Czech History

Boehm, Barbara Drake, and Jiří Fajt, eds. Prague: The Crown of Bohemia, 1347–1437. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005. Collection of essays addressing various aspects of religious, political, and social life in Prague during the period of the Czech Reformation.
Lambert, Malcolm. Medieval Heresy: Popular Movements from the Gregorian Reform to the Reformation. 3d ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2002. An introduction to the varieties of religious dissent and religious reform movements in the Catholic Church prior to the Protestant Reformation, including the Hussites.
Weltsch, Robert E. Archbishop John of Jenstein 1348–1400: Papalism, Humanism, and Reform in Pre-Hussite Prague. The Hague: Mouton, 1968. This is one of the very few studies of the bishop who encouraged the early stages of the Czech Reformation and laid the groundwork for Hus’s work.
Van Engen, John. “Multiple Options: The World of the Fifteenth-Century Church.” Church History 77 (2008): 257–284. This healthy corrective to the idea of monolithic Catholic orthodoxy in the late medieval period presents Hus challenging the church to define as well as reform its doctrines.
Macek, Josef. Jan Hus. Prague: Melantrich, 1961. A biography of Hus by one of the great Czech Marxist historians of the mid-20th century.
Spinka, Matthew. John Hus: A Biography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968. This remains the most complete and critical biography of Hus in English. Spinka draws on a wealth of primary and secondary material in Czech to give a detailed and nuanced biography of Hus
Kavka, František. “The Hussite Movement and the Czech Reformation.” Cahiers d’Histoire Mondiale 5 (1960): 830–856. An overview of the Czech Reformation reflecting Czech scholarship in the mid-20th century.
Morée, Peter C. A. Preaching in Fourteenth-Century Bohemia: The Life and Ideas of Milicius de Chremsir and his Significance in the Historiography of Bohemia. Slavkov, Czech Republic: Eman, 1999. One of the few English-language studies of this important popular reform preacher in the era preceding Jan Hus. It is very helpful for understanding the role of sermons in religious and social life in the late Middle Ages.
Barnard, Paul P. “Jerome of Prague, Austria and the Hussites.” Church History 27 (1958): 3–22. One of the few articles in English on Hus’s collaborator Jerome of Prague, with particular attention to his work in Austria. DOI: 10.2307/3161330
Šmahel, František. “The Kuttenberg Decree and the Withdrawal of the German Students from Prague in 1409: A Discussion.” History of Universities 4 (1984): 153–166. Discussion of the ongoing historical debate over the meaning and significance of the decree of Kutna Hora, including the role of Jan Hus as the leader of the Czech masters.
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Spinka, Matthew. “John Hus’ Conflict over Papal Indulgences.” Studies in Czechoslovak History 1 (1976): 1–14. Not only does this examine the controversy that led to Hus’s excommunication and condemnation, it helps place Luther’s debate on indulgences in a larger context.
Holeton, David R. “Revelation and Revolt in Late Medieval Bohemia.” Communio Viatorum 36 (1994): 29–45. The Bible played a critical role in political revolt in the Hussite era as the followers of Hus claimed divine sanction for their rejection of papal authority.
Fudge, Thomas. The Magnificent Ride: The First Reformation in Hussite Bohemia. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 1998. This is one of the best studies in English of the early period of the Czech reformation. Fudge shows that Hus’s role as a symbol was more important than his specific theological ideas.
Heymann, Frederick G. John Žižka and the Hussite Revolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1955. This is one of the few, and the most comprehensive, studies of Žižka in English, and it has an excellent bibliography of older Hussite material. Žižka is one of the great military geniuses of European history, and Heymann discusses his innovative strategies, tactics, and weaponry. Particularly helpful is his discussion of Žižka’s complicated relationship with other Hussites and his decision to persecute the Free Spirits and Adamites, whom he considered dangerously radical.
Kaminsky, Howard. “The Prague Insurrection of 30 July 1419.” Mediaevalia et Humanistica 17 (1966): 106–126. A detailed examination of the events that culminated in the first defenestration of Prague, which launched the violence of the revolution.
Kaminsky, Howard. A History of the Hussite Revolution. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967. This remains the most comprehensive and even-handed treatment of the complex history of the Hussite revolution and Czech reformation. Kaminsky is particularly helpful in explaining the differences between Hus’s theology and that of the radicals in the movement.
Kejř, Jiří. The Hussite Revolution. Translated by Till Gottheinerová. Prague: Orbis, 1988. A good history of the entire Hussite revolution, but the focus is on the period after the death of Hus.
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Klassen, John. The Nobility and the Making of the Hussite Revolution. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978. Klassen investigates the privotal role played by the Czech nobility in the Hussite revolution and how they used religious reform to increase their authority in their own domains.
Bartoš, František M. The Hussite Revolution 1424–1437. Translated and edited John M. Klassen. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1986. Klassen’s translation of the second volume of Bartoš’s Husitká revoluce makes the work of one of the foremost Czech historians accessible to Anglophone researchers. Bartoš provides an analysis of the latter stages of the Hussite wars and the ultimate defeat of the radicals by the Czech nobility and bourgeoisie of Prague. This is a useful companion to Heymann 1955, but the author assumes familiarity with Czech history.
Macek, Josef. The Hussite Movement in Bohemia. Translated by Vilèm Fried and Ian Milner. Prague: Orbis, 1965. Macek analyzes the Hussite movement from a Marxist perspective. The Hussite nobility and upper classes tended to support the limited reforms of the Utraquists, while the lower classes, including many clerics, pushed for radical social reform that included the Communist experiment of Tabor.
Atwood, Craig D. The Theology of the Czech Brethren from Hus to Comenius. University Park: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009. Primarily a study of the theology of the Unity of the Brethren, but it includes a chapter on Hus and his influence on Czech Protestant theology.
Betts, Reginald Robert. Essays in Czech History. London: Athlone, 1969. Includes essays on the Czech Reformation within the context of Czech history generally.
