover the city’s latest development stage, which began in 1991, following the designation of the Pudong district as a Special Economic Zone. Two concise and up-to-date surveys of Shanghai’s history in English are Bergère 2009 and Wasserstrom 2012. Although less academic, Dong 2001 provides a solid overview of modern Shanghai before the Communist takeover. Not a history of Shanghai per se, Yeh 2007 gives an engaging overview of Shanghai’s socio-cultural history. In Japanese, the most comprehensive historical survey remains Takahashi and Furumaya 1995.
  7.  
  8. Bergère, Marie-Claire. Shanghai: China’s Gateway to Modernity. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press, 2009.
  9.  
  10. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  11.  
  12. Translation of an earlier French version. Accessible and authoritative introduction to the city’s social and economic history from 1842 to 2008, with particular focus on engagement between Chinese and non-Chinese.
  13.  
  14. Find this resource:
  15.  
  16. Dong, Stella. Shanghai: The Rise and Fall of a Decadent City, 1842–1949. New York: Harper Perennial, 2001.
  17.  
  18. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  19.  
  20. Less of an academic text, but provides an engaging and highly accessible historical overview of modern Shanghai.
  21.  
  22. Find this resource:
  23.  
  24. Takahashi Kōsuke 高橋孝助, and Furumaya Tadao 古厩忠夫. Shanghai shi: Kyodai Toshi no Keisei to Hitobito no Itonami (上海史: 巨大都市の形成と人々の營み). Tokyo: Tōhō Shoten, 1995.
  25.  
  26. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  27.  
  28. Japanese-language overview of the city’s history, with particular emphasis on architectural and municipal boundary evolution.
  29.  
  30. Find this resource:
  31.  
  32. Tang Zijun 汤志钧, ed. Jindai Shanghai Dashiji (近代上海大事记). Shanghai: Shanghai cishu Cchubanshe, 1989.
  33.  
  34. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  35.  
  36. Detailed chronology of the most important events that shaped Shanghai’s history in the modern era from a Chinese official perspective.
  37.  
  38. Find this resource:
  39.  
  40. Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. Global Shanghai 1850–2010: A History in Fragments. London: Routledge, 2012.
  41.  
  42. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  43.  
  44. A very accessible, and recent, overview of the city’s history. Its particular strength is in comparing Shanghai with other world cities.
  45.  
  46. Find this resource:
  47.  
  48. Xiong Yuezhi 熊月之, ed. Shanghai Tongshi (上海通史). Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 1999.
  49.  
  50. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  51.  
  52. Monumental multivolume project, covering almost every conceivable aspect of the city’s history. Has the tenor of an “official history.”
  53.  
  54. Find this resource:
  55.  
  56. Yeh, Wen-hsin. Shanghai Splendour: Economic Sentiments and the Making of Modern China, 1843–1949. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California Press, 2007.
  57.  
  58. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  59.  
  60. An engaging overview of Shanghai’s socio-cultural history, with focus on media and consumer culture during the later Republican era, particularly the 1930s.
  61.  
  62. Find this resource:
  63.  
  64. Bibliographies
  65. Readers interested in the full range of scholarly and popular literature on Shanghai published in Western languages prior to 1995 might wish to refer to Menzel 1995, a systematic and lengthy bibliography. Bickers and Henriot are online databases, maintained by prominent Shanghai scholars in Europe, on Shanghai-related literature, including recently completed MA and PhD theses.
  66.  
  67. Bickers, Robert. Books.
  68.  
  69. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  70.  
  71. An important online resource setting out a large bibliography. Particularly comprehensive collation of publications on the pre-war International Settlement.
  72.  
  73. Find this resource:
  74.  
  75. Henriot, Christian. Virtual Shanghai.
  76.  
  77. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  78.  
  79. Invaluable online portal that can help early-career researchers come to grips with the current state of play in Shanghai studies. It may be of particular significance for those interested in the pre-war French concession.
  80.  
  81. Find this resource:
  82.  
  83. Menzel, Ulrich. Shanghai, Systematische Bibliographie: Mit einer Einführung und einem Anhang zu Yokohama. Hamburg: Deutsches Übersee-Institut, 1995.
  84.  
  85. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  86.  
  87. Menzel’s is the most meticulous compilation of Western source materials on Shanghai from both before and after the World War II.
  88.  
  89. Find this resource:
  90.  
  91. Primary Sources
  92. The great bulk of materials relating to Shanghai’s British-run “International Settlement” and Kuomintang (KMT)-controlled Shanghai are held in Shanghai, at the Shanghai Municipal Archives (SMA) on the Bund. To a lesser extent, the SMA also holds materials relating to “Frenchtown,” as Shanghai’s French concession area was known before the Second World War. However, many more extant materials relating to Shanghai’s French-run municipality are at present stored in the Centre des Archives Diplomatiques de Nantes. They are of immense significance and remain relatively under-utilized. There is a detailed catalogue of Shanghai diplomatic and municipality files held on-site at Nantes, but not yet available online. The SMA has in the meantime published a number of important thematic compilations, among which Gongbuju dongshihui huiyi lu, Shanghai gonggong zujie gongbuju nianbao, gongbao, and Zhou and Tang 1999 are particularly noteworthy. The SMA releases overviews of rare archival materials from time to time via Dang’an yu shixue[Archives and Historical Studies] and Shanghai dang’an[Shanghai Archives]. As the cradle of Chinese journalism, Shanghai’s pre-war history cannot be fully understood without perusing the debates and preoccupations of the time as published in the local Chinese and foreign language press. The two most important newspapers published in that era were the North-China Herald, the mouthpiece of the British expatriate community (the weekly, more widely-read, version of the North China Daily News); and the Chinese-language daily Shenbao 申報 (also known as Shun Pao) founded by Ernest Major in 1872, and later taken over by local Chinese entrepreneurs. Both of these pre-war publications have been scanned in their entirety by commercial publishers, and subscribers can browse and search online using keywords. Shanghai’s Chinese-language and foreign-language press before 1949 is surveyed in King and Clarke 1965. Several thematic compilations of documents held at the National Archives (cited under Related Archives) have been published, with much instructive correspondence on Shanghai, notably in Foreign Office Files for China, 1949–1980.
  93.  
  94. Centre des Archives diplomatiques de Nantes
  95.  
  96. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  97.  
  98. The French Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archival Deposit in Nantes is the largest repository in the world for documents relating to Shanghai’s French-run municipality.
  99.  
  100. Find this resource:
  101.  
  102. Foreign Office Files for China, 1949–1980. Marlborough: Adam Matthew Digital Firm, 2009.
  103.  
  104. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  105.  
  106. This title features facsimile of Shanghai-related records in the UK National Archives. It may be particularly useful for researchers unable to get to London.
  107.  
  108. Find this resource:
  109.  
  110. Gongbuju dongshihui huiyi lu (工部局董事会会议录). Shanghai: Shanghaishi ang’anguan, 2001.
  111.  
  112. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  113.  
  114. This title features facsimiles of the minutes of the British-run Shanghai Municipal Council. It is invaluable for understanding municipal governance in pre-war Shanghai.
  115.  
  116. Find this resource:
  117.  
  118. King, Frank H. H., and Prescott Clarke. A Research Guide to China Cast Newspapers, 1822–1911. Harvard Univ. Press, 1965.
  119.  
  120. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  121.  
  122. A useful guide to the plethora of foreign language publications on current affairs in pre-1911 Shanghai.
  123.  
  124. Find this resource:
  125.  
  126. North China Herald.
  127.  
  128. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  129.  
  130. Complete online collection of the influential English newspaper, with text-search for subscribers.
  131.  
  132. Find this resource:
  133.  
  134. Shanghai gonggong zujie gongbuju nianbao, (上海公共租界工部局年报) (1861–1943 nian). Shanghai: Shanghaishi dang’anguan, 2001.
  135.  
  136. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  137.  
  138. Holds reprints of Shanghai Municipal Council Gazettes and annual reports.
  139.  
  140. Find this resource:
  141.  
  142. Shanghai Municipal Archives.
  143.  
  144. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  145.  
