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  2. <answerkey xmlns="http://www.ibm.com/xmlns/deepqa/answerKey">
  3.     <question id="1000000287" lang="en" ref="" text="Sensitizing stimuli result in the release of what?">
  4.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  5.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Learning and Memory (Section 4, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">neurotransmitter serotonin</literal>
  6.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  7.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  8.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  9.         <tag>sec4ch7</tag>
  10.     </question>
  11.     <question id="1000000378" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the most common transmitter with inhibitory actions?">
  12.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  13.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synaptic Transmission in the Central Nervous System (Section 1, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The most common transmitter with inhibitory actions is gamma amino butyric acid (GABA).</literal>
  14.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  15.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  16.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  17.     </question>
  18.     <question id="1000000230" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the medial forebrain bundle (MFB)?">
  19.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  20.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Central Control of the Autonomic Nervous System and Thermoregulation (Section 4, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the primary route for input to the hypothalamus from the septal nuclei and basal forebrain limbic structures.</literal>
  21.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  22.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  23.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  24.         <tag>sec4ch3</tag>
  25.     </question>
  26.     <question id="1000000442" lang="en" ref="" text="How does crossed extension reflex make the flexor reflex adaptive?">
  27.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  28.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Spinal &lt;b>Reflexes&lt;/b> and Descending Motor Pathways (Section 3, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Because the weight of the body is supported by both legs, the flexor reflex must coordinate the activity not only of the leg being withdrawn but also of the opposite leg (Figure 2.6). Imagine stepping on a tack, and having the flexor reflex withdraw your right leg immediately. The left leg must simultaneously extend in order to support the body weight that would have been supported by the right leg. Without this coordination of the two legs, the shift in body mass would cause a loss of balance. Thus, the flexor reflex incorporates a crossed extension reflex.</literal>
  29.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  30.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  31.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  32.     </question>
  33.     <question id="1000000175" lang="en" ref="" text="How is genetic mapping of an unknown locus is established?">
  34.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  35.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Genetics&lt;/b> and Neuronal Disease (Section 1, Chapter 15) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">by examining the frequency with which it cosegregates with other previously mapped genetic markers</literal>
  36.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  37.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  38.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  39.     </question>
  40.     <question id="1000000033" lang="en" ref="" text="How can an indication of the changes in membrane potential be obtained?">
  41.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  42.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Resting &lt;b>Potentials&lt;/b> and Action &lt;b>Potentials&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">By placing electrodes on the surface of a nerve, it is possible to obtain an indication of the changes in membrane potential that are occurring between the outside and inside of the nerve cell.</literal>
  43.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  44.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  45.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  46.     </question>
  47.     <question id="1000000505" lang="en" ref="" text="Serotonin is considered what type of neurotransmitter?">
  48.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  49.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000138">
  50.         </mappedQuestion>
  51.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  52.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  53.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  54.     </question>
  55.     <question id="1000000118" lang="en" ref="" text="What is vesicle trafficking during neurosecretion is regulated by?">
  56.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  57.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Transport and the Molecular Mechanism of Secretion (Section 1, Chapter 10) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Ca influx</literal>
  58.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  59.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  60.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  61.     </question>
  62.     <question id="1000000231" lang="en" ref="" text="The primary route for input to the hypothalamus from the septal nuclei and basal forebrain limbic structures is called what?">
  63.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  64.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Central Control of the Autonomic Nervous System and Thermoregulation (Section 4, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The medial forebrain bundle</literal>
  65.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Central Control of the Autonomic Nervous System and Thermoregulation (Section 4, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">MFB</literal>
  66.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  67.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  68.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  69.         <tag>sec4ch3</tag>
  70.     </question>
  71.     <question id="1000000377" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the synaptic potential in a spinal motor neuron?">
  72.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  73.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Synaptic&lt;/b> Transmission in the Central Nervous System (Section 1, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">only about 1 mV</literal>
  74.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  75.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  76.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  77.     </question>
  78.     <question id="1000000174" lang="en" ref="" text="What is genetic mapping?">
  79.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  80.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Genetics&lt;/b> and Neuronal Disease (Section 1, Chapter 15) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">A procedure by which any genetic trait is localized in the genome based on its segregation pattern with another marker or set of markers</literal>
  81.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  82.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  83.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  84.     </question>
  85.     <question id="1000000441" lang="en" ref="" text="What is reciprocal inhibition in the flexor reflex?">
  86.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  87.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Spinal &lt;b>Reflexes&lt;/b> and Descending Motor Pathways (Section 3, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">When the knee joints and the hip joints are flexed, the antagonist extensor muscles must be inhibited (just as in the stretch reflex). Thus, the Group III afferents innervate inhibitory interneurons that in turn innervate the alpha motor neurons controlling the antagonist muscle.</literal>
  88.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  89.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  90.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  91.     </question>
  92.     <question id="1000000032" lang="en" ref="" text="what is pain?">
  93.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  94.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Pain&lt;/b> Principles (Section 2, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Pain is a submodality of somatic sensation. The word "pain" is used to describe a wide range of unpleasant sensory and emotional experiences associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Nature has made sure that pain is a signal we cannot ignore. Pain information is transmitted to the CNS via three major pathways</literal>
  95.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  96.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  97.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  98.         <tag>sec2ch6</tag>
  99.     </question>
  100.     <question id="1000000506" lang="en" ref="" text="Where is melatonin located?">
  101.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  102.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000139">
  103.         </mappedQuestion>
  104.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  105.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  106.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  107.     </question>
  108.     <question id="1000000117" lang="en" ref="" text="What is Iontophoresis?">
  109.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  110.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synapic Transmission at the Skeletal Neuromuscular Junction (Section 1, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Iontophoresis is an interesting technique that can be used to further test the hypothesis that ACh is the neurotransmitter substance at the neuromuscular junction.</literal>
  111.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  112.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  113.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  114.     </question>
  115.     <question id="1000000380" lang="en" ref="" text="When was it discovered that most synapses are extremely plastic?">
  116.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  117.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synaptic Plasticity (Section 1, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">past forty years</literal>
  118.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  119.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  120.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  121.     </question>
  122.     <question id="1000000120" lang="en" ref="" text="Where does the cycle of neurotransmitter vesicles begin?">
  123.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  124.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Transport and the Molecular Mechanism of Secretion (Section 1, Chapter 10) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">ER</literal>
  125.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  126.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  127.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  128.     </question>
  129.     <question id="1000000176" lang="en" ref="" text="What is linkage analysis?">
  130.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  131.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Genetics and Neuronal Disease (Section 1, Chapter 15) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">a sequential procedure where data is collected until linkage is detected or refuted</literal>
  132.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  133.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  134.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  135.     </question>
  136.     <question id="1000000232" lang="en" ref="" text="Which syndrome may be related to Parkinson’s disease?">
  137.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  138.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Central Control of the Autonomic Nervous System and Thermoregulation (Section 4, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Shy-Drager Syndrome</literal>
  139.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  140.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  141.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  142.         <tag>sec4ch3</tag>
  143.     </question>
  144.     <question id="1000000444" lang="en" ref="" text="What are descending motor pathways?">
  145.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  146.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Spinal Reflexes and &lt;b>Descending&lt;/b> &lt;b>Motor&lt;/b> &lt;b>Pathways&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The reflex circuits demonstrate that sophisticated neural processing occurs at the lowest level of the motor hierarchy. These automatic reflexes can be modulated, however, by higher levels of the hierarchy. For example, when touching an iron to see if it is hot, your flexor reflex may be hypersensitive. As a result, you pull your hand away repeatedly before even touching the iron, anticipating that it may be hot. Conversely, if you remove a hot dish from the oven and the heat starts to go through the oven mitt, you will suppress the flexor response so that you do not drop your dinner as you rush to put it down on a table. These modulations (both facilitatory and inhibitory) of the spinal reflexes arise from the descending pathways from the brainstem and cortex. Voluntary movement and some sensory-driven reflex actions are also controlled by the descending pathways.</literal>
  147.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  148.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  149.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  150.     </question>
  151.     <question id="1000000507" lang="en" ref="" text="Dopamine is represented by what abbreviation?">
  152.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  153.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000140">
  154.         </mappedQuestion>
  155.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  156.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  157.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  158.     </question>
  159.     <question id="1000000288" lang="en" ref="" text="What is a principle of short-term memory sensitization?">
  160.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  161.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Learning and &lt;b>Memory&lt;/b> (Section 4, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">learning involves the engagement of second messenger systems</literal>
  162.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Learning and &lt;b>Memory&lt;/b> (Section 4, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">memory involves the modulation of neuronal membrane channels</literal>