Gregory, Brad S. Salvation at Stake: Christian Martyrdom in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. Gregory examines martyrdom as one form of religious violence in the early modern period.
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Kelly, Henry Ansgar. Inquisitions and other Trial Procedures in the Medieval West. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2001. Examines the actual legal processes used by the church to deal with dissent, which is very helpful in understanding the reasons Hus was burned at the stake.
Klassen, John M. Warring Maidens, Captive Wives, and Hussite Queens: Women and Men at War and Peace in Fifteenth Century Bohemia. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1999. Klassen broke new ground in this examination of the prominent role played by women in the Czech Reformation, including women who participated in the early battles against the emperor. Klassen’s account is nuanced and shows that even a figure as powerful as Queen Sophia faced imprisonment for her support of Hus’s reforms.
Fudge, Thomas A. The Crusade against Heretics in Bohemia, 1418–1437. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. 2002. Fudge has provided English translations of over 200 documents related to the Hussite wars, including eye-witness accounts of many of the military engagements.
Griffith, Jerry, dir. Blind Courage: The Unique Genius of Jan Źiźka, 1999. DVD. Worcester, PA: Gateway Films, 2005. Źiźka was not only a military genius, he fought his last battles completely blind. This documentary is one of the few films about one of the most intriguing figures of the history of religious war.
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Heymann, Frederick G. “The Crusades against the Hussites.” In A History of the Crusades. Vol. III. Edited by Harry W. Hazard, 27–41. Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1975. Though brief, Heymann’s account of the crusades launched against the Hussites is enlightening, especially when read in the context of late medieval crusades against heretics generally.
Housley, Norman. Religious Warfare in Europe 1400–1556. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Housley rightly begins his history of the religious wars of the early modern period with the Hussite wars of the 15th century, in which religious violence was connected to incipient nationalism.
Verney, Victor. Warrior of God, Jan Zizka and the Hussite Revolution. London: Frontline, 2009. A former journalist, Verney has provided a well-researched and interesting history of Žižka that includes discussion of his innovative military methods, such as the war wagon.
David, Zdeněk V. Finding the Middle Way: The Utraquists’ Liberal Challenge to Rome and Luther. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center, 2003. This is the most thoroughly researched and sympathetic presentation of Utraquism ever written and is an essential resource for any serious study of the Czech Reformation. David argues that the Bohemian Church developed a unique form of liberal Catholicism during the confessional age of the Reformation.
Heymann, Frederick G. George of Bohemia: King of Heretics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965. Heymann examines the mature period of the Hussite revolution, when the nobility elected an Utraquist to be king of Bohemia. Heymann is particularly helpful in making sense of the rise of Podebrady.
Odložilîk, Otakar. The Hussite King: Bohemia in European Affairs, 1440–1471. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1965. This is one of the few substantive studies in English of the Bohemian king, and it provides a detailed picture of the complexities of Bohemian politics in the years following the Council of Basel.
Wagner, Murray. Peter Chelčicky: A Radical Separatist in Hussite Bohemia. Scottdale, PA: Herald, 1983. This is the only English-language biography of Chelčický, and the author sifts skillfully the confusing historical record on Chelčický. The book suffers somewhat from poor organization, and the author’s own commitment to the Anabaptist tradition sometimes interferes with his analysis of Chelčický as a unique figure in European history.
Crews, C. Daniel. Faith, Love, Hope: A History of the Unitas Fratrum. Winston-Salem, NC: Moravian Archives, 2008. This is a very engaging and interesting confessional history of the Unity of the Brethren by one of the leading scholars of the Moravian Church.
Brock, Peter, The Political and Social Doctrines of the Unity of Czech Brethren in the Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Centuries. The Hague: Mouton, 1957. Brock’s primary interest was the development of pacifism in Western culture. He demonstrates convincingly that the original Brethren based their social teaching and church discipline on the pacifism of Chelčický, but the strongest part of the book is richly documented analysis of the schism between the Old Brethren and the New Brethren. He blames Luke of Prague for moving the Unity away from its original strict pacifism.
Lochman, Jan Milíč. Living Roots of the Reformation. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1979. This is a brief but engaging book on the so-called First Reformation, which focused on practical living rather than doctrinal precision.
Zeman, Jarold Knox. The Anabaptists and the Czech Brethren in Moravia 1526–1628. The Hague and Paris: Mouton, 1969. Despite its age, this remains the premier study in English of the Anabaptists (especially the Hutterites) in Moravia and their relationship to the Unity of the Brethren. Zeman argues that the remnants of the Old Brethren joined with the Anabaptists. In contrast, the presence of the Anabaptists encouraged the Unity of the Brethren to move closer to the Lutheran and Reformed churches.
Evans, Robert J. W. Rudolph II and His World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973. Evans’s work remains the most thoroughly researched studies of Rudolph II, one of the most interesting and controversial rulers of Bohemia. In 1609, Rudolph was forced to sign the Letter of Majesty that granted an unprecedented level of religious toleration in the kingdom. Soon after, his family forced him to abdicate the throne.
Evans, R. J. W. Rudolf II and His World: A Study in Intellectual History 1576–1612. Oxford: Clarendon, 1973. One of the first works (in any language) to draw attention to the court of Rudolf II as a major political and cultural center of its day. Rather than seeing Rudolf as a mentally ill loner, Evans describes how the king cultivated a major group of artisans, intellectuals, and alchemists at his court whose work was representative of late Renaissance mannerist culture.
Louthan, Howard. Converting Bohemia: Force and Persuasion in the Catholic Reformation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Masterful study of the process by which Catholicism became the dominant religion in Bohemia after the Habsburgs reestablished control of the country in the 1620s. Louthan argues that the nobility and clergy used art, liturgy, drama, literature, and education to convince people to reject the Hussite tradition and return to Tridentine Catholic practice and belief.
Miller, Jaroslav. Urban Societies in East-Central Europe, 1500–1700. Burlington, VT, and Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2008. Drawing on new research, this book takes a longue durée, transnational look at developments in urbanizing tendencies of east-central European states (Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland-Lithuania) that transformed primarily medieval communities into early modern cities. Economic conditions, effects of migration, politics and religious policies, and state-building are duly analyzed and presented in a pan-European context.