  146. By far the most important depository for Shanghai-related archival materials, including many publications in English, French, Japanese, and other languages. The first port of call for serious academic research on Shanghai’s history using primary materials.
  147.  
  148. Find this resource:
  149.  
  150. Shenbao (申報). 1872–1949.
  151.  
  152. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  153.  
  154. Full online collection of influential daily newspaper.
  155.  
  156. Find this resource:
  157.  
  158. Zhou, Mingwei, and Zhenchang Tang, eds. Shanghai Waishizhi(上海外事志). Shanghai: Shanghai shehui kexueyuan chubanshe, 1999.
  159.  
  160. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  161.  
  162. Abundant data on commercial and social contacts between Chinese and expatriates in pre-war Shanghai.
  163.  
  164. Find this resource:
  165.  
  166. Related Archives
  167. After 1842, Shanghai was administered by various foreign, Chinese, and mixed municipalities and regulations. In essence, these can be summed under the Qing rubric; Republican rubric; Communist rubric; British rubric (“international settlement”); and French municipality rubric. This complexity of governance is reflected in the whereabouts of relevant archival materials. The most important documents that shed light on Shanghai on the eve of its cession to the British as a treaty port, and on the formative years of foreign settlement, can be found at the Beijing Palace Museum Zhongguo diyi lishi dang’an (also known as the First Historical Archives of China) and the United Kingdom National Archives, Foreign Office depository. Between 1927 and 1937, the Chinese-run precincts in Shanghai were firmly under KMT control, and some materials from that era can be found in the Zhongguo dier lishi dang’an (also known as the Second Historical Archives of China in Nanjing). Neither the Palace Museum or the Nanjing archive has published a systematic catalogue of their Shanghai-related materials, but these can be searched on site in several electronic databases and printed volumes that are not available online. The United Kingdom National Archives, on the other hand, offers a detailed online catalogue. Other UK archives that contain vital records on the British presence in Shanghai include the School of Oriental and African Studies (especially the Chinese Maritime Customs depository); Cambridge University Library Jardine Matheson Archive, and the HSBC Archive maintained by the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.
  168.  
  169. HSBC Archive.
  170.  
  171. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  172.  
  173. Includes information and business intelligence garnered by a British-run bank that eventually became the lynchpin of finance in the city.
  174.  
  175. Find this resource:
  176.  
  177. Jardine Matheson Archive, University of Cambridge Library.
  178.  
  179. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  180.  
  181. Includes much information and intelligence garnered by one of the first British trading companies to operate in Shanghai.
  182.  
  183. Find this resource:
  184.  
  185. National Archives.
  186.  
  187. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  188.  
  189. The National Archives of the United Kingdom near Kew Gardens in London is the largest repository of documents on British-run Shanghai outside the SMA.
  190.  
  191. Find this resource:
  192.  
  193. School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
  194.  
  195. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  196.  
  197. Includes many materials relating to the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs, and to maritime trade around Shanghai, more generally.
  198.  
  199. Find this resource:
  200.  
  201. Zhongguo dier lishi dang’an.
  202.  
  203. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  204.  
  205. Many of the KMT documents regarding to municipal planning in Shanghai are stored at the Second Historical Archives in Nanjing. During 2014, numerous western scholars reported that some sections of the archive have been declared inaccessible, ostensibly for the purpose of digitization.
  206.  
  207. Find this resource:
  208.  
  209. Zhongguo diyi lishi dang’an (中国第一历史档案).
  210.  
  211. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  212.  
  213. Housed within the confines of Beijing’s Forbidden City, the First Historical Archive contains important correspondence between the Qing dynasty and the British concerning the opening up of Shanghai to trade, and the implications of extra-territorial rights for foreigners within the treaty port. Knowledge of Chinese is essential for effectively using the catalogues.
  214.  
  215. Find this resource:
  216.  
  217. Statistics
  218. The most extensive statistical compilations on pre-war Shanghai include Hsiao 1974 and Luo 1932. Although there is a greater wealth of data available on post-war Shanghai, reliability during the Mao era (1949–1976) is questionable. The best points of entry are the city’s statistical yearbooks, such as Shanghai tongji nianjian (上海統計年鑒), published by the local statistics bureau from 1983 to the present.
  219.  
  220. Hsiao, Liang-lin. China’s Foreign Trade Statistics, 1864–1949. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1974.
  221.  
  222. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  223.  
  224. An indispensable source of data of the composition of foreign and domestic trade as recorded over a century by the Imperial Maritime Customs.
  225.  
  226. Find this resource:
  227.  
  228. Luo Zhiru 羅志如. Tongji biaozhong zhi Shanghai (統計表中之上海). Nanjing: Zhongyang yanjiuyuan, 1932–.
  229.  
  230. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  231.  
  232. This is an indispensable guide to the demographics of pre-war Shanghai.
  233.  
  234. Find this resource:
  235.  
  236. Shanghai tongji nianjian (上海统计年鉴). Shanghai: Shanghai tongji chubanshe, 1983–.
  237.  
  238. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  239.  
  240. Particularly useful as a research aide for the period after 1983, the early issues of this yearbook nevertheless feature retrospective data on Shanghai’s economy and demographics during the Mao era.
  241.  
  242. Find this resource:
  243.  
  244. Pre-1842
  245. Coverage of pre-1842 Shanghai, the period before British settlement, is still greatly outweighed by research on the post-1842 period. The most authoritative work in any language focusing on the pre-1842 era remains Johnson 1995, which draws on and develops the pioneering work, Elvin 1977. One of the most famous Jesuit converts in Ming China, the polymath Xu Guangqi 徐光啟 (1562–1633), was born near the walled city of Shanghai and was active there after being forced to retire from imperial office. Scholarly work on Xu is often instructive about pre-1842 Shanghai, particularly Jami, et al. 2001. In Chinese, there is not yet a study of pre-1842 Shanghai as detailed as Johnson 1995. However, there are several document compilations that underscore the complex fabric of socio-economic and cultural life during earlier periods. Liu 2006 provides a compilation of documents, essays, and diary entries by local literati who resided in the city during the Ming and Qing dynasties before it became a treaty port. How land in and around Shanghai was leased, bought, and sold before the British imposed “Land Regulations” is the subject of documents compiled by Shanghai Municipal Archives Shanghai shi dang’anguan 1999. A glimpse of Shanghai’s traditional material culture before 1842 is provided in Huang 2001. Lu 1992 uses cotton production as a means of analyzing the city’s economic history.
  246.  
  247. Elvin, Mark. “Market Towns and Waterways: The County of Shang-hai from 1480 to 1910.” In The City in Late Imperial China. Edited by William G. Skinner, 441–473. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press, 1977.
  248.  
  249. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  250.  
  251. A pioneering article on Shanghai’s development that inspired much historical work that followed, including Johnson 1995.
  252.  
  253. Find this resource:
  254.  
  255. Huang Xuanpei 黄宣佩, ed. Shanghai chutu Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing yuqi (上海出土唐宋元明清玉器). Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 2001.
  256.  
  257. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  258.  
  259. A catalogue of artefacts from as early as the Tang dynasty found in and around Shanghai, providing a glimpse of material culture in the city’s environs.
  260.  
  261. Find this resource:
  262.  
  263. Jami, Catherine, Gregory Blue, and Peter Engelfriet, eds. Statecraft and Intellectual Renewal in Late Ming China: The Cross-Cultural Synthesis of Xu Guangqi (1562–1633). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2001.
  264.  
  265. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  266.  
  267. The most thorough study in English on the polymath and Jesuit convert Xu Guangqi.
  268.  
  269. Find this resource:
  270.  
  271. Johnson, Linda C. Shanghai: From Market Town to Treaty Port, 1074–1858. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press, 1995.
  272.  
  273. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  274.  
  275. Comprehensive social history of Shanghai prior to the arrival of the British.
  276.  
  277. Find this resource:
  278.  
  279. Liu Yongxiang. Ming Qing Shanghai xijian wenxian wuzhong (明清上海稀见文献五种). Beijing: Renmin wenxue chubanshe, 2006.
  280.  
  281. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  282.  
