2019-03-20 TOEFL: reading ins, listening function

Greg Malivuk
gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Homework: Oxford p. 76-78 - Answer these reference and insertion questions about fast food.
1 d (If it were ‘c’, the prepostion should be “with” rather than “in”.)
2 c (Not ‘b’ because it should come after the first example expanding on high-calorie food. Not ‘d’ because that breaks the connection of addictive compounds to the beginning of the next paragraph.)
3 d
4 a (They’re comparing the brain activity on food substances to the brain activity on drugs.)
5 c
6 b (The new sentence introduces the idea of looking at a typical serving, and the sentence after B gives specific details about the serving.)
7 b (The sentence is about all endogenous opioids, of which beta-endorphins are just one example. The sentences would have the same meaning if we removed the specific example.)
8 d
9 b
10 d (Any other position interrupts the discussion of dopamine.)
11 a (This is the only plural noun in the first half of the sentence. If we introduce a new plural in a sentence, a later “their” can’t refer back to a plural from a previous sentence.)
12 c (Both parts of the previous sentence together are what suggest increase tolerance.)
13 b
14 b (These are specific withdrawal symptoms they experienced.)
15 d (Like number 12, “this” refers to both parts of the observation.)
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A pronoun in a new sentence or clause generally refers to the most recent noun it can, with the same role in the sentence (subject or object).
	This drug doesn’t relieve stress. It (the drug) causes it (stress).
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GOOD: I lived in Mexico for a year. This is why I know Spanish.
GOOD: I lived in Mexico for a year; this is why I know Spanish. (; can divide independent clauses)
GOOD: I lived in Mexico for a year, which is why I know Spanish.
BAD: I lived in Mexico for a year, this is why I know Spanish. (comma splice - , can’t divide ind. clauses)
BAD: I lived in Mexico for a year. Which is why I know spanish. (the second is a fragment)
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I like all my students, who do their homework.
	(The comma means the relative clause is non-restrictive. It doesn’t change the meaning of the noun phrase in the original sentence.)
	= I like all my students. All my students do their homework.
I like all my students who do their homework.
	(No comma means the relative clause is restrictive. It narrows the meaning of the noun phrase.)
	= Not all of my students do their homework. I like the ones who do (and I’m not speaking about the others).
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Dave is my dad, who lives in Michigan. - I have one dad. The fact that he lives in Michigan is extra.
Dave is my friend who lives in Michigan. - I have many friends. The fact that Dave lives in Michigan identifies which friend he is.
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Double comparatives show that two things change together:
The heftier the individual, the fewer dopamine receptors are present.
The higher they rise, the harder they fall.
The bigger the house, the more expensive it is to heat.
The bigger, the better.
The more, the merrier.
https://www.thoughtco.com/double-comparatives-1210274
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BREAK
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Listening Question Types:
- main idea (content or purpose)
- attitude
- detail
- purpose/method
- replay (function)
- prediction
- inference
- complete chart/table  (like detail)
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Function questions (listen again and answer the question)
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Cengage p. 321 exercise 12.1 - Listen to parts of conversations and decide if each statement is true or false.
1 T - They’re both being sarcastic.
2 F
3 T
4 T
5 F - “Spick and span” means very clean.
6 T
7 T
8 F
9 T - “We can’t go on to complex numbers until we get this right.”
10 F
11 T - “Well, I’ve been digressing. No more about [the off-topic digression].”
12 F - “I know I didn’t give you a maximum, but some of these were ridiculous.” = Some of them were too long.
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exercise 12.2 - Answer the function questions about conversations.
1 A
2 A
3 B - “I guess you could call it ‘art’.” = she doesn’t like it
4 B - “The way the children paint has rubbed off on her.” = The way they paint has changed the way she paints (to be more similar to the way they paint).
5 D - “That’s right up my alley” = That’s perfect for my interests and preferences.
6 A
7 D - “I hate to say this”
8 C - “Don’t even get me started”
9 A - “Okay, you’ve sold me”
10 C
11 D
12 C
13 B - “I get the picture”
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Homework: exercise 12.3