Wandycz, Piotr. The Price of Freedom: A History of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present. London: Routledge, 1992. A general overview of the east-central European region (the modern nations of Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic and Slovakia) from their acceptance of Western Christianity (which integrated the region with Western Europe religiously and culturally) in the Middle Ages all the way to the rapid political developments of the early 1990s. DOI: 10.4324/9780203417409
Barker, Thomas M. Army, Aristocracy, Monarchy: Essays on War, Society and Government in Austria, 1618–1780. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982. Takes a position in the Military Revolution debate. In Austria the army was even more necessary for a ruler confronted with rebellious lords. Military entrepreneurs often aspired to status at court, while the highest commands still remained in the hands of magnates.
Evans, Robert J. The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy 1550–1700. Oxford: Clarendon, 1979. A now classic study, showing the rivalry between the Habsburg and local noble dynasties, especially in Bohemia and the Austrian lands.
Kahn, Robert A., and Zdeněk V. David. The Peoples of the Eastern Habsburg Lands, 1526–1918. History of East Central Europe 6. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1984. This volume presents a summary in English of Bohemian history within the broader context of the lands of the Hapsburg monarchy. It does a good job of balancing the perspectives of Hapsburg history and the national historical traditions of the Czech, Hungarian, and other lands.
Pánek, Jaroslav, and Oldřích Tůma, eds. A History of the Czech Lands. Prague: Karolinum, 2009. Translated from the original Czech edition of 2008. Survey of Bohemian history from prehistoric times through the formation of the Czech Republic in 1993 by a leading team of historians. Contains select references to further reading.
Pánek, Jaroslav, ed. Special Issue: Czech Historiography in the 1990s. Historica 7–8 (2000–2001). This volume surveys the major trends and works of Czech historical scholarship in the first ten years after the Velvet Revolution. It is invaluable to the non-Czech researcher in that it provides recommendations and discussion of major works from Czech historians in English.
Special Issue: Bohemian History 1526–1620: The Pre-White Mountain Age. Folio Historica Bohemica 11 (1987). Important historiographic and programmatic discussions of the concept and chronology of the pre–White Mountain age that took place among Czech historians just before the Velvet Revolution and continue to shape discussions.
Fučíková, Eliška, ed. Rudolf II and Prague: The Imperial Court and Residential City as the Cultural and Spiritual Home of Central Europe. Papers collected for the exhibition “Rudolf II and Prague, the Imperial Court and Residential City as the Cultural and Spiritual Heart of Central Europe,” 30 May–7 September 1997. London: Thames and Hudson 1997. Contributions of the second major international conference on Rudolfine Prague held under the auspices of the Office of the President of the Czech Republic. A major focus of this conference was the interplay between the imperial court and the residential city.
Polišenský, Josef. The Thirty Years War. Translated by R. J. W. Evans. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1971. An important and well-received work that represents a major Czech contribution to a major international reassessment of the Thirty Years’ War that took place in the 1970s. Discusses some key connections between developments in the 16th (pre–White Mountain) and 17th (post–White Mountain) centuries. First edition, Třicetiletá válka a evropské krize 17. století (Prague: Svoboda, 1970).
Krueger, Rita. Czech, German, and Noble Status and National Identity in Habsburg Bohemia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Study of the transition in Bohemia from the old regime (c. 1750) to a new nationalized society (c. 1848) through the lens of the nobility. Argues that the traditional, hierarchical, privileged life of the aristocracy was undermined by the ideas of the Enlightenment and of progress, often propagated by the nobles themselves, and that the enlightened nobles founded institutions that both created and reflected a new public.
Evans, R. J. W. The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy 1500–1700. Oxford: Clarendon, 1979. A seminal and highly acclaimed work based on a critical analysis of a vast and varied amount of scholarship from a number of central European traditions and languages. Presented when it came out and continues to present an important new interpretation of the Hapsburg monarchy.
Evans, R. J. W., and T. V. Thomas, eds. Crown, Church, and Estates: Central European Politics in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. London: Macmillan, 1991. Important collection of essays on the relationship between religion, politics, and society in central Europe from an international group of scholars coming from a number of traditions and approaches.
Fichtner, Paula Sutter. The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490–1848: Attributes of Empire. Houndsmills, UK, and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Good, short survey of the major themes, developments, and individuals of the Hapsburg monarchy over a long duration from the dynasty’s assumption of the Burgundian inheritance to the revolutions of 1848.
Ingrao, Charles. The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Informative survey of developments in the Hapsburg monarchy from the beginning of the Thirty Years’ War to the Congress of Vienna. Good references to wider Hapsburg scholarship.
Hlobil, Ivo, Eduard Petrů, and Marke Perůtka. Humanism and the Early Renaissance in Moravia. Prague: Votobia, 1999. Often-cited work on humanist culture in Moravia by Moravian scholars. Expanded from the original by Hlobil and Petrů, Humanismus und raná renesance na Moravě (Prague: Academia, 1992).
Cohen, Gary B., and Franz A. J. Szabo, eds. Embodiments of Power: Building Baroque Cities in Europe. Papers originally presented at an international conference in Minneapolis in September 1993. New York: Berghahn, 2008. Papers from a conference organized by the Center for Austrian Studies at the University of Minneapolis and the University of Alberta, bringing together a multidisciplinary group of scholars who see the European city as a center of Counter-Reformation and Baroque culture.
Miller, Jaroslav. Urban Societies in East-Central Europe, 1500–1700. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2008. Comparative study of early modern urban development in Poland, Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, and Hungary focusing on urban demography, immigration, and migration.
Palmitessa, James. Material Culture and Daily Life in the New City of Prague in the Age of Rudolf II. Krems, Austria: Medium Aevum Quotidianum, 1997. Study of the transformation of a small neighborhood in the new city of Prague as Prague was transformed into a Hapsburg residential city in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Based on an in-depth analysis of probate inventories, civic wills, building disputes, and marriage contracts identified with specific parcels.