  283. This is an indispensable document compilation from the Ming and Qing dynasties, shedding light on everyday commerce and culture in the city before British settlement.
  284.  
  285. Find this resource:
  286.  
  287. Lu, Hanchao. “Arrested Development: Cotton and Cotton Markets in Shanghai, 1350–1843.” Modern China 18.4 (1992): 468–499.
  288.  
  289. DOI: 10.1177/009770049201800404Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  290.  
  291. Lu’s article is one of few in the English language that focus on the city’s economic history before British settlement.
  292.  
  293. Find this resource:
  294.  
  295. Shanghai shi dang’anguan. Qingdai Shanghai fangdiqi dang’an huibian (清代上海房地契档案汇编). Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1999.
  296.  
  297. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  298.  
  299. This is a compilation of rare Shanghainese title deeds showing how land and property rights were framed in the city before the British introduced their own set of land regulations.
  300.  
  301. Find this resource:
  302.  
  303. Pre-war Political Economy
  304. After foreign settlement, Shanghai’s economy and population grew exponentially, so that by the 1930s, it had more than three million inhabitants and was the sixth largest city in the world. More than half of China’s foreign trade in the early 20th century passed via Shanghai, and its port facilities strung along the inner city Bund were internationally renowned. By the 1900s, Shanghai boasted modern infrastructure and amenities, and Europeans cast it as a “Model Settlement” contrasting in cleanliness with the rest of China. The Western contributions to Shanghai’s modern sanitation and public health care are best covered in MacPherson 1987. The rivalry between the International, French, and Chinese precincts was conducive to economic growth because no administration could apply coercive measures against entrepreneurs without risking massive capital flight across to neighboring precincts. Thus, Shanghai remained relatively peaceful, harboring Chinese and foreign refugees, in an era that saw much displacement and political upheaval both in China and in Europe. The complex interface between continual anti-foreign sentiments, labor disputes, economic nationalism, and the administration of the “International Settlement” is portrayed in Wright 1991, cited under Class Politics. Focusing on state and commercial actors in Shanghai, Fewsmith 1985 (Elite Politics) provides an in-depth analysis of how the KMT influenced business practices in the city. Coble 1980 further explores how the KMT sought to control Shanghai capitalists’ political activities. Using the cigarette market as a case study, Cochran 1980 explores business rivalries between Chinese and foreign commercial interests. In the 19th century, Shanghai had been a trading hub for the most part—a gateway to the vast markets of China’s Lower Yangzi Delta. Thus, shipping, insurance, warehousing, and banking services developed very rapidly in the city. This development is covered by Ma 2008. The particular flavor of Shanghai’s commercial culture prior to the war is well covered in Cochran 1999. The role and influence of foreign banking in Shanghai’s commercial sector is explored in Horesh 2009.
  305.  
  306. Coble, Parks M. The Shanghai Capitalists and the Nationalist Government, 1927–1937. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1980.
  307.  
  308. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  309.  
  310. A classic study of KMT efforts to politically control Shanghai capitalists and extract economic benefits from the business sector and the resulting conflicts.
  311.  
  312. Find this resource:
  313.  
  314. Cochran, Sherman. Big Business in China: Sino-Foreign Rivalry in the Cigarette Industry, 1890–1930. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1980.
  315.  
  316. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  317.  
  318. Influential book on economic competition between Chinese and foreign companies using the battle for the cigarette market as a case history.
  319.  
  320. Find this resource:
  321.  
  322. Cochran, Sherman, ed. Inventing Nanjing Road: Commercial Culture in Shanghai, 1900–1945. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press, 1999.
  323.  
  324. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  325.  
  326. This edited volume provides a useful introduction to the unique commercial culture that distinguished pre-war Shanghai.
  327.  
  328. Find this resource:
  329.  
  330. Horesh, Niv. Shanghai’s Bund and Beyond: British Banks, Banknote Issuance, and Monetary Policy in China, 1842–1937. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press, 2009.
  331.  
  332. DOI: 10.12987/yale/9780300143560.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  333.  
  334. Comparative study of foreign banking in pre-war China with particular focus on British banks and the Shanghai pre-war economy.
  335.  
  336. Find this resource:
  337.  
  338. Ma, Debin. “Economic Growth in the Lower Yangzi Region of China in 1911–1937: A Quantitative and Historical Analysis.” The Journal of Economic History 68.2 (2008): 355–392.
  339.  
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  341.  
  342. An important article that establishes the extent of Shanghai’s economic development, and identifies the conditions that led to economic take-off.
  343.  
  344. Find this resource:
  345.  
  346. MacPherson, Kerrie. A Wilderness of Marshes: The Origins of Public Health in Shanghai, 1843–1893. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1987.
  347.  
  348. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  349.  
  350. Careful analysis of the establishment of a modern urban base under foreign tutelage, which the author argues was the main reason for Shanghai’s economic development.
  351.  
  352. Find this resource:
  353.  
  354. Class politics
  355. Various factors in Shanghai’s economic development created conditions for the emergence of distinct inequalities and class-based politics. Economic and social inequalities, combined with the relative freedom of information and exposure to western ideas that Shanghai residents experienced meant that the city was an important site of labor activism. Perry 1993 remains the most impressive resource, conceptually and empirically rich, for studying labor movements between 1842 and 1949. It is not coincidental that the Chinese Communist Party was founded in Shanghai in 1921, and Perry 1993 illuminates key questions regarding the Chinese adoption and modification of socialism and Communism. Chesneaux 1962 is a broad examination of the working classes in Shanghai in the 1920s, with Roux 1993 focusing on the same during the 1930s. Both texts investigate the relationships of labor, capital, and nationalism in the context of crippling strikes and nationalist protests that occurred between the May Fourth and May Thirtieth movements. Chesneaux 1962 is notable for its left-wing ideological underpinnings. Wright 1991 provides an in-depth case history as a means to uncovering the connections between labor and nationalism. Honig 1986 focuses attention on the importance of gendering labor through an analysis of Shanghai’s cotton mills.
  356.  
  357. Chesneaux, Jean. Le Mouvement Ouvrier Chinois de 1919 à 1927. Paris: Mouton, 1962.
  358.  
  359. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  360.  
  361. Pioneering examination of pre-war Shanghai working classes. The original western study of the Chinese labor movement.
  362.  
  363. Find this resource:
  364.  
  365. Honig, Emily. Sisters and Strangers: Women in the Shanghai Cotton Mills, 1919–1949. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press, 1986.
  366.  
  367. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  368.  
  369. Histories of cotton production with much detail on the lives of mill-workers, as well as analysis of the emergence of working-class women’s labor consciousness.
  370.  
  371. Find this resource:
  372.  
  373. Perry, Elizabeth J. Shanghai on Strike: The Politics of Chinese Labor. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press, 1993.
  374.  
  375. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  376.  
  377. Brilliant study of labor movements in Shanghai, including analysis of the effects of provincial origin on activism. Case histories of strikes in textiles, tobacco, and transportation.
  378.  
  379. Find this resource:
  380.  
  381. Roux, Alain. Le Shanghai Ouvrier des Années Trente: Coolies, Gangsters, et Syndicalistes. Paris: L’Harmattan, 1993.
  382.  
  383. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  384.  
  385. This comprehensive study is one of the best known works in French on the working class in pre-war Shanghai.
  386.  
  387. Find this resource:
  388.  
  389. Wright, Tim. “Shanghai Imperialists versus Rickshaw Racketeers: The Defeat of the 1934 Rickshaw Reforms.” Modern China 17.1 (1991): 76–111.
  390.  
  391. DOI: 10.1177/009770049101700103Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  392.  
  393. Convincing analysis of labor unrest and resurgent Chinese nationalism combining to undermine the British hold on Shanghai.
  394.  
  395. Find this resource:
  396.  