  163.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  164.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  165.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  166.         <tag>sec4ch7</tag>
  167.     </question>
  168.     <question id="1000000031" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the repolarization phase?">
  169.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  170.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Resting Potentials and Action Potentials (Section 1, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The return of the membrane potential to the resting potential is called the repolarization phase.</literal>
  171.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  172.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  173.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  174.     </question>
  175.     <question id="1000000379" lang="en" ref="" text="Historically, what was the role of the synapse thought to be?">
  176.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  177.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synaptic Plasticity (Section 1, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Historically, it was generally thought that the role of the synapse was to simply transfer information between one neuron and another neuron or between a neuron and a muscle cell.</literal>
  178.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  179.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  180.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  181.     </question>
  182.     <question id="1000000508" lang="en" ref="" text="What does norepinephrine work on?">
  183.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  184.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000141">
  185.         </mappedQuestion>
  186.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  187.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  188.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  189.     </question>
  190.     <question id="1000000233" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the depletion-repletion hypothesis essentially based on?">
  191.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  192.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Central Control of Feeding Behavior (Section 4, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the idea of a caloric set-point</literal>
  193.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  194.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  195.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  196.         <tag>sec4ch4</tag>
  197.     </question>
  198.     <question id="1000000443" lang="en" ref="" text="What are renshaw cells?">
  199.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  200.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Spinal Reflexes and Descending Motor Pathways (Section 3, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Axons of alpha motor neurons bifurcate in the spinal cord and innervate a special inhibitory interneuron called the Renshaw cell (Figure 2.7). This interneuron innervates and inhibits the very same motor neuron that caused it to fire. Thus, a motor neuron regulates its own activity by inhibiting itself when it fires. This negative feedback loop is thought to stabilize the firing rate of motor neurons.</literal>
  201.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  202.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  203.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  204.     </question>
  205.     <question id="1000000119" lang="en" ref="" text="How is unregulated vesicle trafficking termed?">
  206.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  207.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Transport and the Molecular Mechanism of Secretion (Section 1, Chapter 10) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">constitutive</literal>
  208.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  209.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  210.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  211.     </question>
  212.     <question id="1000000289" lang="en" ref="" text="What is one of the most elaborate cognitive behaviors?">
  213.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  214.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Higher Cortical Functions: Language (Section 4, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Language</literal>
  215.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  216.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  217.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  218.         <tag>sec4ch8</tag>
  219.     </question>
  220.     <question id="1000000178" lang="en" ref="" text="How is the CNS divided?">
  221.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  222.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Overview of the Nervous System (Section 2, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">into the brain and the spinal cord</literal>
  223.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  224.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  225.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  226.     </question>
  227.     <question id="1000000382" lang="en" ref="" text="How many general forms of synaptic plasticity are there?">
  228.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  229.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Synaptic&lt;/b> &lt;b>Plasticity&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">There are two general forms of synaptic plasticity</literal>
  230.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  231.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  232.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  233.     </question>
  234.     <question id="1000000226" lang="en" ref="" text="Which hypothalamus is especially involved in cardiovascular control?">
  235.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  236.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Central &lt;b>Control&lt;/b> of the Autonomic Nervous System and Thermoregulation (Section 4, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The lateral hypothalamus</literal>
  237.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  238.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  239.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  240.         <tag>sec4ch3</tag>
  241.     </question>
  242.     <question id="1000000290" lang="en" ref="" text="What is language?">
  243.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  244.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Higher Cortical Functions: &lt;b>Language&lt;/b> (Section 4, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">communication through words or symbols for words</literal>
  245.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  246.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  247.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  248.         <tag>sec4ch8</tag>
  249.     </question>
  250.     <question id="1000000037" lang="en" ref="" text="what are the skin nociceptors?">
  251.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  252.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Pain Principles (Section 2, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Skin nociceptors may be divided into four categories based on function. The first type is termed high threshold mechanonociceptors or specific nociceptors. These nociceptors respond only to intense mechanical stimulation such as pinching, cutting or stretching. The second type is the thermal nociceptors, which respond to the above stimuli as well as to thermal stimuli. The third type is chemical nociceptors, which respond only to chemical substances (Figure 6.2). A fourth type is known as polymodal nociceptors, which respond to high intensity stimuli such as mechanical, thermal and to chemical substances like the previous three types. A characteristic feature of nociceptors is their tendency to be sensitized by prolonged stimulation, making them respond to other sensations as well.</literal>
  253.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  254.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  255.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  256.         <tag>sec2ch6</tag>
  257.     </question>
  258.     <question id="1000000509" lang="en" ref="" text="What is modulated in the ganglia by DA?">
  259.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  260.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000142">
  261.         </mappedQuestion>
  262.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  263.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  264.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  265.     </question>
  266.     <question id="1000000114" lang="en" ref="" text="What controls the duration of the EPSP at the neuromuscular junction?">
  267.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  268.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synapic Transmission at the Skeletal &lt;b>Neuromuscular&lt;/b> &lt;b>Junction&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Two factors control the duration of the EPSP at the neuromuscular junction. First, ACh is removed by diffusion. Second, a substance in the synaptic cleft, called acetylcholinesterase (AChE), hydrolyzes or breaks down ACh.</literal>
  269.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  270.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  271.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  272.     </question>
  273.     <question id="1000000177" lang="en" ref="" text="How is the nervous system is divided?">
  274.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  275.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Overview of the &lt;b>Nervous&lt;/b> &lt;b>System&lt;/b> (Section 2, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)</literal>
  276.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  277.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  278.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  279.     </question>
  280.     <question id="1000000437" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the autogenic inhibition reflex?">
  281.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  282.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Spinal &lt;b>Reflexes&lt;/b> and Descending Motor Pathways (Section 3, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The Golgi tendon organ is involved in a spinal reflex known as the autogenic inhibition reflex (Figure 2.3). When tension is applied to a muscle, the Group Ib fibers that innervate the Golgi tendon organ are activated. These afferents have their cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia, and they project into the spinal cord and synapse onto an interneuron called the Ib inhibitory interneuron. This interneuron makes an inhibitory synapse onto the alpha motor neuron that innervates the same muscle that caused the Ib afferent to fire.</literal>
  283.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  284.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  285.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  286.     </question>
  287.     <question id="1000000227" lang="en" ref="" text="The lateral hypothalamus controls what?">
  288.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  289.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Central &lt;b>Control&lt;/b> of the Autonomic Nervous System and Thermoregulation (Section 4, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">cardiovascular control as well as in control of feeding, satiety and insulin release.</literal>
  290.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  291.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  292.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  293.         <tag>sec4ch3</tag>
  294.     </question>
  295.     <question id="1000000381" lang="en" ref="" text="What does synapse plasticity mean?">
  296.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  297.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synaptic &lt;b>Plasticity&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">they are able to change their strength as a result of either their own activity or through activity in another pathway.</literal>
  298.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  299.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  300.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  301.     </question>
  302.     <question id="1000000291" lang="en" ref="" text="What are words?">
  303.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  304.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Higher Cortical Functions: Language (Section 4, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">an association between a sound and meaning</literal>
  305.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  306.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  307.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  308.         <tag>sec4ch8</tag>
  309.     </question>
  310.     <question id="1000000036" lang="en" ref="" text="What is Nernst Equilibrium Potential?">
  311.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  312.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Resting &lt;b>Potentials&lt;/b> and Action &lt;b>Potentials&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">K will naturally move by diffusion from its region of high concentration to its region of low concentration. Consequently, the positive K ions leaving the inner surface of the membrane leave behind some negatively charged ions. That negative charge attracts the positive charge of the K ion that is leaving and tends to "pull it back". Thus, there will be an electrical force directed inward that will tend to counterbalance the diffusional force directed outward. Eventually, an equilibrium will be established; the concentration force moving K out will balance the electrical force holding it in. The potential at which that balance is achieved is called the Nernst Equilibrium Potential.</literal>
  313.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  314.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  315.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  316.     </question>
  317.     <question id="1000000510" lang="en" ref="" text="Epinephrine and norepinephrine are that type of agents?">
  318.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  319.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000143">
  320.         </mappedQuestion>
  321.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  322.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  323.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  324.     </question>
  325.     <question id="1000000113" lang="en" ref="" text="What causes acetylcholine to be released into the synaptic cleft?">
  326.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  327.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synapic Transmission at the Skeletal Neuromuscular Junction (Section 1, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">A nerve action potential that is initiated in the cell body of a spinal motor neuron propagates out the ventral roots and eventually invades the synaptic terminals of the motor neurons. As a result of the action potential, the chemical transmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is released into the synaptic cleft.</literal>