David, Zdeněk V. Finding the Middle Way: The Utraquists’ Liberal Challenge to Rome and Luther. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. An analysis and critique of bias in 19th- and 20th-century Czech religious scholarship, in particular about Utraquism and the view that throughout the 16th century Utraquism slowly dissolved and became a part of Lutheranism. David argues that mainstream Utraquism remained a vital force into the 17th century and represented a kind of middle way (via media), similar to the Anglican movement in England.
Čornejová, Ivana, Michal Svatoš, and Petr Svobodný, eds. A History of Charles University. Vol. 1, 1348–1802. Prague: Karolinum, 2001. Concise English version of a larger two-volume Czech-language edition on the history of the Charles University in Prague edited by Čornejová and Svatoš.
Kaufmann, Thomas DaCosta. Court, Cloister, and City: The Art and Culture of Central Europe 1450–1800. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995. Monumental synthesis and interpretation of art and cultural history. Places major chapters of art and culture in Bohemia in the broader central European context. Presents a convincing critique of national bias in art historical and cultural scholarship and advances a new perspective and analysis of central European art and culture based on critical evaluation of the sources.
Rožmberk, Perchta, and Anezka Rožmberk. The Letters of the Rožmberk Sisters: Noblewomen in Fifteenth-Century Bohemia. Edited by John Klassen. Translated with introduction, notes, and interpretative essay by John M. Klassen with Eva Doležalová and Lynn Szabo. Woodbridge, UK: D. S. Brewer, 2001. Preface, introduction, and interpretative essay relating to the excellent translation of the letters of Aněžka Rožmberk and Perchta Rožmberk, from one of the leading Bohemian noble families, presents interesting and critical reflections on women’s lives, thoughts, and role and status of women in late medieval Bohemian society.
Lützow, Francis von. The Hussite Wars. London: J. M. Dent, 1914. A solid narrative history. Lightly documented, but based on the full range of contemporary chronicle and published documentary sources as well as Czech- and German-language scholarship. Incorporates some substantial quotations from the sources (translated into English).
Lempa, Heikki, and Paul Peucker, eds. Self, Community, World: Moravian Education in a Transatlantic World. Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press, 2009. This collection of essays provides a survey of numerous education issues involving Moravians in Europe and the Americas.
Gillespie, Michele, and Robert Beachy, eds. Pious Pursuits: German Moravians in the Atlantic World. New York: Berghahn, 2007. This collection of essays surveys numerous subjects important to Moravian history, especially in central Europe and North America.
Iggers, Wilma. The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia: A Historical Reader. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1992. Excerpts from memoirs, personal letters, newspapers, novels, travelogues, and historical writings dealing with the Jews of Bohemia and Moravia. The documents, covering the period between 1741 and 1952, are mostly translated from Czech and German. (Published in German as Die Juden in Böhmen und Mähren: Ein historisches Lesebuch [Munich: C. H. Beck, 1986].)
McCagg, William O. A History of Habsburg Jews, 1670–1918. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989. An idiosyncratic essay on the social history of Habsburg Jews from the 1670 expulsion of Viennese Jewry until the end of World War I, focusing on modernization, secularization, embourgeoisement, and especially assimilation. The author examines “the Jewish core of the Habsburg bourgeoisie,” seeing it as a window onto the “Imperial bourgeoisie.” In particular, he views the Jews’ “self-denial” and urge to assimilate as keys to understanding the dilemmas of modernity.
Berend, Ivan T. Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996. A political, economic, and social history of the region based on a vast array of archival sources from most Central European countries, although Hungarian sources are overrepresented. As one of the first historical works about the former Eastern Bloc after the demise of the Soviet Union, this book pays attention to social upheaval and political purges. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511581748
Frommer, Benjamin. National Cleansing: Retribution against Nazi Collaborators in Postwar Czechoslovakia. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. The book examines the prosecution of more than 100,000 suspected war criminals and collaborators by Czech courts and tribunals after World War II. Based on newly accessible archival sources, it demonstrates the central role of retribution in the postwar power struggle and the expulsion of the Sudeten Germans.
Naimark, Norman, and Leonid Gibianskii, eds. The Establishment of Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe, 1944–1949. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1997. This book is a collaborative effort of scholars from Russia and the United States. Based on material from newly opened archives in Russia and Eastern Europe, it reevaluates the history of postwar Yugoslavia, Poland, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and the Soviet zone of Germany from 1944 to 1949. Though all different, their societies were shaped by systematic assaults on individual rights and social institutions.
David, Roman. Lustration and Transitional Justice: Personnel Systems in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. The book analyzes major institutional innovations devised in Central Europe to deal with officials tainted by their complicity with prior regimes. It examines the historical origins, social meanings, and political effects of personnel systems based on dismissal, exposure, and confession in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland.
Hempel, Eberhard. Baroque Art and Architecture in Central Europe: Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland. Painting and Sculpture: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries; Architecture: Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries. Translated by Elisabeth Hempel and Marguerite Kay. Baltimore: Penguin, 1965. Part of the Pelican History of Art series, this volume provides a useful survey of Baroque art and architecture in central Europe without delving into the theoretical issues and debates regarding the definition or application of the term “Baroque” or the qualitative characteristics that separate the Baroque period from the Rococo.
Curtis, Benjamin. Music Makes the Nation: Nationalist Composers and Nation Building in Nineteenth-Century Europe. Amherst, NY: Cambria, 2008. In addition to Wagner and Grieg, clearly explains Smetana’s attitude toward folk sources and nationalist vision.
Tyrrell, John. Czech Opera. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Provides detailed information on numerous Czech operas. Places operas in their social and political context. Demonstrates the influence of folk music rather than specific folk tunes on Smetana, Dvořák, Janáček, and other composers.
Heymann, Frederick G. John Zizka and the Hussite Revolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1955. The German Crusades against the Hussites of Bohemia were defeated largely thanks to the methods of Zizka. This is a substantial study of the Hussite wars through a biography of this outstanding warrior.
