2020-04-11 Saturday: 2 Performance

Greg Malivuk
gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - Notes from all classes.
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Homework: Write a company profile for a company you invent. Include the same three sections as on p. 17 (“About Us”, “Current Project”, and “Testimonials”)
	Also: read p. 27 (unit 2 pdf p. 7) and do parts 3, 4, and 5 on p. 26
part 3
1 paragraphs (1), 2, 4
2 paragraph 5
3 paragraph 3
part 4
1 Flamenco in Japan
2 Italian coffee in London, Lebanese food in India, Italian food in Denmark, McDonald’s in India
3 Barbie in 30 national varieties
4 ⅕ of the world can speak some English
5 Sesame Street in China, MTV in Bhutan
part 5 - b and c
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p. 21 (pdf p. 1) part 2 - In pairs, identify which item in each list doesn’t fit and why.
1 dance - the others are people
2 play - the others are people
3 dancer - the others are events
4 act - the others are people
5 singer - the others are group
6 clown - the others are types of performance
7 drummer - the others are types of music
8 hiking - the others are ways of performing
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‘ch’ often sounds like /k/ in English (particularly in words that come from Greek):
choreographer, orchestra, choir (“in choir” sounds the same as “inquire”)
Christ, chem-, chaos, mech-, tech-, psych-, school/schol-

What we normally call “the ‘ch’ sound” is most common:
chore, cheap, teacher, church

Words that came more recently from French pronounce ‘ch’ like we usually pronounce ‘sh’:
Chicago, champagne, chef, machine, Cheboygan, Charlevoix
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Take 60 seconds to make a list of as many different types of music as you can think of.
Compare your lists in your groups.
Do you know the same genres as your partners?
For the ones you know, describe your opinions with expressions from p. 22 (pdf p. 2) part 1.
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genre = type of music or story (books, comics, TV, movies, plays, etc.)
sub-genre = more specific type within a genre
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p. 22 (pdf p. 2) part 2 - Where are these types of music from?
1 US
2 Brazil
3 Cuba
4 Portugal
5 Spain
6 Mongolia
7 Jamaica
8 Japan
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pC4DDkye8FU (blues)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2lhxvpmldek (bossa nova)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSwS8-lb1xo (charanga)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=on9lKHZc5jA (fado)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqxJMCQxb_Q (flamenco)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JkOkDI3RFvM (hoomii)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdB-8eLEW8g (reggae)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7HL5wYqAbU (taiko drumming)
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Vocabulary: describing music
part 3 - What music (genre, artist, or song) can you describe with each word? If you and your partner don’t know what one of the words means, check a dictionary such as https://learnersdictionary.com/.
catchy = it’s easy to remember and keep singing or humming the song
cheerful = it makes you feel happy
lively = energetic; makes you feel alive
menalcholy = sad, like you’re missing something or someone
melodic = has a main tune that is easy to identify
moving = emotionally powerful
repetitive = repeats the same thing over and over
rhythmic = with a strong beat (easy to dance to)
tuneless = without an identifiable tune or melody
unusual = not something you’re familiar with
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lyrics = the words to a song
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part 5
1 Manu Chao has not been successful in the English-speaking world.
2 World fusion has become better-known since the release of Paul Simon’s album Graceland.
3 Peter Gabriel has been part of WOMAD since it began / for many years.
4 Zap Mama has had several international hits.
- In American English, since “Zap Mama” is a singular name, it gets a singular verb.
	(A plural name like “the Beatles” or “the Beach Boys” gets a plural verb.)
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BREAK
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Grammar: present perfect
- Why are the sentences in part 5 in the present perfect?
	They’re about things that started in the past but continue in the present (and can happen more or change in the future).
	If any of these artists die or retire, the sentences about them will become simple past.

Form: have/has + past participle
	(Note: “p.p.” could mean “past participle”, “present participle”, “past perfect”, “present perfect”, “past progressive”, “present progressive”, “progressive perfect”, etc.)

