2020-03-03 TOEFL: word roots, reading fact

Greg Malivuk
gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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https://ed.ted.com/lessons/a-brief-history-of-chess-alex-gendler
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Word Roots (list 6) - With your partners, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root
re (recycle, rebound, reuse, recline) = again/back
reg (regulation, regent, regime) = rule
retro (retrograde, retroactive, retrospect) = backwards (The “tra” or “tro” ending suggests direction.)
rupt (disrupt, rupture) = break/burst
scend (ascend, descend, transcend) = climb
scope/skep/spec (microscope, skeptic, spectacle) = see
scrib/script (transcript, scripture, inscribe) = write/draw
sect/seg (section, bisect, sector, segment, insect) = cut/divide
semi (semicircle, semiannual) = half (This is from Latin. The Greek root is “hemi”.)
sol (solitude, desolate) = alone
sol (solar, solarium) = Sun
soph (philosophy, sophisticated) = knowledge/wisdom
struct (construct, structure) = build
sub (subterranean, submerge, substandard) = under
super (superstructure, supersonic) = over
tele (telephone, telescope, telepathy) = far
term (determine, terminate, terminus, terminal) = end/limit
	(When you make a word for something, you define or determine limits around an idea.)
terra/terri (territory, terrain) = earth/land
therm (thermometer, thermal) = heat
trans (transport, transaction, transverse, translucent, transcontinental, transatlantic) = across/through
ultra (ultraviolet, ultrasound) = over
uni (universe, unique, unilateral) = one
vac (vacuum, vacate, evacuate) = empty
veri (verify, veracity) = true
viv/vit (vital, vivacious) = life
vol (benevolent, volunteer, volition) = will
xeno (xenophobia, xenophile) = strange/foreign/alien
zoo (zoology, zooplankton) = animal
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metathesis - change in pronunciation where two sounds switch places
	three / thirteen (the ‘r’ moved after the vowel)
	front / first (the ‘r’ moved)
	spec / scope (the ‘c’ and ‘p’ switched)
	comfortable / “comfterble” (the ‘r’ moved to the next syllable)
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TOEFL: 3.5 hours, four parts, 120 possible points (30/part), $205
1 reading: 54-72 minutes, 3-4 passages, 9-10 questions per passage
2 listening: 40-60 minutes, 2-3 conversations (5Q each), 3-4 lectures (6Q each)
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking: 17 minutes, 4 tasks, 3m45s speaking time, record your responses on the computer
4 writing: 55 minutes, 2 tasks, 20+30 minutes of typing time
- The test changed in August, 2019, but there are still no new books about it. The new test is a bit shorter in every section except writing, which didn’t change.
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Reading Question Types:
- fact/detail
- negative fact
- vocabulary (Which word is closest in meaning to ‘_____’?)
- purpose (Why does the author say _____?)
- inference (What can be inferred about _____?)
- reference/pronoun (What does _____ refer to?)
- paraphrase / sentence restatement (Which sentence best expresses the information?)
- sentence insertion (Where in the paragraph should this new sentence go?)
- summarize (Choose the three most important ideas from the passage.)
- organize/categorize
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Cambridge exercise R9 - Read each passage and decide if the following statements are true or false.
Then compare your answers with your partner’s. Try to convince them of your answers if you disagree.
1 A. T
  B. F
  C. T
  D. T
  E. F
  F. F - There was no construction in 1930, so it couldn’t have led to anything.
  G. F
  H. T
(We often say something is “cost-prohibitive” if it’s too expensive to do.)
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BREAK
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2 A. T
  B. F - This is the size of the animal, not the fossils.
  C. F
  D. T
  E. T
  F. F (The middle ear isn’t what’s in vestigial form, and they can recognize the source of sound because their bones are separated from each other.)
  G. T (“The separation of these bones in marine whales enables them to detect the direction.”)
  H. T (“The separation of these bones in marine whales” means whales that live in the sea have separated bones.)
- Even if you and your partners agree that a statement is false, make sure you can explain why it’s false.
3 A. T
  B. F
  C. F
  D. T
  E. T
  F. F (1 - it’s the hybrid potato, not the wild one; 2 - it just reduces aphid populations that much, not all insects)
  G. T (“check” or “keep in check” can mean stop or slow down the progress of something undesirable)
  H. T
4 A. F (“unmatched” means other violins can’t match its tonal quality, not the other way around)
  B. T
  C. T
  D. F
  E. F (The varnish, yes, but not its color.)
  F. T
  G. F
  H. T
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Longman p. 51 - Scan for key information in the text to answer each question in 30 seconds or less.
1 D (The numbers should eliminate the other three options.)
2 A
3 D
4 C
5 B
Do the same for the postage stamp (at least try to eliminate one or two incorrect answers, even if you can’t decide on the correct choice)
6 C
7 A
8 D
9 B
10 C
Clovis Culture
11 A
12 D
13 C
14 B
15 D
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Delta p. 20 exercise 1.1.A
1 A
2 C
3 D (A and C are the same, so they’re both wrong. Ground tissue “makes up the bulk of a plant”.)
4 B
5 A
6 C
7 B
8 C
9 D
10 B
exercise 1.1.B
1 D
2 D
3 A
4 C
5 C
6 B
7 B (However, “volcanically active area” is NOT the same as “active volcano”.)
8 B
9 C
10 A
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Homework: Cengage p. 35-42 (don’t worry too much about number 4)