Bak, János M. “Queens as Scapegoats in Medieval Hungary.” In Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe: Proceedings of a Conference Held at King’s College, London, April 1995. Edited by Anne J. Duggan, 223–233. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1997.
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Argues that queens served as political scapegoats, suffering, in some instances, literal and, in others, character assassination. Hungarian queens were usually foreigners, provoking xenophobia as well as misogyny (especially in regard to female sexuality.) Lists a number of Hungarian queens, beginning with the pagan Sarolt/Beleknegi, wife of St. Stephen.
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Bak, János. “Roles and Functions of Queens in Árpádian and Angevin Hungary, AD 1000–1386.” In Medieval Queenship. Edited by John Carmi Parsons, 13–24. New York: St. Martin’s, 1993.
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Overview of Hungarian queens, suggesting directions for future research. As brides from either the East or the West, queens were agents for foreign influence, and they greatly affected cultural life. As great lords, they ruled over independent households, only in time did their roles as mothers become politically significant.

Chodor, Joanna. “Queens in Early Medieval Chronicles of East Central Europe.” East Central Europe 20–23 (1991): 9–50.
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Four chroniclers from the 11th and 12th centuries (Theitmar of Merseberg, Nestor of Kyiv, Cosmos of Prague, and the Gallus Anonymous) presented generally positive portraits of queens of early medieval eastern Germany, Bohemia, Poland, and Kievan Rus. Queens received attention primarily as wives, but also as mothers, politicians, and patrons of the church.
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Klassen, John M. Warring Maidens, Captive Wives, and Hussite Queens: Women and Men at War and at Peace in Fifteenth-Century Bohemia. East European Monographs 527. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.
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Concluding chapter in a monograph on women, agency, and gender in late medieval Bohemia examines the careers of the 15th-century Czech queens Sofia, Barbara, and Johanna, in particular, their relations with the Hussites and their varying degrees of success in achieving individual power.

Sweeney, James Ross. “The Tricky Queen and Her Clever Lady-in-Waiting: Stealing the Crown to Secure Succession, Visegrád 1440.” East Central Europe, 20–23 (1991): 87–100.
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Elizabeth of Luxemburg, queen of Hungary and Bohemia and empress of Germany, sent her lady-in-waiting Helene Kottanner to steal the Hungarian Holy Crown so that her in utero baby could be crowned king (as Ladislas V became), stymying the plans of the Hungarian nobility to elect Wladislas III of Poland.

Zsoldos, Attila. “The Problems of Dating the Queens’ Charters of the Árpádian Age, Eleventh–Thirteenth Century.” In Dating Undated Medieval Charters. Edited by Michael Gervers, 151–160. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2000.
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Focuses on identifying charters, especially forgeries, but includes specific discussion of practices of issuing charters, mentioning numerous Hungarian queens. Hungarian queens issued charters rarely, but they seem to have taken a strong interest in the use of the charter and in controlling the content.
Dvorakova, Vlasta. Gothic Mural Painting in Bohemia and Moravia 1300–1378. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964. This collection of essays and almost two hundred plates covers a range of subjects related to mural painting in this region. Two essays provide historical background for the period; one essay is a survey of mural painting from 1300 to 1350; another addresses paintings outside the court circle; three discuss the decoration of Karlstejn Castle; one discusses the paintings in the Cathedral of St. Vitus in Prague; two address the Emmaus Monastery; and one discusses the subjects of the decoration at the New Cathedral. There is also a catalogue of sites addressed in the book and the paintings that can be found in each building.
Masin, Jiri. Romanesque Mural Painting in Bohemia and Moravia/La Peinture Murale en Bohême et en Moravie à l’Epoque Romane. Prague, Czech Republic: Artia, 1954.
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There is an English version of the text followed by a French version. The author covers the years c. 1000 to c. 1300 and provides appropriate historical background. Masin singles out the Chapel of Saint Catherine at the Castle of Znojmo as the oldest and most important specimen of wall painting to have survived, discussing its importance and the stylistic similarities between the regions of Znojmo and Salzburg.
Boehm, Barbara Drake, and Jiří Fajt, eds. Prague: The Crown of Bohemia, 1347–1437. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 20 September 2005–3 January 2006. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005.
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The catalogue contains eleven essays and entries for 158 richly illustrated objects. Further in-depth discussion of this important period may be found in Zoë Opačić’s study Prague and Bohemia: Medieval Art, Architecture and Cultural Exchange in Central Europe (Leeds, UK: Maneys, 2009).
Gajewski, Alexandra, and Zoë Opačić, eds. The Year 1300 and the Creation of a New European Architecture. Architectura Medii Aevi 1. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2007.
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The essays in this collection explore the still-neglected period of c. 1300, a time that saw profound changes in ecclesiastical architecture. The authors discuss buildings in different parts of Europe—including England, Italy, Bohemia, and Poland—and approach the subject from diverse points of view. Topics range widely from mendicant architecture and its urban context to patronage and to the visual organization of late Gothic architecture, thus emphasizing the heterogeneity and diversity of architecture in this period.
Machaut, Guillaume de. The Judgment of the King of Bohemia (Le Jugement dou Roy de Behaingne). Edited and translated by R. Barton Palmer. Garland Library of Medieval Literature 9A. New York and London: Garland, 1984.
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In this early work, a lady whose beloved is dead and a knight whose lady has left him argue about which suffers most. The narrator takes them to the king of Bohemia, who rules in favor of the knight. An appendix links passages of Chaucer’s Book of the Duchess with their sources in this text.
Berend, Nora. At the Gates of Christendom: Jews, Muslims, and “Pagans” in Medieval Hungary c. 1000–c. 1300. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511523106Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
A thoroughly researched study of the complex social, legal, and economic situation of non-Christians in medieval Hungary.