  397. Elite Politics
  398. Shanghai is an important case for examining the effectiveness of Kuomintang (KMT) rule during the Republican era. As the most populous and prosperous city in a country otherwise barely under KMT control, it was important for the KMT to demonstrate its capabilities in Shanghai. The diverse range of political actors in the city and the complicated interplay between central, municipal, and foreign interests, and the divisions within these sectors, are expertly analyzed in Henriot 1993. The political scene was further complicated by the strength of a powerful and relatively autonomous commercial sector. A masterful analysis of the intimate connection between business and politics in Shanghai is provided in Fewsmith 1985. More pointedly, Martin 1996 analyzes the connections between the KMT and organized crime. Wakeman 1995 demonstrates, how the KMT kept order in the city; the KMT’s relationships with secret societies, triads, and organized criminals were complicated and fluctuated between collaboration and confrontation at different junctures. The KMT’s use of extra-legal means to enforce order in the Chinese-held parts of the city is analyzed in the classic Eastman 1990. Though not unproblematic, Eastman’s account casts KMT incompetence in running Shanghai as major reason for losing the city to the Chinese Communist Party.
  399.  
  400. Eastman, Lloyd E. The Abortive Revolution: China Under Nationalist Rule, 1927–1937. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1990.
  401.  
  402. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  403.  
  404. This is the classic work KMT critics turn to. For Eastman, the KMT lost to the Chinese Communist Party, in no small measure because of its poor and extortionist performance in running Shanghai.
  405.  
  406. Find this resource:
  407.  
  408. Fewsmith, Joseph. Party, State, and Local Elites in Republican China: Merchant Organizations and Politics in Shanghai, 1890–1930. Honolulu: Univ. of Hawai’i Press, 1985.
  409.  
  410. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  411.  
  412. Invaluable study of how Qing and KMT politics affected business in Shanghai.
  413.  
  414. Find this resource:
  415.  
  416. Henriot, Christian. Shanghai, 1927–1937: Municipal Power, Locality, and Modernization. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California Press, 1993.
  417.  
  418. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  419.  
  420. Adept study of the complexities of Shanghai politics with analysis of the Shanghai municipal government set within the broader context of state and society relations during the Republican era.
  421.  
  422. Find this resource:
  423.  
  424. Martin, Brian. The Shanghai Green Gang: Politics and Organized Crime, 1919–1937. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California Press, 1996.
  425.  
  426. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  427.  
  428. Comprehensive study of the Shanghai underworld and the intimate and contradictory connections with the KMT and other political actors.
  429.  
  430. Find this resource:
  431.  
  432. Wakeman, Frederic. Policing Shanghai, 1927–1937. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California Press, 1995.
  433.  
  434. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  435.  
  436. Analysis of KMT attempts to enforce law and order in the city as a means to assessing urban policy during the Nanjing decade.
  437.  
  438. Find this resource:
  439.  
  440. Occupation and the Second World War
  441. The Japanese invasion of China in 1937 did not at first bring Shanghai’s economy to a standstill because the foreign concession areas maintained neutrality. Many factories had to relocate into the concessions areas for fear of Japanese expropriation, and a few were bombed during the hostilities. However, it was only after Japan had declared war on the allies that Japan was able to clamp down on local enterprises and discriminate in favor of Japanese firms and collaborators. The most authoritative study of Shanghai’s economy under Japanese occupation is Coble 2003. Although Shanghai suffered substantial loss of life during the early part of the war, it did not suffer the same level of military bombardment as the KMT’s wartime capital of Chongqing, and its population was not mobilized to resist in the same way as in other cities. Shanghainese collaboration with and resistance to the Japanese occupation are skilfully covered in Yeh 2003. A further edited collection, Henriot and Yeh 2004, provides a thorough and multifaceted analysis of the response of Shanghai’s Chinese capitalists, the British and French, with several further chapters on the role of women in the modified everyday urban life, wartime culture, and resistance to the Japanese. Ballard 2006 is the memoir of the British author J. G. Ballard, a schoolboy in wartime Shanghai who was interred in a Japanese prisoner camp. The book was made into a movie directed by Steven Spielberg. As a treaty port, Shanghai had attracted Baghdadi-Jewish entrepreneurs from the mid-19th century, most famously the Sassoon family. Later, particularly during the Second World War, it also became a place of refuge for European Jews fleeing Nazi persecution. This experience is covered in a number of academic studies and anthologies such as the pioneering monograph Kranzler 1976, as well as personal memoirs and anthologies provided in Heppner 1993 and Tobias 1999. The political and legal context of Shanghai’s Jewish refugees is covered in Gao 2013.
  442.  
  443. Ballard J. G. Empire of the Sun. London: Harper Perennial, 2006.
  444.  
  445. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  446.  
  447. First published in 1984. Fictionalized biographical account of the British author’s childhood experiences in wartime Shanghai.
  448.  
  449. Find this resource:
  450.  
  451. Coble, Parks M. Chinese Capitalists in Japan’s New Order: The Occupied Lower Yangzi, 1937–1945. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California Press, 2003.
  452.  
  453. DOI: 10.1525/california/9780520232686.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  454.  
  455. Important book examining the behavior of Chinese entrepreneurs in reaction to Japanese occupation, with case histories from textile, chemical, and rubber industries,
  456.  
  457. Find this resource:
  458.  
  459. Gao, Bei. Shanghai Sanctuary: Chinese and Japanese Policy toward European Jewish Refugees in World War Two. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2013.
  460.  
  461. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  462.  
  463. Thorough analysis of the motivations for Chinese and Japanese behavior towards the city’s Jewish Diaspora and the influx of refugees escaping Europe. Particularly strong use of Chinese and Japanese materials.
  464.  
  465. Find this resource:
  466.  
  467. Henriot, Christian, and Wen-Hsin Yeh, eds. In the Shadow of the Rising Sun: Shanghai Under Japanese Occupation. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2004.
  468.  
  469. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  470.  
  471. An impressive line-up of contributors. A coherent conference collection divided into chapters on economic, political, and cultural history.
  472.  
  473. Find this resource:
  474.  
  475. Heppner, Ernest. Shanghai Refuge: A Memoir of the World War II Jewish Ghetto. Lincoln NE: Univ. of Nebraska, 1993.
  476.  
  477. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  478.  
  479. First-hand account of the flight from Europe of a middle-class German Jew to four years in Shanghai.
  480.  
  481. Find this resource:
  482.  
  483. Kranzler, David. Japanese, Nazis, and Jews: The Jewish Refugee Community of Shanghai, 1938–1945. New York: Yeshiva Univ. Press, 1976.
  484.  
  485. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  486.  
  487. A seminal academic study of the complexity of the Japanese approach to Shanghai’s Jewry in the context of their alliance with Nazi Germany.
  488.  
  489. Find this resource:
  490.  
  491. Tobias, Sigmund. Strange Haven: A Jewish Childhood in Wartime Shanghai. Urbana, IL: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1999.
  492.  
  493. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  494.  
  495. Memoir of a young German Jew who arrived in Shanghai in 1939 and spent several years in the Japan-occupied city’s Hongkew ghetto.
  496.  
  497. Find this resource:
  498.  
  499. Yeh, Wen-Hsin, ed. Wartime Shanghai. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2003.
  500.  
  501. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  502.  
  503. Edited volume with a stellar cast of contributors. Individual chapters on the response of various sectors of Shanghai society to Japanese occupation.
  504.  
  505. Find this resource:
  506.  
  507. Communism and the Mao Era
  508. Shanghai has an intimate connection to Chinese Communism. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was, of course, founded in the city in 1921. Van de Ven 1991 provides a thorough analysis of the intellectual and political scene and the circumstances surrounding the founding of the Party. The CCP’s political activities, particularly involvement in the Shanghai United Front and the May Thirtieth Movement in Shanghai are ably covered in Smith 2000. The Communist unification of mainland China and the establishment of the People’s Republic in 1949 meant a drastic makeover for Shanghai. After the exodus of wealthy industrialists and much of the city’s foreign community, the CCP sought to socialize Shanghai’s economy, extracting whatever it could from the private wealth that remained there in 1949, while relocating many factories further inland as part of a strategy to make China less vulnerable to coastal invasion. These developments are covered in Howe 1981. The transformation of Shanghai’s economy from finance and banking combined with light industry (mainly textiles) in the pre-war era, to a center for heavy industry in line with the party’s overall emphasis on metallurgy and petrochemical capacity building at the expense of consumer goods during the first five-year plan (1952–1957) are also covered in several chapters in Howe 1981. During the 1960s and 1970s, Shanghai’s image as a bastion of bourgeois liberalism was turned on its head, becoming a rallying point for Maoist zealotry during the Cultural Revolution. Perry and Li 1997 gives an outstanding account of Shanghai’s experience of the Cultural Revolution. One of numerous Chinese memoirs from the 20th century, Cheng 1995 provides a biographical account of the lives of a former elite family during the Cultural Revolution.