  328.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  329.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  330.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  331.     </question>
  332.     <question id="1000000228" lang="en" ref="" text="The principal pathway of the hypothalamus in the central autonomic network is what?">
  333.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  334.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Central&lt;/b> Control of the &lt;b>Autonomic&lt;/b> Nervous System and Thermoregulation (Section 4, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF)</literal>
  335.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  336.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  337.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  338.         <tag>sec4ch3</tag>
  339.     </question>
  340.     <question id="1000000180" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the prosencephalon?">
  341.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  342.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Overview of the Nervous System (Section 2, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">forebrain</literal>
  343.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  344.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  345.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  346.     </question>
  347.     <question id="1000000035" lang="en" ref="" text="where are the cell bodies of the nociceptors?">
  348.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  349.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Pain Principles (Section 2, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The cell bodies of nociceptors are mainly in the dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia. No nociceptors are found inside the CNS.</literal>
  350.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  351.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  352.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  353.     </question>
  354.     <question id="1000000116" lang="en" ref="" text="How are patients with myasthenia gravis treated?">
  355.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  356.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synapic Transmission at the Skeletal Neuromuscular Junction (Section 1, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Neostigmine and other inhibitors of AChE are used to treat patients with myasthenia gravis.</literal>
  357.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  358.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  359.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  360.     </question>
  361.     <question id="1000000440" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the flexor reflex?">
  362.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  363.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Spinal &lt;b>Reflexes&lt;/b> and Descending Motor Pathways (Section 3, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Spinal reflexes can be initiated by nonproprioceptive receptors as well as by proprioceptors. An important reflex initiated by cutaneous receptors and pain receptors is the flexor reflex. We have all experienced this reflex after accidentally touching a hot stove or a sharp object, as we withdraw our hand even before we consciously experience the sensation of pain. This quick reflex removes the limb from the damaging stimulus more quickly than if the pain signal had to travel up to the brain, be brought to conscious awareness, and then trigger a decision to withdraw the limb.</literal>
  364.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  365.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  366.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  367.     </question>
  368.     <question id="1000000511" lang="en" ref="" text="DA cell bodies occur at what major site?">
  369.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  370.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000144">
  371.         </mappedQuestion>
  372.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  373.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  374.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  375.     </question>
  376.     <question id="1000000292" lang="en" ref="" text="Language is considered to develop in how many phases?">
  377.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  378.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Higher Cortical Functions: &lt;b>Language&lt;/b> (Section 4, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">five</literal>
  379.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  380.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  381.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  382.         <tag>sec4ch8</tag>
  383.     </question>
  384.     <question id="1000000179" lang="en" ref="" text="How many cells does the adult human brain have?">
  385.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  386.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Overview of the Nervous System (Section 2, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">about one trillion cells</literal>
  387.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  388.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  389.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  390.     </question>
  391.     <question id="1000000229" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the DLF?">
  392.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  393.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Central Control of the Autonomic Nervous System and Thermoregulation (Section 4, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus</literal>
  394.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Central Control of the Autonomic Nervous System and Thermoregulation (Section 4, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The principal pathway of the hypothalamus in the central autonomic network</literal>
  395.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  396.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  397.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  398.         <tag>sec4ch3</tag>
  399.     </question>
  400.     <question id="1000000439" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the reciprocal excitation in the autogenic inhibition reflex?">
  401.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  402.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Spinal &lt;b>Reflexes&lt;/b> and Descending Motor Pathways (Section 3, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Just as in the stretch reflex, the autogenic inhibition reflex must coordinate the activity of the extensor and flexor muscle groups (Figure 2.4). The Ib afferent fiber bifurcates in the spinal cord. One branch innervates the Ib inhibitory interneuron. The other branch innervates an excitatory interneuron that, in turn, innervates the alpha motor neuron that controls the antagonist muscle. Thus, when the homonymous muscle is inhibited from contracting, the antagonist muscle is caused to contract, allowing the opposing muscle groups to work in synchrony.</literal>
  403.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  404.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  405.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  406.     </question>
  407.     <question id="1000000383" lang="en" ref="" text="What are the two genereal forms of synaptic plasticity?">
  408.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  409.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Synaptic&lt;/b> &lt;b>Plasticity&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">intrinsic and extrinsic</literal>
  410.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  411.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  412.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  413.     </question>
  414.     <question id="1000000034" lang="en" ref="" text="what are nociceptors?">
  415.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  416.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Pain Principles (Section 2, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Nociceptors are sensory receptors that detect signals from damaged tissue or the threat of damage and indirectly also respond to chemicals released from the damaged tissue. Nociceptors are free (bare) nerve endings found in the skin (Figure 6.2), muscle, joints, bone and viscera.</literal>
  417.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  418.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  419.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  420.         <tag>sec2ch6</tag>
  421.     </question>
  422.     <question id="1000000115" lang="en" ref="" text="Why is Myasthenia Gravis associated with muscle weakness?">
  423.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  424.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synapic Transmission at the Skeletal Neuromuscular Junction (Section 1, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Myasthenia gravis is associated with severe muscular weakness because of a decrease in the number of acetylcholine receptors in the muscle cell.</literal>
  425.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  426.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  427.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  428.     </question>
  429.     <question id="1000000293" lang="en" ref="" text="What is grammar?">
  430.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  431.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Higher Cortical Functions: Language (Section 4, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">is the rules that allow thoughts to be expressed in words and words connected into sentences when speaking and comprehending.</literal>
  432.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  433.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  434.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  435.         <tag>sec4ch8</tag>
  436.     </question>
  437.     <question id="1000000294" lang="en" ref="" text="Grammar can be sudivided into what?">
  438.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  439.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Higher Cortical Functions: Language (Section 4, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">morphology, phonology, prosody, and syntax.</literal>
  440.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  441.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  442.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  443.         <tag>sec4ch8</tag>
  444.     </question>
  445.     <question id="1000000238" lang="en" ref="" text="Froehlich’s Syndrome results from what type of lesion?">
  446.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  447.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Central Control of Feeding Behavior (Section 4, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">a hypothalamic lesion</literal>
  448.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  449.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  450.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  451.         <tag>sec4ch4</tag>
  452.     </question>
  453.     <question id="1000000385" lang="en" ref="" text="What is intrinsic plasticity?">
  454.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  455.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synaptic &lt;b>Plasticity&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Intrinsic mechanisms, also known as homosynaptic mechanisms, refer to changes in the strength of a synapse that are brought about by its own activity. (Homo from the Greek meaning the same.)</literal>
  456.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  457.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  458.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  459.     </question>
  460.     <question id="1000000167" lang="en" ref="" text="How many genes in the human genome?">
  461.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  462.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Genetics and Neuronal Disease (Section 1, Chapter 15) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">approximately 20,000</literal>
  463.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  464.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  465.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  466.     </question>
  467.     <question id="1000000449" lang="en" ref="" text="The primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, and supplementary motor area make up what?">
  468.         <comment>needs document</comment>
  469.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  470.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Motor Cortex (Section 3, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Motor Cortex</literal>
  471.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  472.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  473.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  474.     </question>
  475.     <question id="1000000041" lang="en" ref="" text="what factors activate nociceptors?">
  476.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  477.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Pain Principles (Section 2, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are released by injury. Inflammation of tissue damage also results in SP and CGRP release, which excites nociceptors.</literal>
  478.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Pain Principles (Section 2, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid is one of the chemicals released during tissue damage. It is then metabolized into prostaglandin (and cytokines). The action of the prostaglandins is mediated through a G protein, protein kinase A cascade. The prostaglandins block the potassium efflux released from nociceptors following damage, which results in additional depolarization</literal>
  479.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Pain Principles (Section 2, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Nerve growth factor (NGF). Inflammation or tissue damage triggers the release of NGF. NGF then binds to TrkA receptors on the surfaces of nociceptors leading to their activation</literal>
  480.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Pain Principles (Section 2, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Globulin and protein kinases. It has been suggested that damaged tissue releases globulin and protein kinases, which are believed to be amongst the most active pain-producing substances. Minute subcutaneous injections of globulin induce severe pain.</literal>
  481.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Pain Principles (Section 2, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Histamine. Tissue damage stimulates the mast cells to release histamine to the surrounding area. Histamine excites the nociceptors.</literal>
  482.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Pain Principles (Section 2, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Muscle spasm and lactic acid. Not only can some headaches result from muscle spasms of smooth muscle, stretching of a ligament can also elicit pain. When muscles are hyperactive or when blood flow to a muscle is blocked, lactic acid concentration increases and pain is induced. The greater the rate of tissue metabolism, the more rapidly the pain appears.</literal>
