"collections.namedtuple implementation without using exec."
from collections import OrderedDict
from keyword import iskeyword
from operator import itemgetter
import itertools
import sys

__all__ = ['NamedTuple', 'namedtuple']


class NamedTuple(type):
    """Metaclass for a new subclass of tuple with named fields.

    >>> class Point(metaclass=NamedTuple):
    ...     _fields = ['x', 'y']
    ...
    >>> Point.__doc__                   # docstring for the new class
    'Point(x, y)'
    >>> p = Point(11, y=22)             # instantiate with positional args or keywords
    >>> p[0] + p[1]                     # indexable like a plain tuple
    33
    >>> x, y = p                        # unpack like a regular tuple
    >>> x, y
    (11, 22)
    >>> p.x + p.y                       # fields also accessable by name
    33
    >>> d = p._asdict()                 # convert to a dictionary
    >>> d['x']
    11
    >>> Point(**d)                      # convert from a dictionary
    Point(x=11, y=22)
    >>> p._replace(x=100)               # _replace() is like str.replace() but targets named fields
    Point(x=100, y=22)

    """

    def __new__(meta, classname, bases, classdict):
        if '_fields' not in classdict:
            raise ValueError("NamedTuple must have _fields attribute.")
        if tuple not in bases:
            bases = tuple(itertools.chain(itertools.repeat(tuple, 1), bases))
        for pos, name in enumerate(classdict['_fields']):
            classdict[name] = property(itemgetter(pos),
                    doc='Alias for field number {0:d}'.format(pos))
        classdict.update(meta.NAMESPACE)
        classdict['__doc__'] = '{0:s}({1:s})'.format(classname,
                repr(classdict['_fields']).replace("'", "")[1:-1])
        cls = type.__new__(meta, classname, bases, classdict)
        cls._make = classmethod(cls._make)
        return cls

    def _new(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        'Create new instance of {0:s}({1:s})'.format(cls.__name__, cls.__doc__)
        expected = len(cls._fields)
        received = len(args) + len(kwargs)
        if received != expected:
            raise TypeError('__new__() takes exactly {0:d} arguments ({1:d} given)'.format(received, expected))
        values = itertools.chain(args,
                (kwargs[name] for name in cls._fields[len(args):]))
        return tuple.__new__(cls, values)

    def _make(cls, iterable, new=tuple.__new__, len=len):
        'Make a new {0:s} object from a sequence or iterable'.format(cls.__name__)
        result = new(cls, iterable)
        if len(result) != len(cls._fields):
            raise TypeError('Expected {0:d} arguments, got {1:d}'.format(
                len(cls._fields), len(result)))
        return result

    def _repr(self):
        'Return a nicely formatted representation string'
        keywords = ', '.join('{0:s}={1!r:s}'.format(self._fields[i], self[i])
                for i in itertools.islice(itertools.count(), len(self._fields)))
        classname = self.__class__.__name__
        return '{0:s}({1:s})'.format(classname, keywords)

    def _asdict(self):
        'Return a new OrderedDict which maps field names to their values'
        return OrderedDict(zip(self._fields, self))

    def _replace(self, **kwargs):
        'Return a new {0:s} object replacing specified fields with new values'.format(self.__class__.__name__)
        result = self._make(map(kwargs.pop, self._fields, self))
        if kwargs:
            raise ValueError('Got unexpected field names: {0:r}'.format(kwargs.keys()))
        return result

    def _getnewargs(self):
        'Return self as a plain tuple. Used by copy and pickle.'
        return tuple(self)

    NAMESPACE = {
            '__slots__': (),
            '__new__': _new,
            '_make': _make,
            '__repr__': _repr,
            '_asdict': _asdict,
            '_replace': _replace,
            '__getnewargs__': _getnewargs,
    }


def namedtuple(typename, field_names, rename=False):
    """Returns a new subclass of tuple with named fields.

    >>> Point = namedtuple('Point', 'x y')
    >>> Point.__doc__                   # docstring for the new class
    'Point(x, y)'
    >>> p = Point(11, y=22)             # instantiate with positional args or keywords
    >>> p[0] + p[1]                     # indexable like a plain tuple
    33
    >>> x, y = p                        # unpack like a regular tuple
    >>> x, y
    (11, 22)
    >>> p.x + p.y                       # fields also accessable by name
    33
    >>> d = p._asdict()                 # convert to a dictionary
    >>> d['x']
    11
    >>> Point(**d)                      # convert from a dictionary
    Point(x=11, y=22)
    >>> p._replace(x=100)               # _replace() is like str.replace() but targets named fields
    Point(x=100, y=22)

    """
    if hasattr(field_names, 'split'):
        field_names = field_names.replace(',', ' ').split()
    if rename:
        names = list(field_names)
        seen = set()
        for i, name in enumerate(names):
            if (not all(c.isalnum() or c == '_' for c in name) or iskeyword(name)
                or not name or name[0].isdigit() or name.startswith('_')
                or name in seen):
                names[i] = '_%d' % i
            seen.add(name)
        field_names = tuple(names)
    for name in (typename,) + field_names:
        if not all(c.isalnum() or c == '_' for c in name):
            raise ValueError('Type names and field names can only contain alphanumeric characters and underscores: {0!r:s}'.format(name))
        if iskeyword(name):
            raise ValueError('Type names and field names cannot be a keyword: {0!r:s}'.format(name))
        if name[0].isdigit():
            raise ValueError('Type names and field names cannot start with a number: {0!r:s}'.format(name))
    seen_names = set()
    for name in field_names:
        if name.startswith('_') and not rename:
            raise ValueError('Field names cannot start with an underscore: {0!r:s}'.format(name))
        if name in seen_names:
            raise ValueError('Encountered duplicate field name: {0!r:s}'.format(name))
        seen_names.add(name)

    result = NamedTuple.__new__(NamedTuple, typename, (tuple, object), {'_fields': tuple(field_names)})

    # For pickling to work, the __module__ variable needs to be set to the frame
    # where the named tuple is created.  Bypass this step in enviroments where
    # sys._getframe is not defined (Jython for example) or sys._getframe is not
    # defined for arguments greater than 0 (IronPython).
    try:
        result.__module__ = sys._getframe(1).f_globals.get('__name__', '__main__')
    except (AttributeError, ValueError):
        pass

    return result


if __name__ == '__main__':
    class Test(object, metaclass=NamedTuple):
        _fields = ('alpha', 'beta', 'charlie')

    t = Test(1, 2, charlie=3)
    print('doc:', t.__doc__)
    print('repr:', repr(t))
    print('asdict:', t._asdict())
    print('replace:', t._replace(alpha=4))
    print('make:', Test._make([1, 2, 3]))

    Zoo = namedtuple('Zoo', 'lions tigers bears', rename=True)
    z = Zoo(8, 9, 10)
    print(z)
    print('lions:', z.lions)
    print('tigers:', z.tigers)
    print('bears:', z.bears)