  509.  
  510. Cheng, Nien. Life and Death in Shanghai. London: Flamingo, 1995.
  511.  
  512. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  513.  
  514. Autobiographical account of the author’s incarceration and persecution during the Cultural Revolution in Shanghai.
  515.  
  516. Find this resource:
  517.  
  518. Howe, Christopher, ed. Shanghai: Revolution and Development in an Asian Metropolis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1981.
  519.  
  520. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511560040Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  521.  
  522. Edited volume with contributions primarily focusing on economic and political developments during the Mao era.
  523.  
  524. Find this resource:
  525.  
  526. Perry, Elizabeth J., and Xun Li. Proletarian Power: Shanghai in the Cultural Revolution. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997.
  527.  
  528. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  529.  
  530. Concise study on the crucial role and resistance of Shanghai’s workers during various phases and mobilizations of the Cultural Revolution
  531.  
  532. Find this resource:
  533.  
  534. Smith, Stephen. A Road Is Made: Communism in Shanghai, 1920–1927. Honolulu: Univ. of Hawai’i, 2000.
  535.  
  536. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  537.  
  538. Detailed history of the connections between labor movements, nationalism, and the growth and spread of Communism, particularly within Shanghai but also spreading out to other urban centers.
  539.  
  540. Find this resource:
  541.  
  542. Van de Ven, Hans. From Friend to Comrade: The Founding of the Chinese Communist Party, 1920–1927. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California Press, 1991.
  543.  
  544. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  545.  
  546. Fine-grained analysis of the four stages of the CCP’s emergence.
  547.  
  548. Find this resource:
  549.  
  550. Reform Era Development
  551. Over the last three decades, Shanghai has transformed itself from a city strongly associated during the Mao era with heavy industry, central planning, and ideological zealousness to, arguably, the PRC’s most important financial and research and development hub. These developments are well covered in Wu 2007a. Like much of China, the transformation of Shanghai’s economy was partly accomplished through the “fiscal federalism” that incentivized municipal authorities to court private investment, allowing them to retain a higher share of local revenue in return. But Shanghai’s transformation was also accomplished through central government prioritization of Shanghai over other urban centers. Emphasis on Shanghai-led development peaked during Jiang Zemin’s presidency (1993–2003), and is still seen today as his loyalists’ (Shanghai bang) cause. Huang 2008 provides a strongly critical analysis of the new Shanghai development model, although there are continuities between the old (i.e. pre-war treaty port era) and new (i.e. post-Mao) development models, most obviously manifest in the Special Economic Zones that were the starting point for Deng’s reform policies. Developers and advertisers are also aware of the importance of history, and particularly the city’s cosmopolitan heritage. The marketing potency of Shanghai nostalgia is evidenced in massive housing redevelopment projects and themed shopping centers, such as Xintiandi, in what was once the French concession. Lu 2002 analyzes the tension between the feelings of nostalgia by Shanghai residents for some elements of the city’s past culture with the desire and progressive realization for Shanghai to be a contemporary global capital. Contradictions, as Shao 2013 demonstrates in an excellent study, are nowhere more evident than in the transformation of the physical make-up of the city, as old neighborhoods and buildings are torn down to make way for futuristic skyscrapers. As the title of Lu 2004 intimates, Shanghai has literally been rising to the challenge of becoming a Twenty First Century global metropolis. Wu 2007b covers Shanghai’s rise in a volume comparing other fast-developing major BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China) cities. Of course, it is not only architecture and the economy that were transformed during the reform era. People’s attitudes, behaviors, and expectations changed as well, like the young people analyzed in Farrer 2002. Shanghai’s youth are also the focus of Wasserstrom 1998, an extensive study and comparison of student activism in the 20th century, including the city’s experience of the Democracy Spring movement, which did not lead to violent repression and many deaths, as it did in Beijing, and which was a springboard for Jiang Zemin’s ascent to the top echelon of the CCP leadership.
  552.  
  553. Farrer, James. Opening Up: Youth, Sex, Culture, and Market Reform in Shanghai. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2002.
  554.  
  555. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  556.  
  557. Redolent of studies on the pre-war nightlife scene, this study places attitude change among the city’s young people within the context of the changing economic, social, and urban culture.
  558.  
  559. Find this resource:
  560.  
  561. Huang, Yasheng. Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics: Entrepreneurship and the State. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2008.
  562.  
  563. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511754210Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  564.  
  565. This is a damning critique of the new Shanghainese model of growth as enunciated by the Chinese Communist Party in 1991.
  566.  
  567. Find this resource:
  568.  
  569. Lu, Hanchao. “Nostalgia for the Future: The Resurgence of an Alienated Culture in China.” Pacific Affairs 75.2 (2002): 169–186.
  570.  
  571. DOI: 10.2307/4127181Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  572.  
  573. Article-length treatment exploring the role of Shanghai’s past in its citizens aspirations for the city in the future.
  574.  
  575. Find this resource:
  576.  
  577. Lu, Hanchao. “Shanghai Rising: Resurgence of China’s New York City?” In Urban Transformation in China. Edited by Aimin Chen, Gordon Liu, and Kevin H. Zhang, 250–265. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2004.
  578.  
  579. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  580.  
  581. Chapter focusing on Shanghai in a worthy collection addressing the structural and other changes occurring across urban China.
  582.  
  583. Find this resource:
  584.  
  585. Shao, Qin. Shanghai Gone: Domicide and Defiance in a Chinese Megacity. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2013.
  586.  
  587. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  588.  
  589. A critical analysis of the city’s redevelopment, including the decisions made by commercial and state actors to demolish neighborhoods. Detailed accounts of individual Shanghai residents who have lost their homes or been forced to relocate.
  590.  
  591. Find this resource:
  592.  
  593. Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. Student Protests in Twentieth-Century China: The View from Shanghai. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press, 1998.
  594.  
  595. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  596.  
  597. A long-term study of student activism in the city, spanning The May Thirtieth Movement of 1925 and the 1989 Democracy Spring movement.
  598.  
  599. Find this resource:
  600.  
  601. Wu, Fulong. “From ‘State-Owned’ to ‘City Inc’: The Case of Shanghai.” In The Making of Global City Regions: Johannesburg, Mumbai/Bombay, São Paulo, and Shanghai. Edited by Klaus Segbers, 207–231. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 2007a.
  602.  
  603. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  604.  
  605. This is a useful survey of the transformation of ownership underpinning Shanghai’s phenomenal development since 1991.
  606.  
  607. Find this resource:
  608.  
  609. Wu, Weiping. “Shanghai: The Evolution of China’s Future Global City.” In The Making of Global City Regions: Johannesburg, Mumbai/Bombay, São Paulo, and Shanghai. Edited by Klaus Segbers, 113–134. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 2007b.
  610.  
  611. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  612.  
  613. A comparative study of rising global cities, usefully situates Shanghai’s development and aspirations.
  614.  
  615. Find this resource:
  616.  
