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Dutch Atlantic World (Atlantic History)

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Mar 5th, 2018
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  1. Introduction
  2. In the early modern world, long-distance trade and European colonization brought people along the Atlantic Ocean in western Europe, West Africa, the Caribbean, and the Americas, into sustained contact. To study these connections beyond the confines of national histories, historians in the 1980s constructed the analytic category of the “Atlantic world” or “the Atlantic.” The “Dutch” Atlantic world refers to such interactions involving Dutch people, the United Provinces, and Dutch settlements in the New World. Until quite recently, the Dutch Atlantic had been little studied. Convinced that the Atlantic ventures of the Dutch did not amount to much, Dutch historians were more interested in the Dutch East Indies. Linguistic barriers kept non-Dutch Atlanticists away, and they concentrated instead on the larger British and Spanish empires. This neglect is rapidly ending, stimulated by public debate in the Netherlands about the country’s role in Atlantic slavery and by an increased international interest in broad comparative studies. Moreover, since the 1990s, scholarship on the Dutch Atlantic is moving away from a myopic focus on the Dutch overseas and toward comprehensive histories of Dutch territories set in larger comparative frameworks. This entry will provide guidance in navigating works about the early modern Dutch Atlantic generally, as well as research focused on individual Dutch colonies and trading posts. Wherever possible, recent work is emphasized.
  3.  
  4. General Overviews
  5. There is not, as yet, a comprehensive overview of the Dutch Atlantic that brings together all recent scholarship. Boxer 1965 provides an older overview, covering both the activities of the Dutch West India Company (WIC) and the East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, or VOC). Klooster 1997 provides a short and highly readable introduction written for an exhibit of early modern books of the Dutch in the Americas, so it does not include West Africa. Schmidt 2001 and Zandvliet 1998 imaginatively cover early Dutch expansion into the Atlantic. Meuwese 2012 provides a comparative perspective on 17th-century Dutch-indigenous relations in the Atlantic world. While scholars have argued that there was no such thing. as a Dutch Atlantic, beginning with Emmer and Klooster 1999, such views are increasingly being reconsidered, especially as scholars emphasize the importance of the Dutch in multinational Atlantic networks. The essays in Oostindie and Roitman 2014 provide a good introduction to this reevaluation, as does Oostindie 2015.
  6.  
  7. Boxer, C. R. The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600–1800. History of Human Society. New York: Knopf, 1965.
  8.  
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  10.  
  11. A synthetic work that chronicles the rise and fall of the Dutch East and West India companies. While quite old, and at times outdated, this book remains essential reading for students and nonspecialists.
  12.  
  13. Find this resource:
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  15.  
  16. de Vries, Jan. “The Dutch Atlantic Economies.” In The Atlantic Economy during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Organization, Operation, Practice, and Personnel. Edited by Peter A. Coclanis, 1–29. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2005.
  17.  
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  19.  
  20. While De Vries sees the Dutch Atlantic largely in terms of failure, this essay provides a useful overview for beginning researchers and delineates four successive stages of economic development.
  21.  
  22. Find this resource:
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  24.  
  25. Emmer, Pieter, and Willem Klooster. “The Dutch Atlantic, 1600–1800: Expansion without Empire.” Itinerario: European Journal of Overseas History 23.2 (1999): 48–69.
  26.  
  27. DOI: 10.1017/S0165115300024761Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  28.  
  29. Authors argue that, with a few short-lived exceptions, the Dutch Atlantic was insignificant economically, demographically, culturally, and in every other way.
  30.  
  31. Find this resource:
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  33.  
  34. Klooster, Willem. The Dutch in the Americas, 1600–1800: A Narrative History with the Catalogue of an Exhibition of Rare Prints, Maps, and Illustrated Books from the John Carter Brown Library. Providence, RI: John Carter Brown Library, 1997.
  35.  
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  37.  
  38. This beautifully illustrated book, while written to accompany an exhibit about the Dutch collection of early modern Dutch printed sources at the John Carter Brown Library in Providence, provides a useful summary of the history of the Dutch in the Americas along with an annotated bibliography.
  39.  
  40. Find this resource:
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  42.  
  43. Meuwese, Mark. Brothers in Arms, Partners in Trade: Dutch-Indigenous Alliances in the Atlantic World, 1595–1764. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2012.
  44.  
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  46.  
  47. Rich comparison of intercultural diplomacy and formal alliances in four different contact zones controlled by the first Dutch West India Company: Brazil, New Netherland, the Gold Coast of West Africa, and Angola and Congo in West Central Africa. Based on extensive primary research in multiple languages.
  48.  
  49. Find this resource:
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  51.  
  52. Oostindie, Gert. “Modernity and the Demise of the Dutch Atlantic, 1650–1914.” In The Caribbean and the Atlantic World Economy: Circuits of Trade, Money and Knowledge, 1650–1914. Edited by Adrian Leonard and David Pretel, 108–136. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  53.  
  54. DOI: 10.1057/9781137432728_6Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  55.  
  56. Argues that the Dutch Atlantic world was “precociously” global and flexible in its capitalism institutions but not terribly successful, even if it was more successful than historians have thought.
  57.  
  58. Find this resource:
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  60.  
  61. Oostindie, Gert, and Jessica V. Roitman, eds. Dutch Atlantic Connections, 1680–1800: Linking Empires, Bridging Borders. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2014.
  62.  
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  64.  
  65. Wide-ranging collection of essays focused on the important role of the Dutch in the Atlantic world and comparisons with other Atlantic powers. Digitally available online.
  66.  
  67. Find this resource:
  68.  
  69.  
  70. Schmidt, Benjamin. Innocence Abroad: The Dutch Imagination and the New World, 1570–1670. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
  71.  
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  73.  
  74. Creative monograph that argues that the struggle of the Dutch with Spain shaped their view of the Americas and the role they themselves could play in the New World.
  75.  
  76. Find this resource:
  77.  
  78.  
  79. Zandvliet, Kees. Mapping for Money: Maps, Plans and Topographic Paintings and Their Role in Dutch Overseas Expansion during the 16th and 17th Centuries. Amsterdam: Batavian Lion International, 1998.
  80.  
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  82.  
  83. Lavishly illustrated, this book provides an institutional analysis of the mapmaking activities of the Dutch East and West India companies in the first century of Dutch overseas expansion. Includes case studies on Brazil, New Netherland, and Cape of Good Hope.
  84.  
  85. Find this resource:
  86.  
  87.  
  88. Reference Resources
  89. There are no reference works on the Dutch Atlantic available in English, nor recent ones about the Dutch colonial world generally, but there are several regularly updated bibliographies online that are useful to researchers of all levels. The Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis (ING; Institute of Dutch History) and the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (KB; Royal Library) each maintain their own site with digitized pamphlets and books, and they cooperate in the Digitale Bibliografie Nederlandse Geschiedenis (Digital Bibliography of Dutch History). Het Geheugen van Nederland (Memory of the Netherlands) contains material on all areas mentioned in this entry, while the website of the Atlantic World and the Dutch aims to map the histories of the different parts and peoples of the Dutch Atlantic world.
  90.  
  91. Atlantic World and the Dutch.
  92.  
  93. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  94.  
  95. A joint project of ING and the Royal Netherlands Institute for Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (KITLV) to preserve and study the Dutch Atlantic. Its online guide provides detailed information about published and unpublished Dutch sources around the world as well as ongoing research projects by individuals and organizations. Website uses English.
  96.  
  97. Find this resource:
  98.  
  99.  
