2019-11-23 Saturday: 9 Trade

Greg Malivuk
gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - Notes from all classes.
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Homework: units 7-8 test
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p. 105 part 3 - Discuss these questions with your partner about shopping and gifts.
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p. 106 part 1 - Make sure you understand the bold words and then tell your partner if these sentences ar true for you. Why or why not? (If you and your partner don’t understand a word, look it up in a dictionary, not a translator.)
borrow = take temporarily
lend = give temporarily
loan = lend with an official agreement (usually money from the bank)
mortgage (part 3) = loan to buy a house or other real estate
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part 5 - Listen to the radio report and correct the incorrect information.
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of mobile banking?
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LastPass or another password manager can help you keep stronger unique passwords for everything.
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Grammar: Articles and other determiners
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articles: a/an, the, Ø (zero article)
In the first four sentences from part 5, why are those articles used?
“the world”: there is only one of these things (so both the speaker and the listener know which one)
“Ø banks”: these things in general (English uses plurals and no article for most general nouns.)
“the interactive voice system”: the reference to this thing is known (because it was already mentioned)
“a new cell phone banking plan”: this is the first reference to this thing (so the listener doesn’t know which one)

the: singular or plural, count or noncount, both the speaker and the listener know which one(s)
a/an: singular count nouns, at least one of the speaker or listener doesn’t already know which one
	a before consonant sounds: a teacher, a university, a one-way street, a European
	an before vowel sounds: an apple, an hour, an mp3 player (“empeethree”)
Ø: everything else (plural or noncount, at least one of us doesn’t know which ones)
(Sometimes “some” works like an article for the same situations as Ø.)
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other determiners
	(determiners include articles, quantifiers, possessives, and demonstratives)
quantifiers include: each, every, all
	“each” and “every” go with singular count nouns: each person, every book, each day
	“all” goes with plural or noncount nouns: all people, all books, all money, all air
possessives include: pronoun possessives (my, your, his, her, their, our, its) and noun possessives (Greg’s)
	the student’s books = the books of one student
	the students’ books = the books of many students
	the child’s toys = the toys of one child
	the children’s toys = the toys of many children
	my boss’s car = the car of one boss
	my bosses’ cars = the cars of my bosses
	- If a noun already has a plural -s, only add the apostrophe for the possessive.
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BREAK
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p. 107 part 10 - Choose the correct determiners (including zero article) for each sentence. Then discuss with your partner if you follow these tips or think you should follow them.
1 a
2 your, a (You don’t already have a specific money jar that you know I’m talking about in this sentence.)
3 the
4 their
5 your
6 -, an
7 all
8 each
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Grammar: passive voice (in all tenses)
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passive = [be] + past participle
The verb [be] in a passive sentence can be in any form or tense.

active: Leonardo da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa.
passive: The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
	(This is simple past passive, because [be] is simple past, and it’s followed by a past participle.)
	(Leonardo da Vinci is the agent who did the action. In passive sentences, we can tell who the agent is with a “by” phrase, but it’s not grammatically necessary.)

- passive voice is only possible with transitive verbs that have objects (receivers)
	The spider killed the fly. -> The fly was killed by the spider.
	The fly died. -> (Passive is impossible, because there’s no object.)

Other tenses you should have learned:
	The fly was killed by the spider. (simple past)
	The fly was being killed by the spider. (past continuous)
	The fly had been killed by the spider. (past perfect)
	The fly is killed by the spider. (simple present)
	The fly is being killed by the spider. (present continuous)
	The fly has been killed by the spider. (present perfect)
	(*The fly has been being killed by the spider. - present perfect continuous, very rare)
		(“has been getting killed” sounds better)
	The fly will be killed by the spider. (simple future)
	The fly is going to be killed by the spider. (simple future)
	The fly might be killed by the spider. (simple future possibility)
Other verb structures:
	The fly might have been killed by the spider. (past speculation)
	The fly must have been killed by the spider. (past conclusion)
	Deer used to be killed by wolves (but we hunted all the wolves so now they’re gone).
	Flies don’t enjoy being killed by spiders. (gerund)
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p. 109 part 8 - Complete the sentences with the correct passive verbs. Then guess the information.
1 have been sold (since ⇒ present perfect, plural ⇒ “have”) - Nokia 1101 cell phones
2 has been adapted - Tetris
3 has been translated - Agatha Christie
4 was nominated - The Color Purple
5 is worn / has been worn - Ralph Lauren
6 has been viewed - Justin Bieber
7 were downloaded - Call of Duty
8 was bought - Picasso
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bargain (verb) = negotiate for a lower price when you want to buy something
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Choose something you have with you (not your phone) to “sell” to a classmate. Try to sell to at least three people, and negotiate to try to get a better price for what you’re selling and what you might buy.
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caveat emptor = “buyer beware” - The buyer should be skeptical of things the seller says, and it’s the buyer’s job to check.
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Have you ever sold something online?
p. 113 part 1 - Find this information in the ad.
“Price: $10 o.b.o.”
	OBO = “or best offer” = I’m willing to negotiate a lower price. I’ll sell it to whoever offers the most.
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NO CLASS NEXT WEEK (NOVEMBER 30)
Homework (for Dec. 7): Write an online ad (for Facebook for example) to sell the thing you tried to sell in class today. Include the important information from p. 113 part 1.
	Also: read p. 123 and do p. 122 parts 2, 5, and 6