  617. Urban Life
  618. Although Shanghai’s walled city was already an important regional port in the 17th century, it was growth in trade volumes and financial-sector services, and the permeation of Western-style municipal services, missionary-run hospitals, mass media, and entertainment after 1842 that led to the development of a discrete urban culture in Shanghai. The features and construction of this unique culture are well covered in Lee 2001 and Pan 2008. Both studies present a nuanced portrayal of western development stimuli for Shanghai’s “new” urban culture in the inter-war period and during 1930s, emphasizing the hybridity of Chinese and foreign lifestyles as they borrowed and incorporated different habits and styles. Urban life in pre-war Shanghai was noted for its extremes. While successful entrepreneurs and high level officials enjoyed extravagant luxuries, Shanghai’s burgeoning population of Chinese immigrants, refugees from China and abroad, and working classes were less fortunate. While mostly wealthy Chinese and intellectuals patronized Shanghai’s many coffeehouses, the greater number of less well-off Chinese were lucky if they could frequent Western-style theatres, dancing halls, horse racing, and department stores. Sometimes the two extremes overlapped as in the case of the producers and consumers of the entertainment industry. Encompassing eating, drinking, dancing, and the sex industry, Shanghai’s entertainment industry is well covered in the academic literature. Field 2011 provides an in-depth survey of the role of music and dance in the city, tracing the adoption of jazz as a motif for the cities’ elites through cabarets, ballrooms, and nightclubs. Henriot 2001 and Hershatter 1997 are outstanding studies of the multiple forms (clienteles and workers) that the sex industry has taken across time. Bracken 2013 focuses on the physical structures that facilitated and constituted Shanghai’s urban culture, specifically focusing on the hybrid house styles unique to Shanghai’s lilong (里弄) which incorporated both Chinese and western building styles and ethos in the alleyway house, a public-private space that was crucial to urban development and everyday life. Quotidian habits and expressions are analyzed in Lu 1999. Ye 2003 is a wonderful collection of images giving a sense of what Shanghai lives looked like at the turn of the 20th century.
  619.  
  620. Bracken, Gregory. The Shanghai Alleyway House: A Vanishing Urban Vernacular. Abingdon: Routledge, 2013.
  621.  
  622. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  623.  
  624. Study of the architectural spaces that were an important symbol and facilitator of Shanghai’s hybrid urban lifestyles.
  625.  
  626. Find this resource:
  627.  
  628. Field, Andrew. Shanghai’s Dancing World: Cabaret Culture and Urban Politics, 1919–1954. Hong Kong: The Chinese Univ. Press, 2011.
  629.  
  630. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  631.  
  632. Impeccable study of the jazz age and what it reveals about Shanghai night life as a site for the encounter between modernity and colonialism.
  633.  
  634. Find this resource:
  635.  
  636. Henriot, Christian. Prostitution and Sexuality in Shanghai: A Social History 1849–1949. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2001.
  637.  
  638. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  639.  
  640. Detailed study of the sex industry up to the People’s Republic. Focuses on the Chinese consumer and sex worker, situating the industry within broader economic and social changes.
  641.  
  642. Find this resource:
  643.  
  644. Hershatter, Gail. Dangerous Pleasures: Prostitution and Modernity in Twentieth-century Shanghai. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California Press, 1997.
  645.  
  646. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  647.  
  648. In-depth survey of the sex industry in its various guises from the late 19th century through the enforced austerities of the Mao era and resurgence after Deng’s reforms.
  649.  
  650. Find this resource:
  651.  
  652. Lee, Ou-fan. Shanghai Modern: The Flowering of New Urban Culture in China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2001.
  653.  
  654. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  655.  
  656. A seminal work in English on the unique and syncretic urban culture that evolved in pre-war Shanghai.
  657.  
  658. Find this resource:
  659.  
  660. Lu, Hanchao. Beyond the Neon Lights: Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California Press, 1999.
  661.  
  662. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  663.  
  664. Lucid account of everyday life in pre-war Shanghai. Especially valuable descriptions of the lives of Shanghai’s Chinese petty urbanites (xiao shimin 小市民) and the bustling atomized neighborhoods (lilong 里弄) where they mostly lived.
  665.  
  666. Find this resource:
  667.  
  668. Pan, Lynn. Shanghai Style: Art and Design Between the Wars. San Francisco: Long River Press, 2008.
  669.  
  670. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  671.  
  672. Thorough discussion of the aesthetic aspect of the hybrid east-west urban culture that emerged in Shanghai during the 1920s and 30s.
  673.  
  674. Find this resource:
  675.  
  676. Ye, Xiaoqing. The Dianshizhai Pictorial: Shanghai Urban Life, 1884–1898. Ann Arbor, MI: Univ. of Michigan Press, 2003.
  677.  
  678. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  679.  
  680. Unrivalled collection of images of everyday Shanghai life, originally published in 1898, combined with astute observations and analysis by the author.
  681.  
  682. Find this resource:
  683.  
  684. Media and the Public Sphere
  685. Of all the treaty ports, and certainly compared to other cities in China, Shanghai enjoyed a sophisticated and diverse media industry. The nature and effects of the Shanghai mediasphere have been debated, particularly in terms of the contribution of the press to the emergence of something resembling a public sphere. Within the broad sweep of Chinese urban history found in Wakeman 1993, no other Chinese city but Shanghai could develop anything tantamount to a “public sphere,” because only in Shanghai was something resembling a free press allowed to operate. Wagner 1999 similarly posits that the vitality of the city in the pre-war era cannot be understood without paying attention to Chinese-language publications like the ubiquitous Shenbao, a popular outlet for market data and consumer advertising, as well as polemics on current affairs in the city and China. Established in 1872 by English entrepreneur Ernest Major, it was sold to Chinese investors in 1908 and continued to report on controversial issues and expand its circulation. However, the case of another publication, Subao, clearly shows the limit of free speech in the foreign concessions made by the city. Established in 1896, and registered in the Japanese consulate, Subao was the first among many Shanghai newspapers to criticize Qing officialdom. In 1902, under the editorship of Zou Rong, Subao called for the violent overthrow of the Qing. Zhou 2004 provides an in-depth study of the case. Judge 1996 offers a thorough study of another late-Qing reform publication, the Shibao. Controls on journalists intensified during the 1920s, when the target was not anti-Manchu, but “Bolshevized” literature. Repression of free speech and freedom of the press in foreign-administered Shanghai is covered in Clifford 1991. The contribution of journalists and other professional associations to an early version of civil society, which again distinguished Shanghai from other Chinese cities, is provided in Xu 2001. Goodman 1995, on the other hand, looks to the native place organizations of Chinese immigrants as a major source of associational life and coherence in Shanghai. To examine the broader constitution of Shanghai’s mediascape and its contribution to the aesthetic and cultural narratives about the city, from within and from outside, Des Forges 2007 focuses on content, particularly the serialization of a discrete Shanghai fiction.
  686.  
  687. Clifford, Nicholas. Spoilt Children of Empire: Westerners in Shanghai and the Chinese Revolution of the 1920s. Hanover, NH: Univ. Press of New England, 1991.
  688.  
  689. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  690.  
  691. Influential work drawing on a wide range of primary sources focusing on the character of Shanghai’s foreign society primarily in the mid-20s. Reveals numerous aspects of everyday Shanghai life subsequently expanded by later studies.
  692.  
  693. Find this resource:
  694.  
  695. Des Forges, Alexander. Mediasphere Shanghai: The Aesthetics of Cultural Production. Honolulu: Univ. of Hawai’i Press, 2007.
  696.  
  697. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  698.  
  699. A study of Shanghai media content in the pre-war era. Focus on serialized fiction as vehicle for identifying narratives by and about Shanghai.
  700.  
  701. Find this resource:
  702.  
  703. Goodman, Bryna. Native Place, City, and Nation: Regional Networks and Identities in Shanghai, 1853–1937. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California Press, 1995.
  704.  
  705. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  706.  
  707. Exceptional study on the role of native place associations in the associational and social lives of urban migrants and their role in the development of a modern urban society.
  708.  
  709. Find this resource:
  710.  
  711. Judge, Joan. Print and Politics: “Shibao” and the Culture of Reform in Late Qing China. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press, 1996.
  712.  
  713. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  714.  
  715. Careful analysis of the reform publication Shibao, a critical daily newspaper in the late-Qing to pre-war era. Provides a cultural history of the Shibao as text and as an institution in the broader print culture. Explores motivations and practices of journalists who wrote for the paper.
  716.  
  717. Find this resource:
  718.  
  719. Wagner, Rudolf. “The Shenbao in Crisis: The International Environment and the Conflict between Guo Songtao and the Shenbao.” Late Imperial China 20.1 (1999): 107–138.
