#syria #chlorinegas infos

#syria #chlorinegas infos
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Know the properties of various poisonous gases that could be used for a gas attack. These include:[4]
Tear gas (lacrimators) - such as chloroacetophenone and ochlorobenzalmalononitrile; these are often used to disperse rioting crowds. They will impact the eyes, throat, nose, and sometimes skin.
Chlorine gas (choking gas) - bleach odor, yellow-green color. Also phosgene and diphosgene are choking gases.[5]
Mustard gas (vesicant or blister gas) - colorless, can smell of mustard/garlic/onions or have no smell.
Nerve gases - G-agents Sarin, Tabun, Soman and V-agents - odorless, colorless, and tasteless. The poisons enter through the skin, inhalation and ingestion, and death is very fast.
Sternutators (vomiting gases) - diphenylaminochloroarsine or adamsite, causes severe sneezing, coughing, nausea and vomiting.
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Method 1 of 2: Chlorine Gas
Survive a Gas Attack Step 2.jpg
1Be aware of any yellow-green gas floating around with the strong smell of bleach. Some soldiers in WWI described it as pepper and pineapple.[6] If you are exposed to chlorine gas, you may have trouble breathing or seeing and will feel a burning sensation. [7]
Survive a Gas Attack Step 3.jpg
2Move quickly into an area with clean air in order to minimize exposure to the gas.
If indoors, exit the building as quickly as possible.
If outdoors, move to the highest ground. Since chlorine gas is more dense than air, it will sink to the ground.[7]
Survive a Gas Attack Step 4.jpg
3Grab a cotton pad or any fabric and soak it in urine. Hold it up to your nose as a mask. The Canadian military survived the first large-scale chlorine gas attack in WWI by using urine instead of water, under the presumption that the urine crystallizes the gas[8]
Survive a Gas Attack Step 5.jpg
4Remove all clothing that may have been exposed to the gas, being sure not to let the clothes touch your face or head. Cut the clothes off so that they don't need to make additional contact with your skin as they're peeled off. Seal the clothes in plastic bags.[7]
Survive a Gas Attack Step 6.jpg
5Clean your body thoroughly with a lot of soap and water. Rinse your eyes with water if your vision is blurred or your eyes burn; if you wear contact lenses, throw them away. However, water mixed with Chlorine gas can turn into Hydrochloric acid, so be careful. [7]


Health effects of the free element and hazards[edit]
NFPA 704
fire diamond
 NFPA 704 four-colored diamond
030OX
Chlorine is a toxic gas that irritates the respiratory system. Because it is heavier than air, it tends to accumulate at the bottom of poorly ventilated spaces. Chlorine gas is a strong oxidizer, which may react with flammable materials.[66]

Chlorine is detectable with measuring devices in concentrations of as low as 0.2 parts per million (ppm), and by smell at 3 ppm. Coughing and vomiting may occur at 30 ppm and lung damage at 60 ppm. About 1000 ppm can be fatal after a few deep breaths of the gas.[24] Breathing lower concentrations can aggravate the respiratory system, and exposure to the gas can irritate the eyes.[67] The toxicity of chlorine comes from its oxidizing power. When chlorine is inhaled at concentrations above 30 ppm, it begins to react with water and cells, which change it into hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hypochlorous acid (HClO).

When used at specified levels for water disinfection, the reaction of chlorine with water is not a major concern for human health. Other materials present in the water may generate disinfection by-products that are associated with negative effects on human health,[68][69] however, the health risk is far lower than drinking undisinfected water.

Chlorine-iron fire[edit]
The element iron can combine with chlorine at high temperatures in a strong exothermic reaction, creating a chlorine-iron fire.[72][73] Chlorine-iron fires are a risk in chemical process plants, where much of the pipework used to carry chlorine gas is made of steel.

Use as a weapon[edit]
Main article: Poison gas in World War I
Chlorine gas, also known as bertholite, was first used as a weapon in World War I by Germany on April 22, 1915 in the Second Battle of Ypres.[61] As described by the soldiers it had a distinctive smell of a mixture between pepper and pineapple. It also tasted metallic and stung the back of the throat and chest. Chlorine can react with water in the mucosa of the lungs to form hydrochloric acid, an irritant that can be lethal. The damage done by chlorine gas can be prevented by the activated charcoal commonly found in gas masks, or other filtration methods, which makes the overall chance of death by chlorine gas much lower than those of other chemical weapons. It was pioneered by a German scientist later to be a Nobel laureate, Fritz Haber of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin, in collaboration with the German chemical conglomerate IG Farben, who developed methods for discharging chlorine gas against an entrenched enemy. It is alleged that Haber's role in the use of chlorine as a deadly weapon drove his wife, Clara Immerwahr, to suicide.[62] After its first use, chlorine was utilized by both sides as a chemical weapon, but it was soon replaced by the more deadly phosgene and mustard gas.[63]
Chlorine gas has also been used by insurgents against the local population and coalition forces in the Iraq War in the form of chlorine bombs. On March 17, 2007, for example, three chlorine-filled trucks were detonated in the Anbar province killing two and sickening over 350.[64] Other chlorine bomb attacks resulted in higher death tolls, with more than 30 deaths on two separate occasions.[65] Most of the deaths were caused by the force of the explosions rather than the effects of chlorine, since the toxic gas is readily dispersed and diluted in the atmosphere by the blast. The Iraqi authorities have tightened security for elemental chlorine, which is essential for providing safe drinking water to the population.

Physical characteristics of chlorine and its compounds[edit]


Chlorine, liquefied under a pressure of 7.4 bar at room temperature, displayed in a quartz ampule embedded in acrylic glass.
At standard temperature and pressure, two chlorine atoms form the diatomic molecule Cl2.[3] This is a yellow-green gas that has a distinctive strong odor, familiar to most from common household bleach.[4] The bonding between the two atoms is relatively weak (only 242.580 ± 0.004 kJ/mol), which makes the Cl2 molecule highly reactive. The boiling point at standard pressure is around −34 ˚C, but it can be liquefied at room temperature with pressures above 740 kPa (107 psi).[5]

Although elemental chlorine is yellow-green, chloride ion, in common with other halide ions, has no color in either minerals or solutions (example, table salt). Similarly, (again as with other halogens) chlorine atoms impart no color to organic chlorides when they replace hydrogen atoms in colorless organic compounds, such as tetrachloromethane. The melting point and density of these compounds is increased by substitution of hydrogen in place of chlorine. Compounds of chlorine with other halogens, however, as well as many chlorine oxides, are visibly colored.

Chemical characteristics[edit]
Along with fluorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine, chlorine is a member of the halogen series that forms the group 17 (formerly VII, VIIA, or VIIB) of the periodic table. Chlorine forms compounds with almost all of the elements to give compounds that are usually called chlorides. Chlorine gas reacts with most organic compounds, and will even sluggishly support the combustion of hydrocarbons.[6]

Hydrolysis of free chlorine or disproportionation in water[edit]
At 25 °C and atmospheric pressure, one liter of water dissolves 3.26 g or 1.125 L of gaseous chlorine.[7] Solutions of chlorine in water contain chlorine (Cl2), hydrochloric acid, and hypochlorous acid:

Cl2 + H2O is in equilibrium with HCl + HClO
This conversion to the right is called disproportionation, because the ingredient chlorine both increases and decreases in formal oxidation state. The solubility of chlorine in water is increased if the water contains dissolved alkali hydroxide, and in this way, chlorine bleach is produced.[8]

Cl2 + 2 OH– → ClO– + Cl– + H2O
Chlorine gas only exists in a neutral or acidic solution.