  100. Digitale Bibliografie Nederlandse Geschiedenis.
  101.  
  102. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  103.  
  104. A joint venture of KB and ING, this online bibliography of publications about the history of the Netherlands and its colonies is constantly expanding. Unfortunately, the search functions are in Dutch only.
  105.  
  106. Find this resource:
  107.  
  108.  
  109. Het Geheugen van Nederland.
  110.  
  111. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  112.  
  113. Sponsored by the Dutch government, this site contains a veritable treasure trove of digitized books, pamphlets, documents, images, audio, and video related to the history of the Netherlands and its territories. Aimed at the general public and researchers alike, the site may be accessed in Dutch or English. Contains material, especially images, for each of the colonies mentioned in this bibliography.
  114.  
  115. Find this resource:
  116.  
  117.  
  118. Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis (ING).
  119.  
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  121.  
  122. An independent scholarly institute of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NOW). Its publications and databases, mostly aimed at researchers, are available in print and online. ING is digitizing a 450-volume series of documents about Dutch history (Rijks Geschiedkundige Publicatiën) that may be browsed online. Parts of the site are in English.
  123.  
  124. Find this resource:
  125.  
  126.  
  127. Koninklijke Bibliotheek (KB).
  128.  
  129. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  130.  
  131. Website of the National Library of the Netherlands, provides access to a wealth of information and historical databases; most are open to the public, while others are available to library card holders (at a modest fee). Website in Dutch and English.
  132.  
  133. Find this resource:
  134.  
  135.  
  136. Journals
  137. There are no journals specifically devoted to the Dutch Atlantic world or to the wider Dutch colonial world. Articles on the Dutch Atlantic may appear in any journal devoted to the early modern world. The largest concentration is found in New West Indian Guide/Nieuwe West-Indische Gids and in Itinerario: International Journal on the History of European Expansion and Global Interaction, a smaller journal. The important William and Mary Quarterly increasingly includes contributions about the Dutch Atlantic world.
  138.  
  139. Itinerario: International Journal on the History of European Expansion and Global Interaction.
  140.  
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  142.  
  143. Peer-reviewed English language journal published by the Institute for the History of European Expansion (IGEER) of Leiden University since 1977. Currently, Itinerario is the official journal of the Forum on European Expansion and Global Interaction (FEEGI), an international group of scholars based in the United States.
  144.  
  145. Find this resource:
  146.  
  147.  
  148. New West Indian Guide/Nieuwe West-Indische Gids.
  149.  
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  151.  
  152. Peer-reviewed English-language journal devoted to the Caribbean. It has been published continuously since 1919, most recently under the auspices of the KITLV/Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies, at Leiden.
  153.  
  154. Find this resource:
  155.  
  156.  
  157. William and Mary Quarterly.
  158.  
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  160.  
  161. Peer-reviewed and influential English-language journal founded in 1892. Devoted to early (North) American history, broadly conceived to include the larger Atlantic world. Published by the Omohundro Institute in Williamsburg, Virginia.
  162.  
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  164.  
  165.  
  166. Primary Sources
  167. Primary sources about the Dutch Atlantic are increasingly being published, both in print and on the web, but availability and quantity differ by region. In this article, primary sources about each colony will be discussed in the relevant section. For general sources, the online database Archieven NL lists virtually every extant archival document available in the Netherlands. The AWAD: Atlantic World and the Dutch provides a handy overview by colony of some of the main collections available around the world. The Linschoten Vereeniging (Lindschoten Organization) has published a large number of early modern Dutch travel journals, which are well-worth perusing. Atlas of Mutual Heritage is a website with images pertaining to the Dutch colonial world. Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse letteren provides copies of a number of the works mentioned in this bibliography.
  168.  
  169. Archieven NL.
  170.  
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  172.  
  173. Database of archival materials in the Netherlands—provides descriptions of nearly 19 million documents and collections in multiple Dutch archives. In some cases, the documents themselves are available online. Anyone planning to do archival research in the Netherlands should start here.
  174.  
  175. Find this resource:
  176.  
  177.  
  178. Atlas of Mutual Heritage.
  179.  
  180. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  181.  
  182. Extremely useful expanding website that contains more than 60000 high-resolution images and other data pertaining to the Dutch West and East Indian companies (WIC and VOC). May be browsed in various ways. In English and in Dutch.
  183.  
  184. Find this resource:
  185.  
  186.  
  187. AWAD: The Atlantic World and the Dutch.
  188.  
  189. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  190.  
  191. This online guide, written in English, is sponsored by two prominent Dutch historical organizations and provides detailed information about published and unpublished Dutch sources and ongoing historical projects in the Netherlands and abroad. Organized by country. This project is still under development and new sources are regularly added. A solid place to start all research.
  192.  
  193. Find this resource:
  194.  
  195.  
  196. Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren (DBNL).
  197.  
  198. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  199.  
  200. This Dutch-only database about the literature and literary and cultural history of the Netherlands provides texts, historical dictionaries, reference works, monographs about Dutch literature, and more, in full-text editions. Under the tab “Nederlands buitengaats,” the site may be searched by way of a world map, in which one can click the area or country of interest. Several of the texts mentioned in this bibliography may be found here.
  201.  
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  203.  
  204.  
  205. Linschoten Vereeninging.
  206.  
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  208.  
  209. The Linschoten Vereeniging, organized in 1908 by a group of Dutch history enthusiasts, may be compared to the British Hakluyt Society. Publishes early modern Dutch travel journals to Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Some of the volumes are available full-text online, as indicated in the list under the tab “werken.”
  210.  
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  213.  
  214. Trade and Economy
  215. The Dutch West Indian Company was the main vehicle of Dutch westward expansion. Its early years were documented by one of its directors, Joannes de Laet, and his work, de Laet 1931–1937, is still a font of knowledge for historians, especially given that most of the records of the first WIC were lost. For modern scholarship, see Den Heijer 2002. Israel 1989 discusses the Dutch Atlantic in a world economic context, while de Vries 2005 provides a short overview that delineates four stages of commercial development. For a long time historians believed that the Dutch Atlantic added little to the Dutch economy, especially when compared to the contributions of the East India Company or VOC. De Vries and Van der Woude 1997, for instance, views the Dutch Atlantic as a failure. This negative view has begun to change of late as historians have examined the transit trade; see Klooster 1998 along with Postma and Enthoven 2003.
  216.  
  217. Den Heijer, Henk. De Geschiedenis van de WIC. 2d ed. Zutphen, The Netherlands: Walburg Pers, 2002.
  218.  
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  220.  
  221. Best history of the Dutch West India Company from its start in 1621 to its demise in 1791; crucial in revising historical judgment of the WIC’s importance. New revised edition of a book first published in 1994.
  222.  
  223. Find this resource:
  224.  
  225.  
  226. de Vries, Jan, and Ad van der Woude. The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500–1815. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  227.  
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  229.  
  230. First published in Dutch in 1995 as Nederland 1500–1815: De eerste ronde van moderne economische groei (Amsterdam, Balans). Already a classic in Dutch history, this work provides an overview of Dutch economic development but pays little attention to the activities of the Dutch in the Atlantic, which the authors see as characterized by constant cycles of hope and failure.
  231.  
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  233.  
  234.  
  235. Israel, Jonathan I. Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585–1740. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
  236.  
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  238.  
  239. This well-documented study argues that political developments were critical in determining the economic success of the Dutch Republic. The book pays ample attention to the Dutch in the Atlantic.
  240.  
  241. Find this resource:
  242.  
  243.  