  483.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Pain Principles (Section 2, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Potassium - K. Most tissue damage results in an increase in extracellular K. There is a good correlation between pain intensity and local K concentration. Serotonin (5-HT), acetylcholine (ACh), low pH (acidic) solution, and ATP. These substances are released with tissue damage.</literal>
  484.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  485.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  486.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  487.         <tag>sec2ch6</tag>
  488.     </question>
  489.     <question id="1000000111" lang="en" ref="" text="What causes action potentials in skeletal muscle cells?">
  490.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  491.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synapic Transmission at the &lt;b>Skeletal&lt;/b> Neuromuscular Junction (Section 1, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">there is a voltage-dependent change in Na permeability followed by a delayed increase in K permeability. (For smooth muscle cells and cardiac muscle cells the ionic mechanisms are different, however.).</literal>
  492.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  493.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  494.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  495.     </question>
  496.     <question id="1000000497" lang="en" ref="" text="Which neurotransmitter is present at the junction between the motor nerve and the skeletal muscle?">
  497.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  498.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000130">
  499.         </mappedQuestion>
  500.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  501.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  502.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  503.     </question>
  504.     <question id="1000000295" lang="en" ref="" text="What is morphology?">
  505.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  506.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Higher Cortical Functions: Language (Section 4, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">specifies the rules for combining words into longer words by adding prefixes and suffixes</literal>
  507.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  508.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  509.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  510.         <tag>sec4ch8</tag>
  511.     </question>
  512.     <question id="1000000239" lang="en" ref="" text="The dentate gyrus, the hippocampus proper (i.e., cornu ammonis), and the subicular cortex refers to what formation?">
  513.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  514.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: &lt;b>Hippocampus&lt;/b> (Section 4, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">hippocampal formation</literal>
  515.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  516.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  517.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  518.     </question>
  519.     <question id="1000000384" lang="en" ref="" text="What is intrinsic plasticity?">
  520.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  521.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synaptic &lt;b>Plasticity&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Intrinsic mechanisms, also known as homosynaptic mechanisms, refer to changes in the strength of a synapse that are brought about by its own activity. (Homo from the Greek meaning the same.)</literal>
  522.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  523.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  524.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  525.     </question>
  526.     <question id="1000000166" lang="en" ref="" text="What is NO the symbol for?">
  527.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  528.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Neuropeptides and Nitric Oxide | Section 1, Chapter 14 | Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">nitric oxide</literal>
  529.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  530.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  531.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  532.     </question>
  533.     <question id="1000000448" lang="en" ref="" text="What does the motor cortex comprise of?">
  534.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  535.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Motor&lt;/b> &lt;b>Cortex&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Motor Cortex Comprises the Primary Motor Cortex, Premotor Cortex, and Supplementary Motor Area.</literal>
  536.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  537.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  538.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  539.     </question>
  540.     <question id="1000000040" lang="en" ref="" text="what are silent nociceptors?">
  541.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  542.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Pain Principles (Section 2, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">These receptors are normally unresponsive to noxious mechanical stimulation, but become a awakeneda (responsive) to mechanical stimulation during inflammation and after tissue injury.</literal>
  543.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  544.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  545.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  546.         <tag>sec2ch6</tag>
  547.     </question>
  548.     <question id="1000000498" lang="en" ref="" text="Where is ACh primarily found in the central nervous system?">
  549.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  550.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000131">
  551.         </mappedQuestion>
  552.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  553.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  554.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  555.     </question>
  556.     <question id="1000000110" lang="en" ref="" text="what is caloric nystagmus?">
  557.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  558.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Vestibular System: Structure and Function (Section 2, Chapter 10) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">A variant of the VOR, called caloric nystagmus, is used as a test of the vestibular system. If the ear is irrigated with a fluid having a temperature different than the body (either warmer or cooler), a thermal gradient will be conduced across the small space of the middle ear.</literal>
  559.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  560.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  561.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  562.         <tag>sec2ch10</tag>
  563.     </question>
  564.     <question id="1000000039" lang="en" ref="" text="what are visceral nociceptors?">
  565.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  566.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Pain Principles (Section 2, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Visceral Nociceptors. Visceral organs contain mechanical pressure, temperature, chemical and silent nociceptors. The visceral nociceptors are scattered, with several millimeters between them, and in some organs, there are several centimeters between each nociceptor</literal>
  567.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  568.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  569.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  570.         <tag>sec2ch6</tag>
  571.     </question>
  572.     <question id="1000000112" lang="en" ref="" text="What is curare?">
  573.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  574.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synapic Transmission at the Skeletal Neuromuscular Junction (Section 1, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Curare affects the stimulus (the EPSP) which normally leads to the initiation of the muscle action potential. An animal that is poisoned with curare will asphyxiate because the process of neuromuscular transmission at respiratory muscles is blocked.</literal>
  575.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synapic Transmission at the Skeletal Neuromuscular Junction (Section 1, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">an arrow poison used by some South American Indians</literal>
  576.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  577.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  578.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  579.     </question>
  580.     <question id="1000000169" lang="en" ref="" text="What are gene introns?">
  581.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  582.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Genetics and Neuronal Disease (Section 1, Chapter 15) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">noncoding sequence found between exons</literal>
  583.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  584.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  585.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  586.     </question>
  587.     <question id="1000000387" lang="en" ref="" text="How many types of intrinsic plasticity are there?">
  588.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  589.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synaptic &lt;b>Plasticity&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">There are two types of intrinsic or homosynaptic plasticity</literal>
  590.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  591.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  592.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  593.     </question>
  594.     <question id="1000000451" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the motor cortex cytoarchitecture?">
  595.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  596.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Motor&lt;/b> &lt;b>Cortex&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Like all parts of the neocortex, the primary motor cortex is made of six layers (Figure 3.6). Unlike primary sensory areas, primary motor cortex is agranular cortex; that is, it does not have a cell-packed granular layer (layer 4). Instead, the most distinctive layer of primary motor cortex is its descending output layer (Layer 5), which contains the giant Betz cells. These pyramidal cells and other projection neurons of the primary motor cortex make up ~30% of the fibers in the corticospinal tract. The rest of the fibers come from the premotor cortex and the supplementary motor area (~30%), the somatosensory cortex (~30%), and the posterior parietal cortex (~10%).</literal>
  597.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  598.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  599.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  600.     </question>
  601.     <question id="1000000296" lang="en" ref="" text="What is phonology?">
  602.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  603.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Higher Cortical Functions: Language (Section 4, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">specifies the rules for combining sound elements and phonemes into words.</literal>
  604.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  605.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  606.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  607.         <tag>sec4ch8</tag>
  608.     </question>
  609.     <question id="1000000499" lang="en" ref="" text="Which neurotransmitter is CAT the symbol for?">
  610.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  611.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000132">
  612.         </mappedQuestion>
  613.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  614.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  615.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  616.     </question>
  617.     <question id="1000000038" lang="en" ref="" text="what are the receptors in joints?">
  618.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  619.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Pain Principles (Section 2, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The joint capsules and ligaments contain high-threshold mechanoreceptors, polymodal nociceptors, and "silent" nociceptors.</literal>
  620.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  621.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  622.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  623.         <tag>sec2ch6</tag>
  624.     </question>
  625.     <question id="1000000168" lang="en" ref="" text="What are gene exons?">
  626.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  627.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Genetics and Neuronal Disease (Section 1, Chapter 15) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">coding sequences</literal>
  628.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  629.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  630.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  631.     </question>
  632.     <question id="1000000386" lang="en" ref="" text="What is extrinsic plasticity?">
  633.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  634.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synaptic &lt;b>Plasticity&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Extrinsic plasticity, or heterosynaptic plasticity, is a change in the strength of a synapse brought about by activity in another pathway.</literal>
  635.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  636.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  637.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  638.     </question>
  639.     <question id="1000000500" lang="en" ref="" text="CAT is produced in what location?">
  640.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  641.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000133">
  642.         </mappedQuestion>
  643.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  644.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  645.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  646.     </question>
  647.     <question id="1000000240" lang="en" ref="" text="What does hippocampus mean in Greek?">
  648.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  649.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: &lt;b>Hippocampus&lt;/b> (Section 4, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">seahorse</literal>
  650.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  651.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  652.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  653.     </question>
  654.     <question id="1000000297" lang="en" ref="" text="What is prosody?">
  655.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  656.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Higher Cortical Functions: Language (Section 4, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">is the pattern of intonation and stress that for example allows us to distinguish questions from statements.</literal>