  720.  
  721. DOI: 10.1353/late.1999.0004Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  722.  
  723. Analysis of the contribution of Chinese-language publications like Shenbao to the development of a public sphere in pre-war Shanghai.
  724.  
  725. Find this resource:
  726.  
  727. Wakeman, Frederic. “The Civil Society and Public Sphere Debate: Western Reflections on Chinese Political Culture.” Modern China 19.2 (1993): 108–138.
  728.  
  729. DOI: 10.1177/009770049301900202Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  730.  
  731. Synthesis and summation of international debates on the role and manifestations of modernization and colonialism on the much-debated emergence of civil society in pre-war China.
  732.  
  733. Find this resource:
  734.  
  735. Xu, Xiaoqun. Chinese Professionals and the Republican State: The Rise of Professional Associations in Shanghai, 1912–1937. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2001.
  736.  
  737. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  738.  
  739. A fine account of the ethos of professional elites in pre-war Shanghai and the contribution of their associations to the development of a purported civil society sphere. Coverage of journalists in Shanghai.
  740.  
  741. Find this resource:
  742.  
  743. Zhou Jiarong 周佳榮. Subao ji Subaoan(蘇報及蘇報案). Shanghai: Shanghai Shehuikexueyuan chubanshe, 2004.
  744.  
  745. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  746.  
  747. Detailed analysis of the Subao case. Important examination of press freedom and its relationship between the Qing rulers and foreign powers in Shanghai.
  748.  
  749. Find this resource:
  750.  
  751. Literary and Popular Culture
  752. Notwithstanding its association with European imperialism and expatriate snobbery, the relative freedoms that Shanghai embodied helped it become a major intellectual center within China during the pre-war era that was beset with instability. Chinese intellectuals working in Shanghai came to be known as the Haipai海派 (Worldly School), which contrasted with the traditionalists or Jingpai京派 (Capital School). While Jingpai education clung to Confucian classics, Haipai education encouraged the acquisition of vocational and English-language skills. With only 1.5 percent of China’s population at any one time, Shanghai accounted for no less than 41 of the 205 institutions of higher education in China in 1949. It boasted some of the country’s best universities, such as Fudan and Jiaotong, as well as prestigious colleges run by missionaries, such as Aurora and St John’s. Perry 2013 is a pioneering article on the contributions of pre-war Shanghai’s foreign universities to China’s modernization and civil society. Befitting a city with intellectual pretensions, newspapers and specialized magazines in the city appeared in a host of languages, not just Chinese and English, but also French, German, Yiddish, Russian, and Japanese. These were avidly read by locals thirsty for knowledge about the modern industrialized world. Indeed the Chinese term modeng 摩登 (a transliteration of “modern”) first emerged in Shanghai. Haipai authors like Liu Na’ou and Mu Shiying, and the less avant-guarde Mao Dun, helped develop distinct Shanghainese literary genres as discussed for example in Des Forges 2007 (cited under Media and the Public Sphere) and Link 1981. Liang 2010 surveys the Haipai influences felt in the city’s architecture as well as the syncretic painting of Lin Fengmian and Zao Wou-ki. Lee 2001 and Pan 2008 cover well the hybrid character of Shanghai’s urban and artistic culture. Pre-war Shanghai was also the cradle of Chinese cinema and popular music, yielding film stars and singers such as Hu Die, Ruan Lingyu, and Zhou Xuan. Zhang 1999 and Zhang 2005 expand on these figures, the film industry, and their connections to Shanghai’s urban and intellectual cultures. Jones 2001 explores the music scene, particularly the adoption of jazz and an associated lifestyle that become one of Shanghai’s most enduring motifs.
  753.  
  754. Jones, Andrew F. Yellow Music: Media Culture and Colonial Modernity in the Chinese Jazz Age. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press, 2001.
  755.  
  756. DOI: 10.1215/9780822380436Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  757.  
  758. Important study of the role of popular music in the emergence of Shanghai’s urban culture. Strong analysis of the connection between jazz and Chinese understandings of race and anti-colonialism.
  759.  
  760. Find this resource:
  761.  
  762. Lee, Ou-fan. Shanghai Modern: The Flowering of New Urban Culture in China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2001.
  763.  
  764. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  765.  
  766. Study of the hybrid urban culture that evolved in pre-war Shanghai, focusing on various cultural spaces and expressions.
  767.  
  768. Find this resource:
  769.  
  770. Liang, Samuel Y. Mapping Modernity in Shanghai: Space, Gender, and Visual Culture in the Sojourners’ City, 1853–98. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2010.
  771.  
  772. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  773.  
  774. Analysis of many of Shanghai’s different spaces and how the city’s unique configuration and architectural forms influenced the development of a discrete Shanghai cultural form.
  775.  
  776. Find this resource:
  777.  
  778. Link, E. Perry. Mandarin Ducks and Butterflies: Popular Fiction in Early Twentieth-Century Chinese Cities. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California Press, 1981.
  779.  
  780. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  781.  
  782. A classic study on Chinese literature and social history against the backdrop of the all-important May Fourth movement of 1919.
  783.  
  784. Find this resource:
  785.  
  786. Pan, Lynn. Shanghai Style: Art and Design Between the Wars. San Francisco: Long River Press, 2008.
  787.  
  788. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  789.  
  790. Thorough treatment of the discrete syncretic urban and artistic cultures that evolved and distinguished Shanghai in the 1920s and 1930s.
  791.  
  792. Find this resource:
  793.  
  794. Perry, Elizabeth J. “Managing Student Protest in Republican China: Yenching and St. John’s Compared.” Frontiers of History in China 8.1 (2013): 3–31.
  795.  
  796. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  797.  
  798. Recent article sheds new light on the social and political impacts that foreign-run institutions of higher education had on the public sphere in pre-war Shanghai.
  799.  
  800. Find this resource:
  801.  
  802. Zhang, Yingjin, ed. Cinema and Urban Culture in Shanghai, 1922–1943. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press, 1999.
  803.  
  804. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  805.  
  806. This edited collection is a useful introduction to the movie industry in pre-war Shanghai, with interesting contributions on the connection between cinema and identity formation and sexuality.
  807.  
  808. Find this resource:
  809.  
  810. Zhang, Zhen. An Amorous History of the Silver Screen: Shanghai Cinema, 1896–1937. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2005.
  811.  
  812. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  813.  
  814. Detailed study of pre-war Shanghai cinema with analysis of th importance of film as a vehicle for cultural and social change.
  815.  
  816. Find this resource:
  817.  
  818. Melting Pot Shanghai
  819. As Shanghai developed into a major population center it attracted migrants from all over China. Who these internal migrants were and what they did once in the city is explored thoroughly in Goodman 1995. As a treaty port located at the mouths of major rivers promising access to the vast Chinese market, the city attracted a diverse mixture of nationalities. Bickers and Henriot 2000 and Clifford 1991 expertly draw the contours of expatriate life. Due to the circumstances of its development and the extraterritoriality of the foreign concessions, Shanghai sheltered numerous waves of refugees, from Chinese seeking escape from the Taiping rebellion in the 1860s to the influx of White Russians after the Bolshevik Revolution. Ristaino 2001 provides a thorough analysis of the Jewish and Russian refugee communities in Shanghai, including the period after the establishment of the People’s Republic, when these groups were again forced to migrate. The ethnic matrix in pre-war Shanghai was highly complex, and the social fabric of sub-ethnic groups, the numerous foreign micro-communities and their interplay with semi-colonialism—their share of economic and political activities are equally convoluted. British subjects, for instance, included a sizable Indian community comprising Sikhs, Parsis, Ismailis, and Baghdadi (“Babylonian”) Jews who arrived via Mumbai. French subjects included a sizable Indochinese community. American subjects could imply Filipinos or Armenian-born émigrés. And among Japanese subjects, one could find a few locally naturalized Chinese businessmen or wealthy overseas Chinese from Southeast Asia. The macro-level picture was, by comparison, fairly straightforward. We know, for example, that Chinese ratepayers, licensing fees and duties imposed on Chinese petty urbanites, made up over half of the British-run Shanghai Municipal Council’s revenue by the 1920s, while Chinese residents accounted for over ninety percent of the population in the foreign concessions. Just as Chinese nationality was often beset by regional loyalties, so too were foreign nationalities. The idiom of ethnicity and nationality could drum up or divert business from rivals. Nationality could also embody big business in and of itself: many consulates charged hefty fees from wealthy Chinese residents in return for naturalizing them or registering their firms as foreign. Of studies on single nationalities, Bickers 2003 is an exemplary analysis, focusing particularly on the experience of working class British. The additional complexities of being a civilian Japanese resident in Shanghai prior to the war are ably explored in Fogel 2000. Takatsuna 2009 provides a Japanese perspective on the same topic. Ultimately Shanghai was a site for transnational, multi-ethnic, and different forms of cross-boundary exchanges, all of which are covered in Wasserstrom 2008.