  244. Klooster, Willem. Illicit Riches: The Dutch Trade in the Caribbean, 1648–1795. Caribbean series 18. Leiden, The Netherlands: KITLV, 1998.
  245.  
  246. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  247.  
  248. Important study of Dutch trade in the Caribbean, especially Curaçao. This trade, which had to circumvent the mercantilist policies of the other major European powers in the area, consisted mostly of smuggling.
  249.  
  250. Find this resource:
  251.  
  252.  
  253. de Laet, Joannes. Iaerlyck verhael van de Verrichtinghen der Geoctroyeerde West-Indische Compagnie in derthien Boecken: Bezorgd door S. P. L’Honoré Naber. 4 vols. Werken Uitgegeven door de Linschoten-Vereeniging 34, 35, 37, 40. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1931–1937.
  254.  
  255. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  256.  
  257. First published in 1644, and based on archival sources such as letters and journals now lost, Joannes de Laet, a director of the WIC, details the early activities of the Dutch, especially in Brazil and in Curaçao. Still one of the most important overviews of the WIC’s early economic history.
  258.  
  259. Find this resource:
  260.  
  261.  
  262. Postma, Johannes, and Victor Enthoven, eds. Riches from Atlantic Commerce: Dutch Transatlantic Trade and Shipping, 1585–1817. Atlantic World 1. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2003.
  263.  
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  265.  
  266. Indispensable collection of well-researched essays that quantify trade and commerce in the Dutch Atlantic to argue that such economic activity was of much greater importance to the Dutch Republic than previously thought.
  267.  
  268. Find this resource:
  269.  
  270.  
  271. de Vries, Jan. “The Dutch Atlantic Economies.” In The Atlantic Economy during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Organization, Operation, Practice, and Personnel. Edited by Peter A. Coclanis, 1–29. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2005.
  272.  
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  274.  
  275. While he sees the history of the Dutch Atlantic mostly as a series of failures, de Vries outlines the different economic stages experienced by the Dutch in the New World.
  276.  
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  278.  
  279.  
  280. New Netherland
  281. For a long time, New Netherland received little attention as historians focused on the English period of New York’s history. This neglect changed in the last quarter of the 20th century, and the pace has accelerated sharply since then. Many of the new studies, such as Venema 2003; Jacobs 2009; and Krabbendam, et al. 2009, have focused on the transference of Dutch culture to the New World. This revisionist emphasis may now itself be due for a corrective, as the colony contained many non-Dutch as well. Romney 2014 is a good start. Indian-Dutch relations have not been studied extensively. Trelease 1997 remains the standard work, although new work, such as Bradley 2007, has begun to fill the gap. A promising recent line of inquiry, exemplified by Hatfield 2004, eschews a single focus on New Netherland as a self-contained entity and instead places the colony firmly in a larger Atlantic world. Gehring 2005 provides the most complete recent overview of manuscripts for Dutch New York. An exhaustive and regularly updated bibliography of primary and secondary materials about New Netherland is available on the website of the New Netherland Institute.
  282.  
  283. Bradley, James W. Before Albany: An Archaeology of Native-Dutch Relations in the Capital Region, 1600–1664. New York State Museum Bulletin 509. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007.
  284.  
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  286.  
  287. This richly illustrated book brings together a wealth of archaeological data and places them in their ethnohistorical context.
  288.  
  289. Find this resource:
  290.  
  291.  
  292. Gehring, Charles. “A Survey of Documents Relating to the History of New Netherland.” In Revisiting New Netherland: Perspectives on Early Dutch America. Edited by Joyce D. Goodfriend, 287–308. Atlantic World 4. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2005.
  293.  
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  295.  
  296. Indispensible survey of manuscript sources (many of them now published in new English translations) about New Netherland, including recent finds and speculations about what might yet be found.
  297.  
  298. Find this resource:
  299.  
  300.  
  301. Hatfield, April Lee. Atlantic Virginia: Intercolonial Relations in the Seventeenth Century. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.
  302.  
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  304.  
  305. Example of the trend to place the history of New Netherland more firmly in a wider Atlantic context, this book uncovers the vibrant economic connections between Virginia and New Netherland.
  306.  
  307. Find this resource:
  308.  
  309.  
  310. Jacobs, Jaap. The Colony of New Netherland: A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth-Century America. Atlantic World 3. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009.
  311.  
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  313.  
  314. Based on exhaustive primary research, this lively book provides the best single-volume treatments of New Netherland and the transference of Dutch culture. Less strong on Native Americans and Africans, or on connections with the surrounding colonies. Originally published in Dutch as the author’s dissertation in 1999, it was translated into English in 2005 and published by Brill. The 2009 edition is similar to the earlier versions.
  315.  
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  317.  
  318.  
  319. Krabbendam, Hans, Cornelis A. van Minnen, and Giles Scott-Smith, eds. Four Centuries of Dutch-American Relations, 1609–2009. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2009.
  320.  
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  322.  
  323. This comprehensive volume contains close to a hundred footnoted articles on a variety of topics written by experts. Fifteen essays cover the colonial period, discussing issues such as migration, government, jurisprudence, trade, religion, and interactions with Native Americans and African Americans. Good place to start one’s research.
  324.  
  325. Find this resource:
  326.  
  327.  
  328. New Netherland Institute (NNI).
  329.  
  330. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  331.  
  332. The main mission of the NNI is to collect, translate, and disseminate any records pertaining to New Netherland. Its website provides all kinds of research help, as well as an extensive bibliography.
  333.  
  334. Find this resource:
  335.  
  336.  
  337. Romney, Susan Shaw. New Netherland Connections: Intimate Networks and Atlantic Ties in Seventeenth-Century America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.
  338.  
  339. DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469614250.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  340.  
  341. Deeply researched and award-winning social history places women, and their intimate ties, at the heart of empire and Dutch colonialism and provides insight into the interpersonal experiences and cross-cultural relations of ordinary colonists, Africans, and native peoples in New Netherland. Footnotes include a wealth of references to Dutch Atlantic scholarship.
  342.  
  343. Find this resource:
  344.  
  345.  
  346. Trelease, Allen. Indian Affairs in Colonial New York: The Seventeenth Century. Lincoln: University of Nebraska University Press, 1997.
  347.  
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  349.  
  350. Originally published in 1960. Although quite old, still the most comprehensive book on Dutch-native relations in New York.
  351.  
  352. Find this resource:
  353.  
  354.  
  355. Venema, Janny. Beverwijck: A Dutch Village on the American Frontier, 1652–1664. Hilversum, The Netherlands: Verloren, 2003.
  356.  
  357. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  358.  
  359. Mines Dutch and American archives to paint a picture of everyday life, including contacts with Native Americans, in Beverwijck, present-day Albany.
  360.  
  361. Find this resource:
  362.  
  363.  
  364. Brazil
  365. During their twenty-four years in northeastern Brazil, the Dutch generated abundant primary sources, and historians have made good use of them. Unfortunately, scholarship in Portuguese or Dutch is rarely translated into English, limiting its influence on international debates. For this reason, Boxer 1957 remains the most important overview accessible to international scholars. Two prominent surveys in Portuguese are Mello 1987 and Dantas Silva 2005. The governorship of the enlightened and scientific-minded Johan Maurits van Nassau (1637–1644) has garnered much attention. The materials generated by the scientists, mapmakers, and artists he brought to Brazil provide rich sources for scholars, as Whitehead and Boeseman 1989 attests. Herkenhoff 1999 provides a quick intro into the cultural history of the period. Israel and Schwartz 2007 discusses religious pluralism among various groups in Brazil, while Puntoni 1999 covers slavery in Dutch Brazil. Van Groesen 2014 assesses the legacy of the colony. The Mauritiana Series, edited by Professor Marianne Wiesebron, publishes documents about Dutch Brazil in both Dutch and Portuguese.