  657.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  658.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  659.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  660.         <tag>sec4ch8</tag>
  661.     </question>
  662.     <question id="1000000446" lang="en" ref="" text="What are the influences of descending pathways on spinal circuits?">
  663.         <comment>needs a specific answer</comment>
  664.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  665.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Spinal&lt;/b> Reflexes and &lt;b>Descending&lt;/b> Motor &lt;b>Pathways&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The most distinctive function of the descending motor pathways is the control of voluntary movement. These movements are initiated in the cerebral cortex, and the motor commands are transmitted to the musculature through a variety of descending pathways, including the corticospinal tract, the rubrospinal tract, and reticulospinal tracts.</literal>
  666.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Spinal&lt;/b> Reflexes and &lt;b>Descending&lt;/b> Motor &lt;b>Pathways&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Another critical function of the descending motor pathways is to modulate the reflex circuits in the spinal cord. The adaptiveness of spinal reflexes can change depending on the behavioral context; sometimes the gain (strength) or even the sign (extension vs. flexion) of a reflex must be changed in order to make the resulting movement adaptive. The descending pathways are responsible for controlling these variables.</literal>
  667.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  668.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  669.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  670.     </question>
  671.     <question id="1000000171" lang="en" ref="" text="What is candidate gene for gene identification?">
  672.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  673.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Genetics and Neuronal Disease (Section 1, Chapter 15) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">identify a potential candidate gene based on mechanism of the primary pathology</literal>
  674.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  675.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  676.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  677.     </question>
  678.     <question id="1000000234" lang="en" ref="" text="What hypothesis suggests that eating is inhibited by satiety signals generated in response to a meal?">
  679.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  680.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Central Control of Feeding Behavior (Section 4, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The Primed Response Hypothesis</literal>
  681.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  682.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  683.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  684.         <tag>sec4ch4</tag>
  685.     </question>
  686.     <question id="1000000389" lang="en" ref="" text="What are axosomatic synapses?">
  687.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  688.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synaptic Plasticity (Section 1, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Axosomatic synapses are synapses that are made onto the soma or cell body of a neuron.</literal>
  689.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  690.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  691.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  692.     </question>
  693.     <question id="1000000298" lang="en" ref="" text="What is syntax?">
  694.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  695.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Higher Cortical Functions: Language (Section 4, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">specifies how words are to be combined into phrases and sentences so that the meaning will be clear.</literal>
  696.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  697.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  698.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  699.         <tag>sec4ch8</tag>
  700.     </question>
  701.     <question id="1000000045" lang="en" ref="" text="What happens as the concentration of sodium in the extracellular solution is reduced?">
  702.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  703.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Ionic Mechanisms and Action Potentials (Section 1, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">As the concentration of sodium in the extracellular solution is reduced, the action potentials become smaller.</literal>
  704.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  705.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  706.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  707.     </question>
  708.     <question id="1000000107" lang="en" ref="" text="what are the olithic organs?">
  709.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  710.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Vestibular System: Structure and Function (Section 2, Chapter 10) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">These two similar organs lie against the walls of the inner ear between the semicircular ducts and the cochlea. The receptors, called maculae (meaning "spot"), are patches of hair cells topped by small, calcium carbonate crystals called otoconia. The saccule and utricle lie at 90 degrees to each other. Thus, with any position of the head, gravity will bend the cilia of one patch of hair cells, due to the weight of the otoconia to which they are attached by a gelatinous layer. This bending of the cilia produces afferent activity going through the VIIIth nerve to the brainstem.</literal>
  711.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  712.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  713.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  714.         <tag>sec2ch10</tag>
  715.     </question>
  716.     <question id="1000000501" lang="en" ref="" text="CAT and ACh is most concentrated in which part of the neuron?">
  717.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  718.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000134">
  719.         </mappedQuestion>
  720.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  721.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  722.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  723.     </question>
  724.     <question id="1000000445" lang="en" ref="" text="How does parallel and serial processing in motor pathways work?">
  725.         <comment>answer is very long, may consider choosing something more specific or deleting the question</comment>
  726.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  727.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Spinal Reflexes and Descending &lt;b>Motor&lt;/b> &lt;b>Pathways&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Although the motor system is organized hierarchically, the hierarchy is not a simple chain of processing from higher to lower areas. Many pathways enable the different levels of the hierarchy to influence each other. Thus, the flow of information through the motor system has both a serial organization (communication between levels) and a parallel organization (multiple pathways between each level). This parallel organization is critically important in understanding the various dysfunctions that can result from damage to the motor system. If the motor hierarchy had a strictly serial organization, like a series of links on a chain, then damage to any part of the system would produce severe deficits or paralysis in almost all types of movements. However, because of the parallel nature of processing, paralysis is actually a relatively rare outcome, produced by damage to the lowest level of the hierarchy.</literal>
  728.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  729.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  730.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  731.     </question>
  732.     <question id="1000000170" lang="en" ref="" text="What is functional cloning for gene identification?">
  733.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  734.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Genetics and Neuronal Disease (Section 1, Chapter 15) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">know the function of the gene, purify protein, clone</literal>
  735.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  736.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  737.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  738.     </question>
  739.     <question id="1000000235" lang="en" ref="" text="What are the two main issues in the concept of satiety?">
  740.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  741.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Central Control of Feeding Behavior (Section 4, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The first concerns the mechanisms that contribute to the termination of feeding at a given meal, whereas the second concerns the mechanisms that govern interprandial intervals.</literal>
  742.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  743.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  744.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  745.         <tag>sec4ch4</tag>
  746.     </question>
  747.     <question id="1000000388" lang="en" ref="" text="What are the two types of intrinsic plasticity?">
  748.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  749.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synaptic &lt;b>Plasticity&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">synaptic depression and synaptic facilitation</literal>
  750.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  751.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  752.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  753.     </question>
  754.     <question id="1000000299" lang="en" ref="" text="The area of the brain located in the anterior-ventral portion of the temporal lobe is important for what?">
  755.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  756.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Higher Cortical Functions: Association and Executive Processing (Section 4, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">learning and memory</literal>
  757.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  758.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  759.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  760.         <tag>sec4ch9</tag>
  761.     </question>
  762.     <question id="1000000044" lang="en" ref="" text="What is Allodynia?">
  763.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  764.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Pain Principles (Section 2, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Allodynia. Allodynia is pain resulting from a stimulus that does not normally produce pain.</literal>
  765.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  766.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  767.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  768.         <tag>sec2ch6</tag>
  769.     </question>
  770.     <question id="1000000502" lang="en" ref="" text="Cholinergic neurons have what &quot;marker&quot;?">
  771.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  772.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000135">
  773.         </mappedQuestion>
  774.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  775.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  776.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  777.     </question>
  778.     <question id="1000000106" lang="en" ref="" text="How many nerve cells are there in the brain?">
  779.         <comment>There is a more specific answer in another question....please delete this and create a new one</comment>
  780.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  781.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synapic Transmission at the Skeletal Neuromuscular Junction (Section 1, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">There are billions of nerve cells in the brain</literal>
  782.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  783.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  784.         <pau tid="79E8A5F77B3299C074BDDDE79E77D46D">
  785.         </pau>
  786.         <state>REJECTED</state>
  787.     </question>
  788.     <question id="1000000236" lang="en" ref="" text="Bilateral lesions placed in the region of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) produces what condition?">
  789.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  790.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Central Control of Feeding Behavior (Section 4, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">voracious appetite and resulting marked hyperphagia.</literal>
  791.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  792.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  793.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  794.         <tag>sec4ch4</tag>
  795.     </question>
  796.     <question id="1000000173" lang="en" ref="" text="What is positional candidate for gene identification?">
  797.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  798.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Genetics and Neuronal Disease (Section 1, Chapter 15) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">identify Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) or cDNA and compare its chromosomal localization with a disease locus map</literal>
  799.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  800.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  801.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  802.     </question>
  803.     <question id="1000000391" lang="en" ref="" text="What are axoaxonic synapses?">
  804.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  805.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synaptic Plasticity (Section 1, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Axoaxonic synapses are synapses made by one neuron onto the synapse of another neuron.</literal>
  806.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  807.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  808.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  809.     </question>
  810.     <question id="1000000043" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the Goldman-Hodgkin and Katz Equation?">
  811.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  812.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Resting Potentials and Action Potentials (Section 1, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">When a membrane is permeable to two different ions, the Nernst equation can no longer be used to precisely determine the membrane potential. It is possible, however, to apply the GHK equation. This equation describes the potential across a membrane that is permeable to both Na and K.</literal>
  813.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  814.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  815.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  816.     </question>
  817.     <question id="1000000109" lang="en" ref="" text="what is the vestibulo-occular reflex (VOR) ?">