  820.  
  821. Bickers, Robert. Empire Made Me: An Englishman Adrift in Shanghai. London: Allen Lane, 2003.
  822.  
  823. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  824.  
  825. This book is a milestone in the study of the expatriate British community in pre-war Shanghai; it is unique in its emphasis on working class Britons.
  826.  
  827. Find this resource:
  828.  
  829. Bickers, Robert, and Christian Henriot, eds. New Frontiers: Imperialism’s New Communities in East Asia, 1842–1953. Manchester, NH: Manchester Univ. Press, 2000.
  830.  
  831. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  832.  
  833. This edited volume places the expatriate experience in pre-war Shanghai into global perspective.
  834.  
  835. Find this resource:
  836.  
  837. Clifford, Nicholas. Spoilt Children of Empire: Westerners in Shanghai and the Chinese Revolution of the 1920s. Hanover, NH: Univ. Press of New England, 1991.
  838.  
  839. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  840.  
  841. An excellent account of expatriate lives and experiences, particularly during the period of political uncertainty surrounding the May Thirtieth Movement.
  842.  
  843. Find this resource:
  844.  
  845. Fogel, Joshua A. “‘Shanghai-Japan’: The Japanese Residents’ Association of Shanghai.” Journal of Asian Studies 59.4 (2000): 927–950.
  846.  
  847. DOI: 10.2307/2659217Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  848.  
  849. Fogel’s article makes for a pioneering study of the different sentiments long-term Japanese expatriates in pre-war Shanghai entertained vis-à-vis their host country.
  850.  
  851. Find this resource:
  852.  
  853. Goodman, Bryna. Native Place, City, and Nation: Regional Networks and Identities in Shanghai, 1853–1937. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California Press, 1995.
  854.  
  855. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  856.  
  857. Seminal study of Chinese migrants and the role of native place networks played in their associational, economic, and political lives and the effects of local loyalties on Chinese nationalism across time.
  858.  
  859. Find this resource:
  860.  
  861. Ristaino, Marcia Reynders. Port of Last Resort: The Diaspora Communities of Shanghai, Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press, 2001.
  862.  
  863. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  864.  
  865. One of the best accounts of the refugee experience in pre-war Shanghai. Analysis of Jewish and Slavic communities.
  866.  
  867. Find this resource:
  868.  
  869. Takatsuna, Hirofumi. Kokusai Doshi: Shanhai no Naka no Nipponjin (「国際都市」上海のなかの日本人). Tokyo: Kenpun chuppan, 2009.
  870.  
  871. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  872.  
  873. This is a comprehensive study in Japanese of Japanese expatriates in pre-war Shanghai. It is particularly nuanced when analyzing the class background of expatriates within the framework of the overall Japanese colonial project in China.
  874.  
  875. Find this resource:
  876.  
  877. Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. “Cosmopolitan Connections and Transnational Networks.” In At The Crossroads of Empires: Middlemen, Social Networks, and State-Building in Republican Shanghai. Edited by Nara Dillon and Jean Oi, 206–223. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press, 2008.
  878.  
  879. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  880.  
  881. Study of quotidian Sino-foreign liaisons in the city, particularly focusing on the way local elites adapted to changing political conditions.
  882.  
  883. Find this resource:
  884.  
  885. The Jewish-Baghdadi, Parsi, Ismaili, and Sikh Communities
  886. Baghdadi Jews arrived in Shanghai via Mumbai and played a prominent, yet still relatively under-studied role in developing treaty port Shanghai’s economy from very early on. Shiroyama 2011, though focused on Shanghai’s economy more generally, incorporates new important findings on that role. The late 19th century mercantile Parsi, Ismaili, and Armenian communities, who also arrived from the Indian sub-continent, remain even less studied. Most of Shanghai’s Sikhs were not merchants but brought over by the British as junior policemen. Though English-speaking, these communities spoke many different languages at home. Bickers and Henriot 2000 is, to date, the only serious academic effort to map out these non-European expatriate communities within the framework of European empire building. The enigmatic Baghdadi-Jewish realty tycoon Silas Hardoon is the subject of the pioneering study Betta 1997. Zhang and Chen 1985 presents an introductory account of the prominent Sassoon family. Meyer 2003 provides a broader study of Shanghai’s Baghdadi-Jewish entrepreneurs, who wielded enormous leverage in the pre-war economy. Pan 2005 and Xu 2007 provide a useful survey of the pre-war Jewish population.
  887.  
  888. Betta, Chiara. Silas Aaron Hardoon (1815–1931): Marginality and Adaptation in Shanghai. London: Univ. of London, 1997.
  889.  
  890. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  891.  
  892. This dissertation constitutes one of the most detailed studies of the city’s Baghdadi-Jewish mercantile elite and provides a biographical history of one of that community’s legendary figures.
  893.  
  894. Find this resource:
  895.  
  896. Bickers, Robert, and Christian Henriot. New Frontiers: Imperialism’s New Communities in East Asia, 1842–1953. Manchester, NH: Manchester Univ. Press, 2000.
  897.  
  898. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  899.  
  900. A pioneering study that includes chapters on non-British expatriates in China’s treaty ports.
  901.  
  902. Find this resource:
  903.  
  904. Meyer, Maisie J. From the Rivers of Babylon to the Whangpoo: A Century of Sephardi Jewish Life in Shanghai. Lanham, MD: Univ. Press of America, 2003.
  905.  
  906. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  907.  
  908. Historical analysis of Shanghai’s Baghdadi Jewish community over time, including coverage of the Jewish role in the opium trade and the relationship of earlier Jewish settlers with refugees fleeing Europe.
  909.  
  910. Find this resource:
  911.  
  912. Pan, Guang. The Jews in China (犹太人在中国). Beijing: Intercontinental Press, 2005.
  913.  
  914. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  915.  
  916. A bilingual publication providing a pictorial survey of the Jewish presence in China going back to premodern times.
  917.  
  918. Find this resource:
  919.  
  920. Shiroyama, Tomoko. “The Shanghai Real Estate Market and Capital Investment, 1860–1936.” In The Treaty Port Economy in Modern China: Empirical Studies of Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Edited by K. L. So Billy and Ramon H. Myers, 47–74. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California Press, 2011.
  921.  
  922. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  923.  
  924. Based on newly mined archival material, Shiroyama sheds much light on Shanghai’s leading Baghdadi-Jewish real estate tycoons, their business strategies, and links with the local British elite.
  925.  
  926. Find this resource:
  927.  
  928. Xu Buzeng. Xunfang Youtairen: Youtai wenhua jingying zai Shanghai (寻访犹太人: 犹太文化精英在上海). Shanghai: Shanghai shehui kexueyuan chubanshe, 2007.
  929.  
  930. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  931.  
  932. English title: Looking for Jews: The Cultural Elites of the Jewish Community in Pre-War Shanghai. A useful survey in Chinese of Jewish heritage in Shanghai.
  933.  
  934. Find this resource:
  935.  
  936. Zhang Zhongli张仲礼, and Chen Zengnian 陈曾年. Shasun jituan zai jiuzhongguo (沙逊集团在旧中国). Beijing: Beijing renmin chubanshe, 1985.
  937.  
  938. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  939.  
  940. Major account in Chinese of the Sassoon family enterprise.
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