  366.  
  367. Boxer, Charles. The Dutch in Brazil, 1624–1654. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957.
  368.  
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  370.  
  371. Although dated, still the best one-volume overview with a focus on political and military developments.
  372.  
  373. Find this resource:
  374.  
  375.  
  376. Dantas Silva, Leonardo, ed. Holandeses em Pernambuco: 1630–1654. Recife, Brazil: Istituto Ricardo Brennand, 2005.
  377.  
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  379.  
  380. The most recent overview of Dutch Brazil, covering social life, religion, and art, as well as the Portuguese planters’ war against the Dutch and their recovery of Pernambuco.
  381.  
  382. Find this resource:
  383.  
  384.  
  385. Herkenhoff, Paulo, ed. Brazil and the Dutch, 1630–1654. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: GMT, 1999.
  386.  
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  388.  
  389. Gorgeously illustrated volume of original, footnoted essays on a variety of topics in cultural history written by Brazilian specialists for a general public. Contains a useful bibliography and a translation of the articles in Dutch in the back of the book. Well suited for undergrads and a feast for all eyes. Simultaneously published as O Brasil e os Holandeses, 1630–1654 (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Sextante Artes, 1999).
  390.  
  391. Find this resource:
  392.  
  393.  
  394. Israel, Jonathan, and Stuart B. Schwartz. The Expansion of Tolerance: Religion in Dutch Brazil (1624–1654). Amsterdam Studies in the Dutch Golden Age. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2007.
  395.  
  396. DOI: 10.5117/9789053569023Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  397.  
  398. Rather than attributing religious tolerance in Brazil to Johan Maurits, these two eminent historians instead point to broad Dutch and Portuguese roots as well as the requirements of the sugar industry.
  399.  
  400. Find this resource:
  401.  
  402.  
  403. Mello, José António Gonsalves de. Tempo dos Flamengos: Influência da ocupação holandesa na vide e na cultura do norte do Brasil. Enlarged 3d ed. Coleção Documentos Brasileiros 54. Recife, Brazil: Fundação Joaquim Nabuco, 1987.
  404.  
  405. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  406.  
  407. First published 1947. A social and cultural history of Pernambuco, this classic in Brazilian history still contains useful information, even if its views of social relations, inspired by the author’s uncle, the famous Brazilian intellectual Gilbert Freyre, are overly positive. A Dutch translation was published in 2001.
  408.  
  409. Find this resource:
  410.  
  411.  
  412. Puntoni, Pedro. A mísera sorte: A escravidão Africana no Brasil Holandês e as guerras do tráfico no Atlântico sul, 1621–1648. Coleção Estudos Históricos 35. São Paulo, Brazil: Editora Hucitec, 1999.
  413.  
  414. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  415.  
  416. Based on Portuguese-language documents, this is the most recent discussion of enslaved people in Dutch Brazil. Modified version of the author’s master’s thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, 1992.
  417.  
  418. Find this resource:
  419.  
  420.  
  421. van Groesen, Michiel, ed. The Legacy of Dutch Brazil. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
  422.  
  423. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  424.  
  425. Essays on a wide range of topics by thirteen experts assess the impact of Dutch Brazil on the larger Atlantic, and collectively argue that the influence of Dutch Brazil reverberated much more widely across the globe than previously thought. Good starting point for new researchers.
  426.  
  427. Find this resource:
  428.  
  429.  
  430. Whitehead, P. J. P., and M. Boeseman. A Portrait of Dutch Seventeenth-Century Brazil: Animals, Plants and People by the Artists of Johan Maurits of Nassau. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeeling Natuurkunde 87. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1989.
  431.  
  432. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  433.  
  434. This richly illustrated book discusses both the scientific and artistic aspects of the paintings and drawings generated during Johan Maurits’s tenure as governor general (1637–1644).
  435.  
  436. Find this resource:
  437.  
  438.  
  439. Wiesebron, Marianne, ed. Mauritiana Series: Brazilië in de Nederlandse archieven (1624–1654). Documentos no arquivo da Casa Real e no Arquivo dos Estados Gerais. Leiden, The Netherlands: CNWS Publications, Leiden University.
  440.  
  441. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  442.  
  443. New series, supported by both the Dutch and Brazilian governments, which aims to publish archival sources and maps about Dutch Brazil. Three volumes have been published so far, and several more are in the works. In Portuguese and Dutch.
  444.  
  445. Find this resource:
  446.  
  447.  
  448. The Wild Coast and Guianas
  449. Sir Walter Ralegh first explored the region that became known as the Wild Coast in southeastern South America. Scholarship about the area, also collectively known as the Guianas, is uneven. We know a great deal more about Suriname than about the three colonies (Essequibo, Berbice, and Demerara) that now make up the Republic of Guyana. Three books review the history of the entire Dutch Wild Coast. Hartsinck 1974, based on archival research and oral history, is still useful. Goslinga 1971 and Goslinga 1985 present the only modern, though occasionally incorrect and now analytically dated, overviews in English of the Dutch Guianas as well as Dutch activities in the Caribbean. Lorimer 2006 provides the most authoritative edited version of Sir Walter Ralegh’s work to date. Other travel journals and treatments are discussed in Klooster 1997, while Muller 2001 brings to light a rare travel diary written by a 17th-century woman. Whitehead 1999 explores Amerindian-Dutch relations in the area.
  450.  
  451. Goslinga, Cornelis Ch. The Dutch in the Caribbean and on the Wild Coast, 1580–1680. Anjerpublikaties 12. Assen, The Netherlands: Van Gorcum, 1971.
  452.  
  453. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  454.  
  455. Dated and occasionally incorrect, this book still is the only extensive overview available in English and so remains useful. Based on extensive archival and secondary sources.
  456.  
  457. Find this resource:
  458.  
  459.  
  460. Goslinga, Cornelis Ch. The Dutch in the Caribbean and in the Guianas, 1680–1791. Edited by Maria J. L. van Yperen. Anjerpublikaties 19. Assen, The Netherlands: Van Gorcum, 1985.
  461.  
  462. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  463.  
  464. This book continues the story where Goslinga left off in Goslinga 1971.
  465.  
  466. Find this resource:
  467.  
  468.  
  469. Hartsinck, Jan Jacob. Beschryving van Guiana, of de Wilde Kust, in Zuid-America. 2 vols. Amsterdam: S. Emmering, 1974.
  470.  
  471. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  472.  
  473. Originally printed 1770. Hartsinck was related to several Berbice administrators and had access to their records. Consequently, his work, though thoroughly outdated in outlook, provides much information that is still useful.
  474.  
  475. Find this resource:
  476.  
  477.  
  478. Klooster, Willem. The Dutch in the Americas, 1600–1800: A Narrative History with the Catalogue of an Exhibition of Rare Prints, Maps, and Illustrated Books from the John Carter Brown Library. Providence, RI: John Carter Brown Library, 1997.
  479.  
  480. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  481.  
  482. Beautifully and lavishly illustrated, this book discusses much of the early modern travel literature available for the Wild Coast.
  483.  
  484. Find this resource:
  485.  
  486.  
  487. Lorimer, Joyce, ed. Sir Walter Ralegh’s Discoverie of Guiana. London: Hakluyt Society, 2006.
  488.  