  818.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  819.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Vestibular System: Structure and Function (Section 2, Chapter 10) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The vestibulo-occular reflex (VOR) controls eye movements to stabilize images during head movements. As the head moves in one direction, the eyes reflexively move in the other direction.</literal>
  820.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  821.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  822.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  823.         <tag>sec2ch10</tag>
  824.     </question>
  825.     <question id="1000000300" lang="en" ref="" text="The area of the brain located at the junction of occipital, temporal and parietal lobes is important for what?">
  826.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  827.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Higher Cortical Functions: Association and Executive Processing (Section 4, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">perception and language.</literal>
  828.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  829.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  830.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  831.         <tag>sec4ch9</tag>
  832.     </question>
  833.     <question id="1000000503" lang="en" ref="" text="By what is ACh synthesis rate-limited?">
  834.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  835.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000136">
  836.         </mappedQuestion>
  837.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  838.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  839.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  840.     </question>
  841.     <question id="1000000504" lang="en" ref="" text="Epinephrine belong to what class of neurotransmitter?">
  842.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  843.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000137">
  844.         </mappedQuestion>
  845.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  846.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  847.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  848.     </question>
  849.     <question id="1000000237" lang="en" ref="" text="Bilateral lesions of the ventrolateral hypothalamus (VLH) produces what condition?">
  850.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  851.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Central Control of Feeding Behavior (Section 4, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">anorexic condition</literal>
  852.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  853.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  854.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  855.         <tag>sec4ch4</tag>
  856.     </question>
  857.     <question id="1000000447" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the motor cortex?">
  858.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  859.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Motor&lt;/b> &lt;b>Cortex&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Voluntary movements require the participation of the third and fourth levels of the hierarchy: the motor cortex and the association cortex. These areas of the cerebral cortex plan voluntary actions, coordinate sequences of movements, make decisions about proper behavioral strategies and choices, evaluate the appropriateness of a particular action given the current behavioral or environmental context, and relay commands to the appropriate sets of lower motor neurons to execute the desired actions.</literal>
  860.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  861.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  862.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  863.     </question>
  864.     <question id="1000000172" lang="en" ref="" text="What is positional cloning for gene identification?">
  865.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  866.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Genetics and Neuronal Disease (Section 1, Chapter 15) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">identify gene without prior knowledge of gene function, solely based on mapping</literal>
  867.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  868.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  869.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  870.     </question>
  871.     <question id="1000000390" lang="en" ref="" text="What are axodendritic synapses?">
  872.         <comment>needs section from document chosen</comment>
  873.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  874.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synaptic Plasticity (Section 1, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Axodendritic synapses, probably the most prominent kind of synapses, are synapses that one neuron makes onto the dendrite of another neuron.</literal>
  875.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  876.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  877.         <state>REJECTED</state>
  878.     </question>
  879.     <question id="1000000042" lang="en" ref="" text="what is hyperalgesia?">
  880.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  881.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Pain Principles (Section 2, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Hyperalgesia. Hyperalgesia is an increased painful sensation in response to additional noxious stimuli. One explanation for hyperalgesia is that the threshold for pain in the area surrounding an inflamed or injured site is lowered. An additional explanation is that the inflammation activates silent nociceptors and/or the damage elicits ongoing nerve signals (prolong stimulation), which led to long-term changes and sensitized nociceptors. These changes contribute to an amplification of pain or hyperalgesia, as well as an increased persistence of the pain. If one pricks normal skin with a sharp probe, it will elicit sharp pain followed by reddened skin. The reddened skin is an area of hyperalgesia.</literal>
  882.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  883.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  884.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  885.         <tag>sec2ch6</tag>
  886.     </question>
  887.     <question id="1000000108" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the synaptic cleft?">
  888.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  889.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synapic Transmission at the Skeletal Neuromuscular Junction (Section 1, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The synapse at the neuromuscular junction has three characteristic features of chemical synapses in the nervous system. First, there is a distinct separation between the presynaptic and the postsynaptic membrane. The space between the two is known as the synaptic cleft.</literal>
  890.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  891.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  892.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  893.     </question>
  894.     <question id="1000000301" lang="en" ref="" text="The area of the brain located in the prefrontal cortex is important for what?">
  895.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  896.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Higher Cortical Functions: Association and Executive Processing (Section 4, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">memory, planning, and higher-order concept formation</literal>
  897.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  898.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  899.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  900.         <tag>sec4ch9</tag>
  901.     </question>
  902.     <question id="1000000362" lang="en" ref="" text="how is vision in the peripheral visual field?">
  903.         <comment>The way the question is formulated is not clear</comment>
  904.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  905.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Visual&lt;/b> Processing: Eye and Retina (Section 2, Chapter 14) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Vision in the peripheral visual field. is more sensitive to dim light. operates under low illumination. has little color sensitivity and poor spatial acuity (Figure 14.3 Right). represents the operation of the scotopic (dark-adapted) subsystem</literal>
  906.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  907.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  908.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  909.         <tag>sec2ch14</tag>
  910.     </question>
  911.     <question id="1000000159" lang="en" ref="" text="How can peptides be classified?">
  912.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  913.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Neuropeptides and Nitric Oxide | Section 1, Chapter 14 | Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">into families based on similarities in their amino acid sequences</literal>
  914.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  915.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  916.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  917.     </question>
  918.     <question id="1000000216" lang="en" ref="" text="What functions does CSF serve?">
  919.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  920.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Overview of the Nervous System (Section 2, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">to support the CNS</literal>
  921.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Overview of the Nervous System (Section 2, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">to cushion as well as protect it from physical shock and trauma</literal>
  922.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  923.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  924.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  925.     </question>
  926.     <question id="1000000102" lang="en" ref="" text="what does the inner ear consist of?">
  927.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  928.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Vestibular System: Structure and Function (Section 2, Chapter 10) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The membranous labyrinth of the inner ear consists of three semicircular ducts (horizontal, anterior and posterior), two otolith organs (saccule and utricle), and the cochlea</literal>
  929.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  930.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  931.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  932.         <tag>sec2ch10</tag>
  933.     </question>
  934.     <question id="1000000272" lang="en" ref="" text="Why do pathways from the cortex offer detailed and accurate representations of the environment?">
  935.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  936.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: Amygdala (Section 4, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Because these pathways have multiple neural links</literal>
  937.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  938.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  939.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  940.         <tag>sec4ch6</tag>
  941.     </question>
  942.     <question id="1000000491" lang="en" ref="" text="As the ribosomes move along the mRNA template, what is added?">
  943.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  944.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000124">
  945.         </mappedQuestion>
  946.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  947.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  948.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  949.     </question>
  950.     <question id="1000000215" lang="en" ref="" text="What carries and processes crude touch, pain and temperature information from the face?">
  951.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  952.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Somatosensory Pathways (Section 2, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The spinal trigeminal pathway</literal>
  953.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  954.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  955.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  956.     </question>
  957.     <question id="1000000363" lang="en" ref="" text="what is binocular fusion?">
  958.         <comment>needs document</comment>
  959.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  960.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Visual Processing: Eye and Retina (Section 2, Chapter 14) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The process of producing a single image from the two disparate monocular images is called binocular fusion.</literal>
  961.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  962.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  963.         <state>REJECTED</state>
  964.         <tag>sec2ch14</tag>
  965.     </question>
  966.     <question id="1000000427" lang="en" ref="" text="What are the 4 motor system hierarchy levels?">
  967.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  968.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Motor&lt;/b> Units and Muscle Receptors (Section 3, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The motor system hierarchy consists of 4 levels (Figure 1.2): the spinal cord, the brain stem, the motor cortex, and the association cortex. It also contains two side loops: the basal ganglia and the cerebellum, which interact with the hierarchy through connections with the thalamus.</literal>
  969.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  970.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  971.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  972.     </question>
  973.     <question id="1000000103" lang="en" ref="" text="What do the semicircular ducts respond to?">
  974.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  975.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Vestibular System: Structure and Function (Section 2, Chapter 10) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">These sensory organs respond to angular acceleration</literal>
  976.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  977.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  978.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  979.         <tag>sec2ch10</tag>
  980.     </question>
  981.     <question id="1000000048" lang="en" ref="" text="What is aching pain?">
  982.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  983.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Pain&lt;/b> Principles (Section 2, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Aching pain is a sore pain. This pain arises mainly from the viscera and somatic deep structures. Aching pain is not distinctly localized and is an annoying and intolerable pain. Aching pain is carried by the C fibers from the deep structures to the spinal cord.</literal>
  984.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  985.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  986.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  987.         <tag>sec2ch6</tag>