M. Kantor, The origins of Christianity in Bohemia: Sources and commentary (1990)
Cosmas of Prague, The Chronicle of the Czechs, tr. L. Wolverton (2009)
N. Berend, ed. Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus’ c.900-1200 (2007) -------------, ed. The expansion of Central Europe in the Middle Ages (2012) N. Berend, P. Urbańczyk, P. Wiszewski, Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c.900–c.1300 (2013) F. Dvornik, The making of Central and Eastern Europe (1949). -------------, The Slavs: their early history and civilization (1956) -------------, The Slavs in European history and civilization (1962) R. Fletcher, The Conversion of Europe (1997)
L. Kalinowski, et.al., ed. Gothic architectures in Poland, Bohemia, Slovakia and Hungary (Niedzica Seminars 7; 1993) P. R. Magocsi, Historical Atlas of Central Europe, rev. ed. (2002) J.W. Sedlar, East Central Europe in the middle ages, 1000-1500 (1994) D. Sinor, Inner Asia and its contacts with medieval Europe (1977)
P. Urbańczyk, ed., Origins of Central Europe (1997) ----------------, Early Christianity in Central and East Europe (1997) A.P. Vlasto, The entry of the Slavs into Christendom (1970)
S. Harrison Thomson, Czechoslovakia in European history (1953) M. Kantor, The origins of Christianity in Bohemia: Sources and commentary (1990)
R.W. Seton-Watson, A history of the Czechs and Slovaks (1965) L. Wolverton, Hastening Toward Prague: Power and Society in the Medieval Czech Lands (2001) -----------------, Cosmas of Prague: narrative, classicism, politics (2015)
A. Adamska, 'The introduction of writing in Central Europe' in M. Mostert, ed., New approaches to medieval communication (1999) G. Barraclough, ed., (K. Bosl, A. Grieysztor et.al.), Eastern and Western Europe in the middle ages (1970) R. Bartlett, The Making of Europe (1994)
J. W. Sedlar, East Central Europe in the middle ages, 1000-1500 (1994) P. R. Magocsi, Historical Atlas of East Central Europe (1993)
R. Bartlett, The making of Europe (1994) R. Fletcher, The conversion of Europe (1997)
G. Barraclough, ed., Eastern and Western Europe in the middle ages (1970) A. Adamska, ‘The introduction of writing in Central Europe’ in M. Mostert, ed., New approaches to medieval communication (1999) J. Szucs, "The three historical regions of Europe: an outline" in Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 29 (1983) F. Dvornik, The making of Central and Eastern Europe (1949) ----------, The Slavs: Their early history and civilization (1956) ----------, The Slavs in European history and civilization (1962) A. P. Vlasto, The entry of the Slavs into Christendom (1970) P. Urbañczyk, ed., Origins of Central Europe (1997) ----------, Early Christianity in Central and East Europe (1997) D. Sinor, Inner Asia and its contacts with medieval Europe (1977) B. Krekić, ed., Urban society of Eastern Europe in premodern times (1987) D. Hay, Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries 2nd ed. (1989), chapter on Central Europe
B. Nagy, ‘Transcontinental trade from East-Central Europe to Western Europe (fourteenth and fifteenth centuries)’ in B. Nagy and M. Sebők, eds., The man of many devices, who wandered full many ways (1999) H. Birnbaum, ‘The vernacular languages of East Central Europe in the medieval period’ in B. Nagy and M. Sebők, eds., The man of many devices, who wanderedfull many ways (1999)
J. Verkholantsev, The Slavic Letters of St. Jerome: The History of the Legend and Its Legacy, or, How the Translator of the Vulgate Became an Apostle of the Slavs (2014)
Sources: B. Nagy, P. W. Knoll and F. Schaer, eds and trs, Autobiography of Emperor Charles IV (2001)
R. W. Seton-Watson, A history of the Czechs and Slovaks (1965) S. Harrison Thomson, Czechoslovakia in European history (1953) A. Thomas, Anne’s Bohemia: Czech Literature and society 1310-1420 (1998) ---------, ‘Czech-German relations as reflected in old Czech literature’ in R. Bartlett and A. MacKay, eds, Medieval Frontier Societies (1989, 1996) P. Crossley, The Politics of Presentation: The Architecture of Charles IVof Bohemia, in: Courts and Regions in Medieval Europe, ed. S. Rees Jones et.al. (2000), chapter 5 R. R. Betts, Essays in Czech history (1969) M. Polivka, ‘The Bohemian lesser nobility at the turn of the 14th and 15th century’ Historica 25 (1985): 121-75
J. Macek, ‘Bohemia and Moravia’, in The Renaissance in National context, ed. R. Porter and
M. Teich (1992) L. E. Scales, ‘At the margin of community: Germans in pre-Hussite Bohemia’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th series, 9 (1999)
M. Spinka, John Hus’s concept of the Church (1966) ------------, John Hus: A biography (1968) ------------, John Hus and the Czech reform ------------, John Hus at the Council of Constance T. A. Fudge, tr, The Crusade against Heretics in Bohemia, 1418-1437 (2002) --------------, The magnificent ride: the first Reformation in Bohemia -----------------, The Trial of Jan Hus: Medieval Heresy and Criminal Procedure -----------------, Heresy and Hussites in Late Medieval Europe H. Kaminsky, A history of the Hussite revolution (1967) -------------, ‘The University of Prague in the Hussite revolution’, in Universities in politics (eds.), J.W. Baldwin and R. Goldthwaite J. Klassen, The nobility and the making of the Hussite revolution (1978) ------------, ‘Women and religious reform in late medieval Bohemia’ in Renaissance and Reformation 5, no. 4 (1981): 203-21 F. Šmahel, ‘Literacy and heresy in Hussite Bohemia’ in Heresy and literacy, 1000-1530, ed. P. Biller and A. Hudson (1994) ------------, ‘The idea of the “nation” in Hussite Bohemia’, Historica, 16 (1969) F.G. Heyman, John Žižka and the Hussite revolution (1955) ------------, George of Bohemia, king of heretics (1965) J. Kejø, The Hussites (1984) O. Odložilík, The Hussite king: Bohemia in European affairs, 1440-1471 (1965) R.R. Betts, ‘The social revolution in Bohemia and Moravia in the late Middle Ages’, Past and Present, No.2, 1952. ------------, ‘Social and constitutional developments in Bohemia in the Hussite period’, Past and Present no. 7, 1955 ------------,’English and Czech influences on the Hussite movement’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, vol. 21J. Maæek, The Hussite revolution
Sources: Jan Hus, De Ecclesia. The Church (1915)

Louthan, H., Converting Bohemia. Force and Persuasion in the Catholic Reformation (2009), intro. and esp. chs 5-9, conclusion
Brightwell, P., ‘Spain and Bohemia: the decision to intervene. 1619’, European Studies Review, 1982; 2 articles in same volume.