  489. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  490.  
  491. This volume compares the 1596 published edition of Ralegh’s travel journal with a transcription of the previously unpublished, sole surviving manuscript draft. Accompanied by erudite introduction and extensive footnotes throughout, this is the authoritative version of Sir Ralegh’s work.
  492.  
  493. Find this resource:
  494.  
  495.  
  496. Muller, Kim Isolde. Elisabeth van der Woude, Memorij van ’t geen bij mijn tijt is voorgevallen: Met het opzienbarende verslag van haar reis naar de Wilde Kust, 1676–1677. Amsterdam: Terra Incognita, 2001.
  497.  
  498. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  499.  
  500. Transcription and background research of a rare travel journal of a young 17th-century Dutch woman who was part of an early and short-lived colonizing attempt on the Oyapoc River.
  501.  
  502. Find this resource:
  503.  
  504.  
  505. Whitehead, Neil. “Native Peoples Confront Colonial Regimes in Northeastern South America (c. 1500–1900).” In The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. Vol. 3, South America, Part 2. Edited by Frank Salomon and Stuart B. Schwartz, 382–442. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  506.  
  507. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  508.  
  509. Extremely useful overview with an extensive focus on Amerindian-Dutch relations, largely from a native point of view. Contains a bibliographic essay that is a good place to start research on the topic.
  510.  
  511. Find this resource:
  512.  
  513.  
  514. Guyana
  515. The historiography on the Dutch colonies of Essequibo, Berbice, and Demerara is extremely slim. Netscher 1929 is a useful, if dated, overview, along with the much more recent Thompson 1987. Dutch-Indian relations in Guyana are extensively explored in Hulsman 2009. A few articles in Postma and Enthoven 2003 deal with trade and economics, while Kars 2016 delves into the 1763 slave rebellion in Berbice. Harris and Villiers 1911 provide access to the correspondence of one of Essequibo’s most eminent governors. A boundary dispute between Venezuela and Great Britain at the end of the 19th century generated a wealth of archival material (Venezuela-British Boundary Arbitration: The Case of the United States of Venezuela before the Tribunal of Arbitration to Convene at Paris and British Guiana Boundary: Arbitration with the United States of Venezuela), published in Dutch and in English in numerous volumes, all published in 1898.
  516.  
  517. British Guiana Boundary: Arbitration with the United States of Venezuela; The Case on Behalf of the Government of Her Britannic Majesty. 12 vols. London: Harrison, 1898.
  518.  
  519. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  520.  
  521. One of several extremely useful sets of documents, presented in the original language (usually Dutch) along with English translations, culled from various archives by historians hired to help investigate the boundary dispute.
  522.  
  523. Find this resource:
  524.  
  525.  
  526. Harris, C. A., and J. A. J. de Villiers. Storm van ’s Gravesande: The Rise of British Guiana, Compiled from His Despatches. 2 vols. London: Hakluyt Society, 1911.
  527.  
  528. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  529.  
  530. Illuminating and fascinating extracts from the (translated) letters of one of Essequibo’s governors, which illuminate especially his relations with indigenous leaders and with the Spanish in Venezuela. A Dutch version appeared in 1920. E-book.
  531.  
  532. Find this resource:
  533.  
  534.  
  535. Hulsman, L. A. C. “Nederlands Amazonia: Handel met Indianen tussen 1580 en 1680.” PhD diss., University of Amsterdam, 2009.
  536.  
  537. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  538.  
  539. An exhaustive look at the early trading and diplomatic relations of the Dutch on the Wild Coast with native peoples of the area, based on extensive archival research.
  540.  
  541. Find this resource:
  542.  
  543.  
  544. Kars, Marjoleine. “Dodging Rebellion: Politics and Gender in the Berbice Slave Uprising of 1763.” American Historical Review 116.1 (2016): 39–69.
  545.  
  546. DOI: 10.1093/ahr/121.1.39Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  547.  
  548. Bottom-up view of slave rebellions considers the actions of ordinary enslaved people, especially women, rather than rebel leaders. This focus calls into question any facile relationship between rebellion and liberation.
  549.  
  550. Find this resource:
  551.  
  552.  
  553. Netscher, P. M. History of the Colonies Essequibo, Demerary, and Berbice. Translated by Walter Roth. Georgetown, Guyana: Daily Chronicle, 1929.
  554.  
  555. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  556.  
  557. Originally published as Geschiedenis van de koloniën Essequebo, Demerary en Berbice, van de vestiging der Nederlanders aldaar tot op onzen tijd (‘s Gravenhage, The Netherlands: Nijhoff, 1888). Based on extensive archival research, this book is still a useful reference for any student of Guyana.
  558.  
  559. Find this resource:
  560.  
  561.  
  562. Postma, Johannes, and Victor Enthoven, eds. Riches from Atlantic Commerce: Dutch Transatlantic Trade and Shipping, 1585–1817. Atlantic World 1. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2003.
  563.  
  564. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  565.  
  566. Articles on Dutch commerce with Africa, the Americas, and the West Indies demonstrate that Dutch trade in the Atlantic was far more extensive and valuable than has generally been assumed, and exceeded the trade with Asia at that time. E-book.
  567.  
  568. Find this resource:
  569.  
  570.  
  571. Thompson, Alvin O. Colonialism and Underdevelopment in Guyana, 1580–1803. Bridgetown, Barbados: Carib Research & Publications, 1987.
  572.  
  573. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  574.  
  575. The one comprehensive and relatively recent overview of Guyanese history. Author pays extensive attention to natives and enslaved people.
  576.  
  577. Find this resource:
  578.  
  579.  
  580. Venezuela–British Guiana Boundary Arbitration: The Counter-Case of the United States of Venezuela before the Tribunal of Arbitration to Convene at Paris, under the Provisions of the Treaty between the United States of Venezuela and Her Britannic Majesty Signed at Washington, Feb. 2, 1897. 3 vols. New York: Evening Post, 1898.
  581.  
  582. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  583.  
  584. These volumes contain documents, in their original language (usually Dutch, sometimes Spanish) and in an English translation, culled from archives around the world. Extremely useful for all researchers.
  585.  
  586. Find this resource:
  587.  
  588.  
  589. Suriname
  590. The classic overview of Suriname history in English is van Lier 1971, while Fatah-Black 2015 is an important complement that shows the direction of new scholarship. Work on 17th-century Suriname is scant but growing, both in the United States and in The Netherlands. A recent example is Games 2015. Most historians of Suriname, whether Dutch, Surinamese, or American, have tended to focus on slavery and marronage in the 18th and 19th centuries. While several studies were done in Dutch in the 1980s, creative new work on slavery is now underway in English. Davis 2011 is a masterful example. Hoogbergen 1990 provides a pioneering example of Dutch interest in Maroons, while Dragtenstein 2009 represents a recent contribution. In the United States, the historical anthropologist Richard Price has dragged Suriname Maroons onto the world stage through his many publications about their past and present. Price 1990 is an example of his innovative, Maroon-centered work. Price and Price furnish the most authoritative transcription (Stedman 1988) of the fascinating journal of Gabriel Stedman, a Scottish mercenary who fought for the Dutch in the Maroon wars of the late 18th century. Oostindie and Hoefte 1999 examine the historiography of Suriname in illuminating detail.
  591.  
  592. Davis, Natalie Zemon. “Judges, Master, Diviners: Slaves’ Experience of Criminal Justice in Colonial Suriname.” In Special Issue: Law, Slavery, and Justice. Edited by David S. Tanenhaus. Law and History Review 29.4 (2011): 924–984.