  988.     </question>
  989.     <question id="1000000490" lang="en" ref="" text="The rough endoplasmic reticulum contains what structures?">
  990.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  991.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000123">
  992.         </mappedQuestion>
  993.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  994.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  995.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  996.     </question>
  997.     <question id="1000000104" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the synapse?">
  998.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  999.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synapic Transmission at the Skeletal Neuromuscular Junction (Section 1, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The synapse is a specialized structure that allows one neuron to communicate with another neuron or a muscle cell.</literal>
  1000.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1001.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  1002.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1003.     </question>
  1004.     <question id="1000000046" lang="en" ref="" text="what is pricking pain?">
  1005.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1006.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Pain&lt;/b> Principles (Section 2, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Pricking pain. Pain caused by a needle, pin prick, skin cut, etc. - elicits a sharp, pricking quality, stinging pain sensation carried fast by the A delta fibers. The pain is precisely localized and of short duration. Pricking pain is also called fast pain, first pain or sensory pain. Pricking pain is present in all individuals and is a useful and necessary component of our sensory repertoire. Without this type of protective pain sensation, everyday life would be difficult. Pricking pain arises mainly from the skin, and carried mainly by A delta fibers which permits discrimination (i.e., permits the subject to localize the pain).</literal>
  1007.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1008.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1009.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1010.         <tag>sec2ch6</tag>
  1011.     </question>
  1012.     <question id="1000000364" lang="en" ref="" text="how is an image formed on the eye's lens?">
  1013.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1014.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Visual Processing: &lt;b>Eye&lt;/b> and Retina (Section 2, Chapter 14) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The image formed by eyea s lens system is smaller than the object viewed, inverted (upside-down, Figure 14.6), and reversed (right-left, Figure 14.7).</literal>
  1015.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1016.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1017.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1018.         <tag>sec2ch14</tag>
  1019.     </question>
  1020.     <question id="1000000160" lang="en" ref="" text="Where are peptides synthesized?">
  1021.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1022.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Neuropeptides and Nitric Oxide | Section 1, Chapter 14 | Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">within the soma</literal>
  1023.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1024.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1025.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1026.     </question>
  1027.     <question id="1000000218" lang="en" ref="" text="What set of interconnections is termed the central autonomic network?">
  1028.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1029.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Central&lt;/b> Control of the &lt;b>Autonomic&lt;/b> Nervous System and Thermoregulation (Section 4, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">interconnection occurs between sites receiving visceral inputs and that control autonomic efferent outputs, between sites for the control of sympathetic versus parasympathetic nervous system output, and between sites for autonomic control and somatic, endocrine and limbic circuitry.</literal>
  1030.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1031.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  1032.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1033.         <tag>sec4ch3</tag>
  1034.     </question>
  1035.     <question id="1000000493" lang="en" ref="" text="What can be found on the outermost layer of the Golgi apparatus?">
  1036.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1037.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000126">
  1038.         </mappedQuestion>
  1039.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1040.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1041.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1042.     </question>
  1043.     <question id="1000000274" lang="en" ref="" text="Pathways that are slow come from where?">
  1044.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1045.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: Amygdala (&lt;b>Section&lt;/b> &lt;b>4&lt;/b>, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the cortex</literal>
  1046.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000273">
  1047.         </mappedQuestion>
  1048.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1049.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  1050.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1051.         <tag>sec4ch6</tag>
  1052.     </question>
  1053.     <question id="1000000428" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the first hierarchical level in motor control?">
  1054.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1055.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Motor&lt;/b> Units and Muscle Receptors (Section 3, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The spinal cord is the first level of the motor hierarchy. It is the site where motor neurons are located. It is also the site of many interneurons and complex neural circuits that perform the a nuts and boltsa processing of motor control.</literal>
  1056.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1057.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1058.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1059.     </question>
  1060.     <question id="1000000105" lang="en" ref="" text="how do the semicircular ducts function?">
  1061.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1062.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Vestibular System: Structure and &lt;b>Function&lt;/b> (Section 2, Chapter 10) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">There are three pairs of semicircular ducts, which are oriented roughly 90 degrees to each other for maximum ability to detect angular rotation of the head. Each slender duct has one ampulla. When the head turns, fluid in one or more semicircular ducts pushes against the cupula and bends the cilia of the hair cells. Fluid in the corresponding semicircular duct on the opposite side of the head moves in the opposite direction.</literal>
  1063.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1064.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1065.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  1066.         <tag>sec2ch10</tag>
  1067.     </question>
  1068.     <question id="1000000047" lang="en" ref="" text="what is burning pain?">
  1069.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1070.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Pain&lt;/b> Principles (Section 2, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Burning pain or soreness pain. Pain caused by inflammation, burned skin, etc., is carried by the C fibers (slowly conducted pain nerve fibers). This type of pain is a more diffuse, slower to onset, and longer in duration. It is an annoying pain and intolerable pain, which is not distinctly localized. Like pricking pain, burning pain arises mainly from the skin. It is carried by the paleospinothalamic tract. (The old primitive transmission system for diffuse pain which does not permit exact localization.).</literal>
  1071.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1072.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1073.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1074.         <tag>sec2ch6</tag>
  1075.     </question>
  1076.     <question id="1000000365" lang="en" ref="" text="what is presbyopia?">
  1077.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1078.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Visual Processing: Eye and Retina (Section 2, Chapter 14) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">In presbyopia, there is normal distance vision, but lens accommodation is reduced with age. With age, the lens loses its elasticity and becomes a relatively solid mass. During accommodation, the lens is unable to assume a more spherical shape and is unable to increase its refractive power for near vision (Figure 14.10). As a result, when an object is less than 30 ft. away from the presbyopic viewer, the image is focused somewhere behind the retina.</literal>
  1079.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1080.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1081.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1082.         <tag>sec2ch14</tag>
  1083.     </question>
  1084.     <question id="1000000161" lang="en" ref="" text="Where does glycosylation take place?">
  1085.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1086.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Neuropeptides and Nitric Oxide | Section 1, Chapter 14 | Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Golgi apparatus</literal>
  1087.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1088.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1089.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1090.     </question>
  1091.     <question id="1000000217" lang="en" ref="" text="Where is CSF produced?">
  1092.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1093.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Overview of the Nervous System (Section 2, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the choroid plexus</literal>
  1094.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1095.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1096.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1097.     </question>
  1098.     <question id="1000000492" lang="en" ref="" text="Where does lipid biosynthesis occur?">
  1099.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1100.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000125">
  1101.         </mappedQuestion>
  1102.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1103.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1104.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1105.     </question>
  1106.     <question id="1000000273" lang="en" ref="" text="Pathways that are slow and provide multiple neural links come from where?">
  1107.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1108.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: Amygdala (Section 4, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the cortex</literal>
  1109.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1110.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  1111.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1112.         <tag>sec4ch6</tag>
  1113.     </question>
  1114.     <question id="1000000429" lang="en" ref="" text="What are motor neurons?">
  1115.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1116.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Motor&lt;/b> Units and Muscle Receptors (Section 3, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Alpha motor neurons (also called lower motor neurons) innervate skeletal muscle and cause the muscle contractions that generate movement. Motor neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at a synapse called the neuromuscular junction. When the acetylcholine binds to acetylcholine receptors on the muscle fiber, an action potential is propagated along the muscle fiber in both directions (see Chapter 4 of Section I for review). The action potential triggers the contraction of the muscle.</literal>
  1117.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1118.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1119.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1120.     </question>
  1121.     <question id="1000000162" lang="en" ref="" text="What does carboxypeptidase do?">
  1122.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1123.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Neuropeptides and Nitric Oxide | Section 1, Chapter 14 | Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">cleaves the basic residues from the C-terminus of the new peptide</literal>
  1124.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1125.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1126.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1127.     </question>
  1128.     <question id="1000000212" lang="en" ref="" text="How are somatosensory neurons topographically organized?">
  1129.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1130.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Somatosensory&lt;/b> Pathways (Section 2, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">so that adjacent neurons represent neighboring regions of the body or face</literal>
  1131.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1132.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1133.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1134.     </question>
  1135.     <question id="1000000366" lang="en" ref="" text="what is hyperopia?">
  1136.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1137.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Visual Processing: Eye and Retina (Section 2, Chapter 14) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">In hyperopia (Figure 14.11), the refractive power of the eyea s lens system is too weak or the eyeball too short. When viewing distant objects, the image is focused at a point beyond the retina.</literal>
  1138.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1139.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1140.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1141.         <tag>sec2ch14</tag>
  1142.     </question>
  1143.     <question id="1000000051" lang="en" ref="" text="What bounds the action potential?">
  1144.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1145.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Ionic Mechanisms and &lt;b>Action&lt;/b> &lt;b>Potentials&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">An action potential is bounded by a region bordered on one extreme by the K equilibrium potential (-75 mV) and on the other extreme by the Na equilibrium potential (+55 mV).</literal>
  1146.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1147.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  1148.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1149.     </question>
  1150.     <question id="1000000098" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the length constant?">
