2019-07-09 TOEFL: word roots, reading inference

https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-makes-tb-the-world-s-most-infectious-killer-melvin-sanicas
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Word Roots (list 2) - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
cert (certain, ascertain, certificate) = sure/proof
chrom (monochrome, achromatic) = color
chron (chronological, anachronism, synchronize) = time
circum (circumscribe, circumspect, circumnavigate) = around
claim/clam (exclaim, proclamation, clamor) = shout/yell
clar (clarify, declare) = clear
cline (inclination, decline, recline) = lean
co (coworker, coeducational, coauthor, copilot) = together
          	col before L: (collaborate, colleague)
          	com before M, P, B: (communicate, composition, combine)
          	cor before R: (correlate, corroborate)
          	con before other consonants: (concave, condone, confer, congratulate, conjoin, conquer)
          	(co before vowels, H, and in new words)
cogni (cognizance, incognito, recognize) = know
contra (contrast, contradict, controversy) = against (This is formed as “con+tra”, similarly to “in+tra”, “ex+tra”, and “re+tro”.)
corp (corporation, corpse, incorporate) = body
cred (credible, credit, credulous) = believe/trust
crypto (cryptography, cryptic, encrypt) = hide (Nowadays, many words with this root have to do with cryptography (making and breaking codes).)
de/di (decelerate, dethrone, decrease, divide, diverge) = down/away/apart
dem/demo (demographics, democracy, epidemic) = people
di (dilemma, dihedral) = two
dia (diameter, dialect) = through/between
dict (dictator, dictionary, contradict) = say/tell
domin (dominate, dominion, predominate) = master
don (donate, pardon) = give
duce/duct (introduction, deduct, conduct) = lead/take
dyna (dynamic, dynamite, dynasty) = power/movement
dys (dystopia, dyslexia) = bad
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English is difficult. It can be understood through tough thorough thought, though.
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TOEFL: 4 sections, 120 points total, 30 per section, $205
(Note: The test will change on August 1. Some sections will be slightly shorter.)
1 reading: 3-4 passages, 60-80 minutes, 12-14 questions per passage
2 listening: 6-9 listenings in 2 or 3 sets (each set has 3 listenings: 1 conversation, 1 lecture, 1 discussion, 17 questions, 10 minutes to answer)
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking: 6 tasks, 20 minutes total, 5.5 minutes of speaking time
4 writing: 2 tasks, about 55 minutes toal, 20+30 minutes of writing time
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AFTER AUGUST 1:
reading - each passage will have 10 questions, total time will be 54 or 72 minutes
listening - 3-4 lectures/discussions instead of 4-6 (still 2-3 conversations, still 5Q/convo, 6Q/lecture)
speaking - 4 tasks (1 independent, 3 integrated)
(writing - no change)
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https://www.toeflresources.com/changes-to-the-toefl-in-2018-and-2019
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BREAK
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Reading Question Types:
- inference
- vocabulary
- fact/detail
- negative fact
- purpose
- paraphrase (sentence restatement)
- reference (pronoun)
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize
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Inference Questions (Cambridge and Cengage)
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R15 - Identify the correct inference(s) from each statement. (Which answer choices must be true, based on the information in the statement?)
1 C
2 B D
3 B D
4 A B (floating nest -> floating in water -> aquatic bird)
5 B C
6 B D (“electronic and other means” = there are various ways)
7 A C (A weed is any plant that is unwanted for a particular situation.)
8 B C (Morphine is “unsurpassed”, so it’s better than any other chemical. That includes cocaine.)
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R16 - You can do this on your own. Skim the paragraphs to find the information you’d need to make each correct inference.
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R17 - Can you infer the information from the sentences?
1 Yes (If they’re now discovering it, they weren’t told about it before.)
2 Yes
3 No
4 Yes (“the rest” = the 9 that weren’t already mentioned)
5 No (The sentence doesn’t tell us anything about other antibiotics.)
6 Yes
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post hoc ergo propter hoc = “after this therefore because of this”
	(An incorrect inference that B happened after A, so it must have happened because of A.)
https://tylervigen.com/discover - Find things that (randomly) correlate closely.
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Cengage exercise 3.1 - Choose the correct inference from each short paragraph.
1 B
2 C
3 C
4 C (Not A because the Sun is the closest star.)
5 A
6 B
7 A
8 C
9 B
10 A
11 B
12 A
13 C
14 C
15 A
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Homework: Cengage exercise 3.2, passages 2-4 (questions 6-34)