  593.  
  594. DOI: 10.1017/S0738248011000502Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  595.  
  596. Marvelous and deeply researched study examining how enslaved Africans created their own practices of justice on plantations, as well as their experiences with colonial justice. Part of a larger study of Jewish masters and their enslaved workers in Suriname, this article is just one of several published by Davis.
  597.  
  598. Find this resource:
  599.  
  600.  
  601. Dragtenstein, Frank. Alles voor de vrede: De brieven van Boston Band tussen 1757 en 1763. The Hague: Amrit 2009.
  602.  
  603. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  604.  
  605. Important publication about the fascinating negotiation letters the Maroon Boston Brand wrote to the Dutch authorities in the mid-18th century. Transcriptions are provided. One can only hope this book will soon appear in an English translation.
  606.  
  607. Find this resource:
  608.  
  609.  
  610. Fatah-Black, Karwan. White Lies and Black Markets: Evading Metropolitan Authority in Colonial Suriname, 1650–1800. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2015.
  611.  
  612. DOI: 10.1163/9789004283350Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  613.  
  614. Overview of Suriname history that looks at local and cross-Atlantic legal and illegal trade connections and shows how the interests of Dutch colonists diverged from those in the mother country.
  615.  
  616. Find this resource:
  617.  
  618.  
  619. Games, Alison. “Cohabitation, Suriname-Style: English Inhabitants in Dutch Suriname after 1667.” William and Mary Quarterly 72.2 (2015): 195–242.
  620.  
  621. DOI: 10.5309/willmaryquar.72.2.0195Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  622.  
  623. A good example of the recent interest in Suriname among non-Dutch historians, this detailed article examines the experiences of English colonists after the Dutch takeover of Suriname in 1667 and the failure of Dutch policy to retain them.
  624.  
  625. Find this resource:
  626.  
  627.  
  628. Hoogbergen, Wim. The Boni Maroon Wars in Suriname. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1990.
  629.  
  630. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  631.  
  632. Based on extensive primary research in the Netherlands, France, and Suriname, this book, by a well-known Dutch expert on the subject, traces the Boni Maroons, the most important group of Maroons never to agree to a peace treaty, from their genesis in the early 18th century through 1860. Adaptation and translation of the author’s PhD thesis, published in Dutch in 1985.
  633.  
  634. Find this resource:
  635.  
  636.  
  637. Oostindie, Gert, and Rosemarijn Hoefte. “Historiography of Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles.” In General History of the Caribbean. Vol. 6, Methodology and Historiography of the Caribbean. Edited by Barry Higman, 604–630. Paris: UNESCO, 1999.
  638.  
  639. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  640.  
  641. Exhaustive historiographical essay of particular use to any aspiring researcher.
  642.  
  643. Find this resource:
  644.  
  645.  
  646. Price, Richard. Alabi’s World. Johns Hopkins Studies in Atlantic History and Culture. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990.
  647.  
  648. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  649.  
  650. A tour de force that marries anthropology with history in its juxtaposition of Maroon oral histories with the accounts of Dutch officials and German missionaries to create a vivid portrait of 18th-century Saramaka society.
  651.  
  652. Find this resource:
  653.  
  654.  
  655. Stedman, John Gabriel. Narrative of a Five Years Expedition against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam: Transcribed for the first time from the original 1790 manuscript. Edited by Richard Price and Sally Price. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.
  656.  
  657. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  658.  
  659. Most authoritative edition of the captivating and informative narrative of Stedman, a mercenary soldier who fought with the Dutch against the Suriname Maroons.
  660.  
  661. Find this resource:
  662.  
  663.  
  664. van Lier, Rudolf. Frontier Society: A Social Analysis of the History of Surinam. Translated by M. J. L. van Yperen. Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 14. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1971.
  665.  
  666. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  667.  
  668. Translation of a classic published in Dutch in 1949 that inspired much subsequent work. Thematic, theoretically informed study that still provides useful information. While the book takes the history of Suriname up to the 1970s, the second half of the book focuses on slavery. A revised edition came out in Dutch in 1977.
  669.  
  670. Find this resource:
  671.  
  672.  
  673. Dutch Antilles
  674. Two groups of small islands make up the Dutch Antilles: Aruba, Bonaire, and Curacao, near the coast of Venezuela; and St. Eustatius, Saba, and St. Maarten, located 900 kilometers away, east of Puerto Rico. While often mentioned together, their histories have been quite divergent. Goslinga 1971 and Goslinga 1985, cited under the Wild Coast and Guianas, attempt to discuss the history of the entire Dutch Caribbean; see also Goslinga 1979, on the Dutch Antilles and Surinam. The most recent historical treatment to cover all six islands is Dalhuisen, et al. 2009. Oostindie and Hoefte 1999 delve into the historiography of the rather scant and uneven scholarship about the region, which, they rightly point out, has been dominated by studies of Curaçao, a major regional trade hub. Two important works are Klooster 1998 and Rupert 2012, both of which place the island in a larger Atlantic context. Klooster poured over ledgers and account books to map the scope of Curacao’s contraband transit trade, while Rupert examines how that inter-imperial commerce affected two of its main participants, Sephardic Jews and people of African descent. Van Soest 1980 discusses the main archival collections for the Dutch Antilles available around the world. Gehring and Schiltkamp 1987 illuminates a period of Curaçao history for which many documents have been lost.
  675.  
  676. Dalhuisen, Leo, Ronald Donk, and Frans Steegh, eds. Geschiedenis van de Antillen; Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten. Rev. ed. Zutphen, The Netherlands: Walburg Pers, 2009.
  677.  
  678. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  679.  
  680. Written by specialists for a larger public, this book provides a lively overview of 400 years of Antillian history. Well-illustrated, it also contains an extensive bibliography. Good place to start research for those who read Dutch.
  681.  
  682. Find this resource:
  683.  
  684.  
  685. Gehring, Charles T., and J. A. Schiltkamp. New Netherland Documents. Vol. 17, Curacao Papers, 1640–1665. Interlaken, NY: Heart of the Lakes, 1987.
  686.  
  687. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  688.  
  689. Transcriptions and translations of a wide variety of documents found in the papers of Petrus Stuyvesant, who served first as governor of Curacao and later of New Netherland, reflecting his interest in the Caribbean.
  690.  
  691. Find this resource:
  692.  
  693.  
  694. Goslinga, Cornelis Ch. A Short History of the Netherlands Antilles and Surinam. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1979.
  695.  
  696. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9289-4Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  697.  
  698. A short and somewhat sketchy overview. Useful for undergraduates but can’t be taken as gospel. Goslinga’s other books (Goslinga 1971 and Goslinga 1985, cited under the Wild Coast and Guianas) are more comprehensive.
  699.  
  700. Find this resource:
  701.  
  702.  
  703. Klooster, Willem. Illicit Riches: The Dutch Trade in the Caribbean, 1648–1795. Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 18. Leiden, The Netherlands: KITLV Uitgeverij, 1998.
  704.  
  705. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  706.  
  707. This book did much to convince scholars of the important contribution made by the Dutch in the Atlantic world, where the two entrepôts of Curaçao and St. Eustatius were hubs in a highly lucrative smuggling trade. This trade kept the Dutch Caribbean from becoming commercially irrelevant after the loss of Brazil.
  708.  
  709. Find this resource:
  710.  
  711.  