+	I have been at home since March. He has been home also.
- 	I haven’t seen a movie in a long time. He hasn’t gone shopping.
? y/n	Have you seen this movie? Has he seen this movie?
	Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t.
? info	Where have you been? Where has he been?
	(How many people have been there? Who has been there?)
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“for” and “since”

p. 23 (pdf p. 3) part 10 - Which of these expressions go with “for” and which go with “since”?
for: a couple of days, a few months, ages, a while, years, some time, centuries
	“For how long?” - the answer is a length/quantity of time
since: 1986, I was a child, July, last Monday, my last vacation, lunchtime, the day before yesterday
	“Since when?” - the answer is a point in time (not necessarily very specific)
(Note: if you add “ago” after a length of time, it becomes a point in time: I saw him a few months ago.)
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part 11 - Use present perfect to complete these statements so they’re true for you and compare with your partner.
1 I have lived here for six months.
2 I have been at my current job since August.
3 I have known my best friend since I was five years old.
4 I haven’t listened to reggae for ages.
5 I have always wanted to travel to Thailand.
6 I have never had a diamond ring.
7 I have studied English since 2013.
8 I have been in this class for a couple of weeks.
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“just”, “already”, and “yet”

just = very recently
	I’ve just seen him. I’ve just finished lunch. (In American English, simple past is more common with “just”: I just saw him. I just finished lunch.)

already = It happened, sooner that someone expected.
	I have already seen this movie. / I have seen this movie already.
	Have you (already) seen this movie (already)? - Especially if I think the answer might be “yes”.

yet = negative or question; If it hasn’t happened yet, I expect it will happen (soon).
	I haven’t (yet) seen this movie (yet), but I plan to.
	Have you seen this movie yet? (I have no idea if you’ve seen it, but I think you will if you haven’t.)
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“already” is a “some”-word, used in affirmative statements and questions where I expect “yes”.
“yet” is an “any”-word, used in negative statements and general questions
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Take 2 minutes to write all the types of dance you can think of.
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Why do people dance?
- People dance to relax.
- People dance to feel happy.
- People dance as a hobby.
- People dance for fun.
- People dance to be healthy.
- People dance to exercise. (exercise = verb)
- People dance for exercise. (exercise = noun)
- People dance to make money.
- People dance for money.
- People dance as a job.
- People dance for culture or tradition.
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When talking about the purpose of something (“para” in Spanish or Portuguese):
to + verb (base form)
for + noun
	(We can use “for” + verb-ing in some situations, but usually not for purpose.)

(If dance is a hobby or a job, we can use “as”.)
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Grammar: infinitives and gerunds

infinitive = to + base form
- purpose: People dance to have fun. I’m studying English to get better job.
- after adjectives and adverbs: It’s easy to learn. I’m glad to meet you. It’s too cold to swim.
	He speaks too quietly to hear. She drives too fast to be safe.
- after some nouns: It’s time to go. He made a decision to stay longer.
- after some verbs: I have to study. I need to go. I want to dance. I hope to see you soon.

gerund = verb+ing, used like a noun
- after prepositions: Thank you for helping. I’m worried about getting sick. I look forward to seeing you.
- as the subject of a sentence (usually): Learning English is easy. Smoking can kill you. Reading makes me sleepy.
- after some nouns: I had a good time dancing. She has trouble meeting people.
- after some verbs: She enjoys dancing. I can’t imagine dancing in front of an audience.
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Unfortunately, knowing which form goes after a particular verb is mostly a question of memorization.
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p. 25 (pdf p. 5) - Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs.
1 doing (“enjoy” + gerund)
2 Painting (subject)
3 to be (after an adjective)
4 changing (imagine + gerund)
5 to learn (after an adjective)
6 to play (“learn” + infinitive)
7 trying (after a preposition)
8 to find (“seem” + infinitive)
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https://books.google.com/ngrams - Compare the frequency of different words or phrases in English.
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Some verbs can be with gerund or with infinitve, but the meaning changes. (In general, the gerund means the action really happened, and the infinitive means it was a future or potential action or that it didn’t happen.):

I stopped to eat fast food. = First I stopped (another action), then I ate.
I stopped eating fast food. = First I ate it, then I stopped.

I remembered to lock the door. = First I remembered (my obligation), then I locked it.
I remembered locking the door. = First I locked it, then I remembered that action.

I forgot to lock the door. = First I forgot, then I didn’t lock the door.
I forgot locking the door. = First I locked it, then I forgot that action.

I tried to open the window. = I tried, then I failed to open the window. I didn’t open it. (It was broken.)
I tried opening the window. = I opened it, but it didn’t solve the problem. (The room was still hot.)
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We don’t like putting two -ing verbs together, so if it’s possible to avoid, we avoid it.
It began to rain. = It began raining.
It’s beginning to rain. - This sounds fine.
It’s beginning raining. - This sounds weird. We probably wouldn’t say it because the other option exists.
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Homework: Units 1-2 test