Eckert, E., The Structure of Plagues and Pestilences in Early Modern Europe: Central Europe, 1560-1640 (1996)
Johnson, T., ‘Blood, Tears, and Xavier Water’, in Scribner, B., & Johnson, T., eds, Popular Religion in Germany and Central Europe, 1400-1800 (1996)
Wilson, P., Absolutism in Central Europe (2000), intro, chs 1, 3







Bartlová, Milena. “The Utraquist Church and the Visual Arts before Luther.” In The Bohemian Reformation and Religious Practice. Vol. 4. Edited by Zdenek V. David and David R. Holeton, 215–224. Translated by Zdeněk V. David. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 2002.
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One of the first studies with an interest in the visual arts that came into being in late medieval Bohemia dealing with the Utraquist Church and its ideology. Maps out the iconography and commissioning background for the artistic expressions within the environment of the non-Catholic Utraquist Church at the beginning of the 16th century.
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Bartlová, Milena. “Renaissance and Reformation in Czech Art History: Issues of Period and Interpretation.” Umění 59 (2011): 2–19.
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Analyzes thematically and, in particular historiographically the relationship between the so-called Czech Renaissance and so-called Czech reformation art, which, according to the author, can function better as a shared bearer of culture and the visual arts from the middle of the 15th century to the beginning of the 17th century. An important study that provides a substantial overview of literature for research on the relationship of the reformed churches to the visual arts.
Šroněk, Michal, and Milena Bartlová, eds. Public Communication in European Reformation: Artistic and other Media in Central Europe, 1380–1620. Translated by Barbara Day, Ivan Gutierez, K. Muchalek, and Linda Paukertová. Prague: Artefactum, 2007.
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The first proceedings publication to come out of the conference of the same name, which was, on an interdisciplinary principle, dedicated to the relationship between the Reformation and non-Catholic denominations in the Czech lands in the 15th–17th centuries and to the visual arts and culture, including liturgy and music. The themes not only focus on the environment of Bohemia and Moravia, but also involve the wider Central European context.


Białostocki, Jan. The Art of the Renaissance in Eastern Europe: Hungary, Bohemia, Poland. Oxford: Phaidon, 1976.
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First summary of issues of Renaissance art, specifically architecture in Central and Central-Eastern Europe. This was prepared for the foreign specialized public. This leading Polish art historian analyzes architecture in specific areas, making use of the typological principle (the city, sacral architecture, châteaux).
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DaCosta Kaufmann, Thomas. Court, Cloister, and City: The Art and Culture of Central Europe, 1450–1800. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
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A complete synthesis of history, culture, and the visual arts in Central Europe, with a focus on the wider territory of Central Europe over a long time segment, from the late Middle Ages up to the Enlightenment. Although it is not specially focused on the Czech lands, it does, in an erudite fashion, place the art and culture of Bohemia and Moravia into a logical context, connecting up the historical relations within this area.
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Hlobil, Ivo, and Eduard Petrů. Humanism and the Early Renaissance in Moravia. Olomouc, Czech Republic: Votobia, 1999.
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A remarkable analysis of early Renaissance art and literary culture by the art historian I. Hlobil and the literary historian E. Petrů. An attempt to link humanism and culture and map out the beginnings of the Renaissance in Moravia in the aristocratic, ecclesiastical, and burgher environments.
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Hořejší, Jiřina, Jarmila Krčálová, Jaromír Neumann, Emanuel Poche, and Jarmila Vacková. Renaissance Art in Bohemia. London: Hamlyn, 1979.
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The first presentation of Renaissance art to the foreign public on the part of domestic scholars. The publication begins with a presentation of art from the period of the rule of the Jagiellonian dynasty around 1600. It examines in summary fashion architecture, using the principle of typology and the commissioning circles. It pays special attention to the decorative arts of the Renaissance and art at the court of Rudolph II.

Muchka, Ivan Prokop. Ten Centuries of Architecture: Architecture of the Renaissance. Prague: Prague Castle Administration, 2001: DaDa.
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A concise summary of Renaissance architecture in the Czech lands, with an emphasis on Bohemia. Apart from a short introduction dealing with the historical situation and the architectural culture, the book is composed of shorter essays describing the most important Renaissance structures.

DaCosta Kaufmann, Thomas. The Eloquent Artist: Essays on Art, Art Theory and Architecture, Sixteenth to Nineteenth Century. London: Pindar, 2004.
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Thematically rich book covers various topics, especially those related to Rudolphine visual arts and culture, with special regard to the court style of Rudolph II, art collecting, art patronage, imperial iconography, and dealing also with individualities such as the sculptor Adriaen de Vries and Bartholomeus Spranger.
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Evans, Robert John Weston. Rudolf II and his World: A Study in Intellectual History, 1576–1612. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973.
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This British historian specialized in the post-medieval history of central Europe, and this work of his provides still valid and fascinating insight into culture at the court of Rudolf II from the broad perspective of cultural history.
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Fučíková, Eliška, James M. Bradburne, and Beket Bukovinská, eds. Rudolf II and Prague: The Court and the City. London and New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997a.
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A large-scale exhibition of Rudolphine art, which resulted in a series of publications, was organized in the year 1997 thanks to the efforts of the renowned Czech scholar Eliška Fučíková. A publication of contributions also came about with international participation, mapping out various artistic and cultural phenomena connected with Rudolphine art and its period.