  712. Klooster, Wim, and Gert Oostindie, eds. Curaçao in the Age of Revolutions, 1795–1800. Papers delivered at a conference held in The Netherlands, 2010. Leiden, The Netherlands: KITLV, 2011.
  713.  
  714. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  715.  
  716. Based on a conference held in the Netherlands in 2010, this volume places the 1795 Curaçao slave revolt in a larger Atlantic and revolutionary context. Available online in Open Access.
  717.  
  718. Find this resource:
  719.  
  720.  
  721. Oostindie, Gert, and Rosemarijn Hoefte. “Historiography of Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles.” In General History of the Caribbean. Vol. 6, Methodology and Historiography of the Caribbean. Edited by Barry Higman, 604–630. Paris: Unesco, 1999.
  722.  
  723. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  724.  
  725. This in-depth historiographical treatment of the Antilles is a good starting place for any researcher.
  726.  
  727. Find this resource:
  728.  
  729.  
  730. Rupert, Linda M. Creolization and Contraband: Curaçao in the Early Modern Atlantic World. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2012.
  731.  
  732. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  733.  
  734. Based on Spanish and Dutch documents, this book about creolization and contraband trade teases out the experiences of two Atlantic diaspora groups, Sephardic Jews and Africans, in the colony’s maritime economy.
  735.  
  736. Find this resource:
  737.  
  738.  
  739. van Soest, Jaap. “Archival Sources to the History of the Netherlands Antilles.” Nieuwe West-Indische Gids/New West Indian Guide 54.2 (1980): 73–93.
  740.  
  741. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  742.  
  743. Article does exactly what the title promises—describes the various archives and their holdings pertaining to the Dutch Antilles.
  744.  
  745. Find this resource:
  746.  
  747.  
  748. West Africa
  749. Dutch trade with West Africa started in 1593. But with a few exceptions, interest in the long history of the Dutch in West Africa did not take off until decolonization in the 1960s. Initially it was historians from Africa who studied European archives to write about their own histories, such as Akinjogbin 1967 and Daaku 1970, but non-African scholars interested in Dutch-African relations soon followed—see van Dantzig 1980. Yet overall, the historiography is limited. Not surprisingly, given the long history of the Dutch in that area, much attention has been paid to the Gold Coast, particularly to Ghana. In addition to Daaku 1970 and van Dantzig 1980, see Feinberg 1989, Yarak 1990, and Kessel 2002. Moreover, Doortmont and Smit 2007 provides a marvelous introduction to the historiography and sources for the Dutch presence on the Guinea coast. For the Slave Coast, in addition to Akinjogbin 1967, see Law 1991. Den Heijer 1997 is a reevaluation of the West India Company’s trade in West Africa.
  750.  
  751. Akinjogbin, Isaac A. Dahomey and Its Neighbours, 1708–1818. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1967.
  752.  
  753. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  754.  
  755. This classic study argues that the Dahomey rulers functioned much as enlightened rulers did in Europe, and that they opposed the slave trade for a long time. Remains a valuable contribution to the field.
  756.  
  757. Find this resource:
  758.  
  759.  
  760. Daaku, K. Y. Trade and Politics on the Gold Coast, 1600–1720. Oxford Studies in African Affairs. London: Clarendon, 1970.
  761.  
  762. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  763.  
  764. Based on Daaku’s PhD thesis that made extensive use of English and Dutch records, this study shows how the slave and gun trade gave rise to new African merchants who controlled those trades more than Europeans did.
  765.  
  766. Find this resource:
  767.  
  768.  
  769. den Heijer, Henk. Goud, ivoor en slaven: Scheepvaart en handel van de Tweede Westindische Compagnie op Africa, 1674–1740. Zutphen, The Netherlands: Walburg Pers, 1997.
  770.  
  771. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  772.  
  773. The most extensive and in-depth examination of the second WIC’s trade with West Africa. Author reevaluates accepted wisdom that the WIC did poorly in West Africa and that its monopolies in the West African trade and in the slave trade hurt Dutch Atlantic commerce. Contains an English summary.
  774.  
  775. Find this resource:
  776.  
  777.  
  778. Doortmont, Michel R., and Jinna Smit. Sources for the Mutual History of Ghana and the Netherlands: An Annotated Guide to the Dutch Archives Relating to Ghana and West Africa in the Nationaal Archief, 1593–1960s. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill, 2007.
  779.  
  780. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004158504.i-394Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  781.  
  782. The ultimate guide to primary sources about Dutch activities in Ghana. Illustrated, and fully annotated, it describes document collections and includes a bibliography of primary and secondary sources, sample documents, and extensive thematic essays that elucidate the issues and questions the primary sources address. Also includes a new index to the important Furley collection in Ghana, which provides notes on Dutch sources in English.
  783.  
  784. Find this resource:
  785.  
  786.  
  787. Feinberg, Harvey M. Africans and Europeans in West Africa: Elminans and Dutchmen on the Gold Coast during the Eighteenth Century. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1989.
  788.  
  789. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  790.  
  791. Based on Dutch records, Feinberg focuses his history on the coastal town of Elmina, its relationship with the Dutch and with the Asante and Fante, and Elmina’s function as a center of international trade.
  792.  
  793. Find this resource:
  794.  
  795.  
  796. Kessel, I. van, ed. Merchants, Missionaries & Migrants: 300 Years of Dutch-Ghanaian Relations. Amsterdam: KIT, 2002.
  797.  
  798. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  799.  
  800. Based on a conference held in 2001, these essays about Dutch-Ghanaian contacts range from gender relations between European men and African women to Ghanaians who soldiered in the Dutch East Indies. Good starting place for undergraduates. The book is available on the open access site of the University of Leiden.
  801.  
  802. Find this resource:
  803.  
  804.  
  805. Law, Robin. The Slave Coast of West Africa, 1559–1750: The Impact of the African Slave Trade on an African Society. Oxford: Clarendon, 1991.
  806.  
  807. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  808.  
  809. Law examines the rise of Dahomey, which Law deems less exceptional than Akinjogbin 1967 did, the organization of the slave trade and how it changed over time, and the effects of the trade on the local economy.
  810.  
  811. Find this resource:
  812.  
  813.  
  814. van Dantzig, Albert. Les Hollandais sur la Côte de Guineé à l’époque de l’essor de l’Ashanti et du Dahomey 1680–1740. Paris: Société Française D’histoire D’outre-Mer, 1980.
  815.  
  816. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  817.  
  818. The economic and political history of this Dutchman trained in France and employed at the University of Ghana provides a valuable synthesis.
  819.  
  820. Find this resource:
  821.  
  822.  
  823. Yarak, Larry. Asante and the Dutch, 1744–1873. Oxford Studies in African Affairs. New York: Oxford, 1990.
  824.  
  825. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221562.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  826.  
  827. Using Asante oral sources and Dutch archival ones, Yarak examines how the Asante managed their relationship with the Dutch in what is now Ghana.
  828.  
  829. Find this resource:
  830.  
  831.  
  832. Slave Trade and Slavery
  833. According to Van Stipriaan, et al. 2007, the main contribution of Dutch scholars to international debates on slavery has been in the area of the slave trade and slave demography. The most comprehensive overview of the Dutch slave trade in all its dimensions may be found in Postma 1990 and Postma 2003, which contains important corrections to the former volume. More information on Dutch slaving voyages is available in Vos, et al. 2008 and on the web at the Transatlantic Slave Trade Database. In an important historiographic review, van Welie 2008 compares Dutch slavery in the West Indies and the East Indies. Sutton 2015 provides a useful introduction to underutilized sources to study the slave trade in West Africa. Van Stipriaan, et al. 2007 examines the traces left by slavery in the Netherlands itself, while Oostindie 2009 discusses the recent Dutch rediscovery of its long slavery history. Almost twenty years ago, the American scholar Allison Blakely studied the origins of racial stereotypes in the Netherlands in a book that still resonates, Blakely 1993.
