aid and counsel:
	Vassals, tenants, serfs, and knights could obtain a piece of the king's land in exchange for aid and counsel advice, including advice like how to do with land and how to manage people.

the feudal revolution:
	The feudal revolution is the fragmentation of power and the invention of more efficient ways to grow crops such as the heavy plow and the three field system (10th-11th century)

three field system:
	This is a regime of crop rotation used in medieval and early-modern Europe. Under this system, arable land was divided into three fields in which the first field was planted with wheat or rye during winter, the second field planted with peas, lentils, or beans, and the third left fallow in order to regain its nutrients. Under this system, one of the fields will be planted for 2 years and will rest for one. Previously a two field system had been in place with half the land being left fallow. Therefore, the three field system allowed farmers to plant more crops and therefore increase production. With more crops available to sell, this helped the economy thrive.

heavy plough:
	Invention that made it possible to harness areas with clay soil. Moreover, clay soil was more fertile than lighter soil types, therefore this led to prosperity and created a breeding ground for economic growth and cities. This also sparked population growth and more trading activities.

rise of towns:
	This occurred during the 12th century along with the increase in trading activities. Merchants settled on the outskirts of towns and castles served as a nucleus of society, entertainment, and goods. The emergence of towns also led to a new social class called the Bourgeoisie who do not depend on the arrangements of land.

Cluny and monastic reform:
	Before 910, the church was very corrupt. Those who pray were high on the social ladder and were able to buy themselves offices in the church. Their sons were then able to inherit their offices, which is ironic because they had children even though they were not supposed to have sex. In 910, William of Aquitaine donated money to build Cluny, a church to purify the Catholic from the sins of the lay people (sex, corruption, buying offices). This marked the beginning of the monastic reform.

Leo 9th:
	He was a bishop appointed by Henry the 3rd and set out to reform the church under his own control. He sponsored a canon law textbook that emphasized the pope’s power.

Gregory 7th:
	He was one of the cluniac reformers who enters a conflict with Henry the 4th (Investiture controversy). This was resolved in the Concordat of Worms in which the king and pope compromised what powers they had. The king gave up control over the spiritual world, but retained the right to be present when bishops were elected.

Anonymous of York:
	This is the name given to the author of a collection of treatises, the Tractatus Eboracenses, dealing with the relationship between kings and the Catholic Church. The author offered some of the most strongly worded defences of royal authority and even superiority to the Catholic Church ever uttered in the medieval West.

Anselm of Canterbury:
	Anselm of Canterbusy was a bishop during the 11th century who made the first attempt by a member of the church to make a logical argument for the existence of God. Even someone who does not believe in God can conceive of God as a being in which nothing is greater. Existence is greater than non existence. God must exist.

Heloise and Abelard:
	Abelard is a 12th century philospher who fell in love with Heloise, his student who is 20 years younger than him. Heloise becomes pregnant, and her crazy uncle castrated Abelard because he wants Heloise. Heloise escapes and becomes a nun and Abelard a monk. Even though they are separated, their love continues to endue through letters as they wrote to each other for 20 years. 600 years later, Josephine Bonaparte orders them to be buried together at a cemetery in Paris.

Thomas Aquinas:
	He was the most significant philosopher of the late Middle Ages in the 13th century. He was a Catholic philosopher who tried to incorporate the writings of Aristotle into Christianity. He was also a scholastic who was involved with scholasticism, the working of using reason and senses with faith and revelation to reach middle ground. Scholaticism is the groundwork for present day debating.

The revival of Roman law:
	Roman law stressed the importance of public places over and against feudalism. This gave more power to the king or ruler because Lex Regia (Ruler is the Law). The revival of roman law also led to justice and city laws becoming more common.

Albigensians:
	They were associated with the Catharist (Puritan) movement, and flourished in southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries. They saw the universe as a struggle between good and evil, in which the physical world was inherently corrupt and evil, and the spiritual universe was the realm of the good God. The more closely tied to the world an individual was, through links of food and possessions, the more one was trapped and inhibited in spiritual growth by its corruption. The Christian church was perceived as evil and renounced by the Albigensians. The church hierarchy took strenuous action against this heresy, including a crusade called by Pope Innocent III in 1209 to wipe out the Albigensian movement.

Gothic architecture:
	This is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture, with characteristics including the pointed arch, the ribbed vault, big windows, and the flying buttress. This is the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys, and churches of Europe.