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Fučíková, Eliška, James M. Bradburne, and Beket Bukovinská, et al., ed. Rudolph II and Prague: Imperial Court and Residential City as the Cultural and Spiritual Heart of Central Europe. Prague: Správa Pražského Hradu, 1997b.
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A magisterial catalogue of an exhibition of Rudolphine art at Prague Castle in 1997 summarized all of the artistic genres.

Konečný, Lubomír, Beket Bukovinská, and Ivan Muchka, eds. Rudolf II, Prague and the World: Papers from the International Conference, Prague, 2–4 September, 1997. Prague: Artefactum, 1998.
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Proceedings from an international conference prepared in connection with the exhibition of Rudolphine art at Prague Castle in 1997. The collection of these publications represents the sum and essential starting point for further research on Rudolphine art.
Karner, Herbert. “The Habsburg Country Residences around Vienna in the Seventeenth Century and their Relationship to the Hofburg Palace.” In The Baroque Villa: Suburban and Country Residences c. 1600–1800. Edited by Barbara Arciszewska, 187–196. Warsaw: Wilanow Palace Museum, 2009.
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This Austrian scholar focuses on Habsburg residences around Vienna built after 1600, dealing especially with their role in court life and the ceremonial use of the palaces. He concentrates on the broad period from the rule of Ferdinad I to Leopold I.

DaCosta Kaufmann, Thomas. Drawings from the Holy Roman Empire, 1540–1680: A Selection from North American Collections. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982.
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A catalogue of an exhibition, organized by The Art Museum, Princeton University, that brings together a selection of drawings from Central Europe from the 16th and 17th centuries. Prague around 1600 and the Rudolphine court art are focal points of the book.
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DaCosta Kaufmann, Thomas. The School of Prague: Painting at the Court of Rudolf II. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.
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Three years after the first French edition, the essential and first survey on painting at the court of Rudolph II was published in English as well. DaCosta Kaufmann has continued to work within this area, and also in additional media (particularly drawing).
Fusenig, Thomas, ed. Hans von Aachen, 1552–1615: Court Artist in Europe. Berlin: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 2010.
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Exhibition catalogue on this renowned personage of Rudolphine painting, mapping out among other things, the cultural context of the period. A Prague reprise of the exhibition contributed an expanded overview as well as an equally thorough and thematically extensive proceedings from the international conference (Konečný, Bukovinská and Vácha 2012).
Limouze, Dorothy A. “Aegidius Sadeler, Imperial Printmaker.” Philadelphia Museum of Art Bulletin 85 (1989): 1–24.
DOI: 10.2307/3795429Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
The first contribution of this North Amercian scholar focusing on graphic art in the circle of Rudolphine court culture, with special focus on the artist Aegidius Sadeler and his family. A bit later, Limouze wrote her dissertation at Princeton University, titled “Aegidius Sadeler (c. 1570–1629): Drawings, Prints and Art Theory” (1990).
Zlatohlávková, Eliška. “Privacy and Propaganda: the Iconography of the Emperor Rudolf II.” In Hans von Aachen in Context: Proceedings of the International Conference, Prague, 22–25 September 2010. Edited by Lubomír Konečný, Beket Bukovinská and Štěpán Vácha, 237–243. Prague: Artefactum, 2012.
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A study dealing with special topics of painted portraits of Emperor Rudolf II that was a bit later followed by a synthesis in the author’s dissertation in 2014 (defended at Catholic Theological Faculty in Prague).
Bassett, Jane, and Peggy Fogelman. The Craftsman Revealed: Adriaen de Vries, Sculptor in Bronze. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 2008.
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A monograph that concentrates on the style and technological aspects of the work of Adriaen de Vries, especially on casting techniques in bronze. The topic is studied through more than twenty case studies, particular de Vries’s works from world collections.

Larsson, Lars Olof. “Portraits of Emperor Rudolph II.” In Rudolph II and Prague: Imperial Court and Residential City as the Cultural and Spiritual Heart of Central Europe. Edited by Eliška Fučíková, et al., 122–129. Prague: Správa Pražského Hradu, 1997.
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A study by a prominent scholar on the subject, focusing on sculptural portraits of Emperor Rudolph II as a special genre of Rudolphine sculpture with special attention to works of Adriaen de Vries.

Kaufmann, Thomas DaCosta. Court, Cloister, and City: The Art and Culture of Central Europe, 1450 –1800. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
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A detailed recent overview of Central European art in all its complexity, with chapters 13 through 18 (pp. 307–459) devoted to the 18th century. Covers Germany, Poland, Austria, Bohemia, Slovakia, Hungary, and extends eastward into Ukraine and western Russia.
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Kaufmann, Thomas DaCosta. Painterly Enlightenment: The Art of Franz Anton Maulbertsch, 1724–1796. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.
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A short monograph on the “strangeling” painter of 18th-century Austria, linking his art to the ideas of Winckelmann and other Enlightenment art theorists.
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Yonan, Michael. Empress Maria Theresa and the Politics of Habsburg Imperial Art. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2011.
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Treats the art and architecture commissioned by and for the Habsburg Empress, concentrating on spaces at Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna. Argues that rococo design enabled the conveyance of subtle messages about female monarchical authority.
Dotson, Esther Gordon. J. B. Fischer von Erlach: Architecture as Theater in the Baroque Era. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012.
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A general introduction to Fischer’s major architectural works in Vienna and Salzburg and a proper inroad to the extensive specialized literature on him. Pays particular attention to how Fischer’s buildings work within the urban spaces for which they were designed. With photographs by Mark Richard Ashton.
Miller, James. Daoism: A Short Introduction. Oxford: Oneworld, 2003.
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A thematic introduction intended for use as a college text with a historical introduction distinguishing “proto,” “classical,” and “contemporary” Daoism followed by discussion on key concepts and practices with some attention to Daoism in the early 21st century. Also published under the title Daoism: A Beginner’s Guide. Miller maintains one of the best websites on Daoism, Daoist Studies.