  834.  
  835. Blakely, Allison. Blacks in the Dutch World: The Evolution of Racial Imagery in a Modern Society. Blacks in the Diaspora. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.
  836.  
  837. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  838.  
  839. Using ubiquitous images of blacks in Dutch culture, Blakely delineates the racial ambiguities of the Dutch. A sobering look at a culture that has long prided itself on its “tolerance” of diversity.
  840.  
  841. Find this resource:
  842.  
  843.  
  844. Oostindie, Gert. “History Brought Home: Postcolonial Migrations and the Dutch Rediscovery of Slavery.” In Migration, Trade, and Slavery in an Expanding World: Essays in Honor of Pieter Emmer. Edited by Willem Klooster, 305–328. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2009.
  845.  
  846. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004176201.i-340Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  847.  
  848. Thanks to the efforts of the descendants of Dutch slaves in the Atlantic world, who began moving to the Netherlands after World War II, the Dutch are rediscovering their country’s deep, past involvement in the slave trade. But there is no consensus on the legacies of slavery, as descendants and scholars differ in their interpretations.
  849.  
  850. Find this resource:
  851.  
  852.  
  853. Postma, Johannes. The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1815. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
  854.  
  855. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511528958Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  856.  
  857. Wide-ranging classic account of the Dutch slave trade based on the author’s extensive, decades-long quantitative research into trading records. Describes Dutch involvement in all its dimensions and geographic locations.
  858.  
  859. Find this resource:
  860.  
  861.  
  862. Postma, Johannes. “A Reassessment of the Dutch Atlantic Slave Trade.” In Riches from Atlantic Commerce: Dutch Transatlantic Trade and Shipping, 1585–1817. Edited by Johannes Postma and Victor Enthoven, 115–138. Atlantic World 1. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2003.
  863.  
  864. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  865.  
  866. Corrects his own earlier work in light of new information and rethinking of previous assumptions. Indispensable supplement to the author’s 1990 book.
  867.  
  868. Find this resource:
  869.  
  870.  
  871. Sutton, Angela. “The Seventeenth-Century Slave Trade in the Documents of the English, Dutch, Swedish, Danish and Prussian Royal Slave Trading Companies.” In Special Issue: New Sources and New Findings; Slavery and Abolition in the Atlantic World. Edited by Jane Landers. Slavery & Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies 36.3 (2015): 445–459.
  872.  
  873. DOI: 10.1080/0144039X.2015.1067975Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  874.  
  875. Most scholars have used the records of the Dutch West India Company or the Royal African Company to study the slave trade in West Africa. This wonderfully helpful article discusses the little-used records of smaller Northern European slave-trading companies and what scholars can expect to find in them.
  876.  
  877. Find this resource:
  878.  
  879.  
  880. Transatlantic Slave Trade Database.
  881.  
  882. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  883.  
  884. Amazing database that documents almost 35000 slaving voyages carried out by various European powers, including the Dutch, who carried just over half a million people to the New World. Fully searchable in a variety of ways. Magnificent research tool for any scholar.
  885.  
  886. Find this resource:
  887.  
  888.  
  889. van Stipriaan, Alex, Waldo Heilbron, Aspha Bijnaar, and Valika Smeulders. Op Zoek Naar de Stilte: Sporen van het slavernijverleden in Nederland. Boekerij “Oost en West.” Leiden, The Netherlands: KITLV Uitgeverij, 2007.
  890.  
  891. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  892.  
  893. First-ever examination of the historical memory of slavery in the Netherlands which comes to the unsurprising but disturbing conclusion that white Dutch citizens do not see slavery as part of their shared history.
  894.  
  895. Find this resource:
  896.  
  897.  
  898. van Welie, Rik. “Slave Trading and Slavery in the Dutch Colonial Empire: A Global Comparison.” New West Indian Guide/Nieuwe West Indische Gids 82.1–2 (2008): 47–96.
  899.  
  900. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  901.  
  902. Seminal article that provides data on the West Indian and the East Indian slave trades and compares the two. Interestingly, slavery in the Dutch East Indies is rarely studied; the public face of slavery in the Netherlands is that of Atlantic slavery, the author points out.
  903.  
  904. Find this resource:
  905.  
  906.  
  907. Vos, Jelmer, David Eltis, and David Richardson. “The Dutch in the Atlantic World: New Perspectives from the Slave Trade with Particular Reference to the African Origins of the Traffic.” In Extending the Frontiers: Essays on the New Transatlantic Slave Trade Database. Edited by David Eltis and David Richardson, 228–249. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.
  908.  
  909. DOI: 10.12987/yale/9780300134360.003.0008Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  910.  
  911. This highly quantitative essay provides a broad comparative perspective on the Dutch slave trade. This article is a must-read for anyone interested in the Dutch trade or in using the Transatlantic Slave Trade Database.
  912.  
  913. Find this resource:
  914.  
  915.  
  916. Ongoing Research Projects
  917. As a result of the increased interest in the Dutch Atlantic in the Netherlands, itself the result of political pressure by descendants of former Dutch slaves, a number of long-term research projects are being carried out in the Netherlands. The Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis (ING) is working on “The Dutch and the Culture in the Atlantic World 1670–1870,” while the Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (KITLV) is charting the networks of Dutch Atlantic traders through the Dutch Atlantic Connections, 1680–1795 project. H-Low Countries Discussion Network provides a lively forum for information of interest to those studying the Netherlands, including the Dutch Atlantic. Lastly, NiNsee: Nationaal instituut Nederlands slavernijverleden en erfenis (National Institute for the Study of Dutch Slavery and its Legacy) is involved in a number of research projects about slavery in the Dutch Atlantic.
  918.  
  919. H-Low Countries Discussion Network.
  920.  
  921. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  922.  
  923. Scholars of the Dutch Atlantic may want to join this international H-Net discussion network, which posts book reviews and job and conference announcements and provides a discussion board about the Low Countries that regularly includes topics of interest to Atlanticists.
  924.  
  925. Find this resource:
  926.  
  927.  
  928. Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis (ING).
  929.  
  930. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  931.  
  932. An independent scholarly institute of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NOW), the ING is involved in a project titled The Dutch and the Culture in the Atlantic World, 1670–1870. The goal of this research project is a digital archival guide to primary sources and a database with colonial legislation.
  933.  
  934. Find this resource:
  935.  
  936.  
  937. KITLV: Dutch Atlantic Connections, 1680–1795.
  938.  
  939. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  940.  
  941. This project focuses on the Dutch role as middlemen and brokers in the Atlantic world and, as such, aims to investigate their networks, how they functioned, and how they changed over time. It will produce a number of edited volumes, support dissertation research, and encourage the publication of articles, mostly in English. It will also include the creation of a digital database about Atlantic shipping. The project runs from 2008 to a scheduled 2013.
  942.  
  943. Find this resource:
  944.  
  945.  
  946. NiNsee: National Institute for the Study of Dutch Slavery and its Legacy.
  947.  
  948. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  949.  
  950. Opened in 2003, this educational institute is involved in several short- and long-term research projects about slavery in the Dutch possessions. It also publishes books and mounts exhibits. Website in Dutch and English.
  951.  
  952. Find this resource:
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