  1151.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1152.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Propagation of the Action Potential (Section 1, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The length constant can be described in terms of the physical parameters of the axon, where d is the diameter of the axon, Rm is, as before, the membrane resistance, the inverse of the permeability, and Ri is the internal resistance (resistance of the axoplasm). Ri is an indicator of the ability of charges to move along the inner surface of the axon. A small subthreshold change in the charge distribution at one point along an axon will spread along the axon, but as it does some will diffuse back out of the membrane and some will continue to move along the axon. If the resistance of the membrane (Rm) is high, less will leak out and relatively more will move along the axon.</literal>
  1153.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1154.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  1155.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1156.     </question>
  1157.     <question id="1000000276" lang="en" ref="" text="What is instrumental conditioning?">
  1158.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1159.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: Amygdala (Section 4, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">responses are followed by reward and stimulus-response associations are learned. There are thus three events: a stimulus, a response, and a reward.</literal>
  1160.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1161.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  1162.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1163.         <tag>sec4ch6</tag>
  1164.     </question>
  1165.     <question id="1000000495" lang="en" ref="" text="What is ACh the symbol for?">
  1166.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1167.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000128">
  1168.         </mappedQuestion>
  1169.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1170.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1171.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1172.     </question>
  1173.     <question id="1000000163" lang="en" ref="" text="What are most proteins are produced from?">
  1174.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1175.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Neuropeptides and Nitric Oxide | Section 1, Chapter 14 | Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">mRNA molecules that are spliced from precursor RNAs into their final forms in the nucleus</literal>
  1176.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1177.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1178.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1179.     </question>
  1180.     <question id="1000000423" lang="en" ref="" text="Does proper motor control involve adaptability?">
  1181.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1182.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Motor&lt;/b> Units and Muscle Receptors (Section 3, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">he motor system must adapt to changing circumstances. For example, as a child grows and its body changes, different constraints are placed on the motor system in terms of the size and mass of bones and muscles. The motor commands that work to raise the hand of an infant would fail completely to raise the hand of an adult. The system must adapt over time to change its output to accomplish the same goals. Furthermore, if the system were unable to adapt, we would never be able to acquire motor skills, such as playing a piano, hitting a baseball, or performing microsurgery.</literal>
  1183.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1184.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1185.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1186.     </question>
  1187.     <question id="1000000211" lang="en" ref="" text="How is the conduction velocity of an axon is determined?">
  1188.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1189.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Somatosensory Pathways (Section 2, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">by electrically stimulating the axon and recording the time (latency) it takes the electrically elicited action potential to reach a recording electrode</literal>
  1190.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1191.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1192.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1193.     </question>
  1194.     <question id="1000000367" lang="en" ref="" text="what is myopia?">
  1195.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1196.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Visual Processing: Eye and Retina (Section 2, Chapter 14) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">In myopia (Figure 14.13), the refractive power of the eyea s lens system is too strong or the eyeball too long. When viewing distant objects, the image is focused at a point in front of retina.</literal>
  1197.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1198.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1199.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1200.         <tag>sec2ch14</tag>
  1201.     </question>
  1202.     <question id="1000000275" lang="en" ref="" text="Pathways the provide multiple neural links come from where?">
  1203.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1204.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: Amygdala (Section 4, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the cortex</literal>
  1205.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000273">
  1206.         </mappedQuestion>
  1207.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1208.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  1209.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1210.         <tag>sec4ch6</tag>
  1211.     </question>
  1212.     <question id="1000000099" lang="en" ref="" text="what is the morphology of the olfactory mucosa?">
  1213.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1214.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Chemical Senses: Olfaction and Gustation (Section 2, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The olfactory mucosa consists of a layer of columnar epithelium, surrounding millions of olfactory neurons, which are the only neurons to communicate with the external environment and undergo constant replacement.</literal>
  1215.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1216.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1217.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  1218.         <tag>sec2ch9</tag>
  1219.     </question>
  1220.     <question id="1000000052" lang="en" ref="" text="what pathways mediate pain?">
  1221.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1222.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Pain&lt;/b> Tracts and Sources (Section 2, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The ascending pathways that mediate pain consist of three different tracts: the neospinothalamic tract, the paleospinothalamic tract and the archispinothalamic tract.</literal>
  1223.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1224.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1225.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1226.         <tag>sec2ch7</tag>
  1227.     </question>
  1228.     <question id="1000000494" lang="en" ref="" text="Which neurotransmitter was discovered first?">
  1229.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1230.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000127">
  1231.         </mappedQuestion>
  1232.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1233.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1234.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1235.     </question>
  1236.     <question id="1000000214" lang="en" ref="" text="What does the neospinothalamic pathway carry and process?">
  1237.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1238.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Somatosensory &lt;b>Pathways&lt;/b> (Section 2, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">sharp, pricking pain and dropping temperature (cool/cold) information from the body</literal>
  1239.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1240.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1241.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1242.     </question>
  1243.     <question id="1000000496" lang="en" ref="" text="The sweat glands contain which neurotransmitter?">
  1244.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1245.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000129">
  1246.         </mappedQuestion>
  1247.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1248.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1249.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1250.     </question>
  1251.     <question id="1000000164" lang="en" ref="" text="Where does proteolytic processing take place?">
  1252.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1253.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Neuropeptides and Nitric Oxide | Section 1, Chapter 14 | Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">within the transport vesicles</literal>
  1254.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1255.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1256.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1257.     </question>
  1258.     <question id="1000000100" lang="en" ref="" text="what does the vestibular system do?">
  1259.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1260.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Vestibular&lt;/b> &lt;b>System&lt;/b>: Structure and Function (Section 2, Chapter 10) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">All living organisms monitor their environment and one important aspect of that environment is gravity and the orientation of the body with respect to gravity. In addition, animals that locomote must be able to adjust their orientation with respect to self generated movements, as well as forces that are exerted upon them from the outside world. The vestibular system performs these essential tasks.</literal>
  1261.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1262.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1263.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  1264.         <tag>sec2ch10</tag>
  1265.     </question>
  1266.     <question id="1000000049" lang="en" ref="" text="Why are there some deviations between what is measured and what is predicted by the Nernst equation?">
  1267.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1268.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Ionic Mechanisms and Action Potentials (Section 1, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">One reason for the deviation is the continued K permeability. If there is continued K permeability, the membrane potential will never reach its ideal value (the sodium equilibrium potential) because the diffusion of K ions tends to make the cell negative.</literal>
  1269.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1270.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  1271.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1272.     </question>
  1273.     <question id="1000000278" lang="en" ref="" text="What are the two broad categories of memory systems?">
  1274.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1275.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Learning and &lt;b>Memory&lt;/b> (Section 4, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">declarative and nondeclarative</literal>
  1276.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1277.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  1278.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1279.         <tag>sec4ch7</tag>
  1280.     </question>
  1281.     <question id="1000000424" lang="en" ref="" text="Does motor control require sensory input?">
  1282.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1283.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Motor&lt;/b> Units and Muscle Receptors (Section 3, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The motor system requires sensory input in order to function properly. In addition to sensory information about the external environment, the motor system also requires sensory information about the current state of the muscles and limbs themselves.</literal>
  1284.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1285.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1286.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1287.     </question>
  1288.     <question id="1000000213" lang="en" ref="" text="What does the medial lemniscal pathway carry and process?">
  1289.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1290.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Somatosensory &lt;b>Pathways&lt;/b> (Section 2, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">discriminative touch and proprioceptive information from the body</literal>
  1291.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1292.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1293.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1294.     </question>
  1295.     <question id="1000000165" lang="en" ref="" text="How are peptides released?">
  1296.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1297.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Neuropeptides and Nitric Oxide | Section 1, Chapter 14 | Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">by calcium-dependent exocytosis</literal>
  1298.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1299.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1300.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1301.     </question>
  1302.     <question id="1000000101" lang="en" ref="" text="Where are the cell bodies of motor neurons located?">
  1303.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1304.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synapic Transmission at the Skeletal Neuromuscular Junction (Section 1, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by motor neurons whose cell bodies are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.</literal>
  1305.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1306.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  1307.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1308.     </question>
  1309.     <question id="1000000050" lang="en" ref="" text="Why is aspirin effective?">
  1310.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1311.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Pain Principles (Section 2, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Aspirin is an effective pain killer because it blocks the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin.</literal>
  1312.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1313.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1314.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1315.         <tag>sec2ch6</tag>
  1316.     </question>
  1317.     <question id="1000000368" lang="en" ref="" text="what is an astigmatism?">
  1318.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1319.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Visual Processing: Eye and Retina (Section 2, Chapter 14) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">An astigmatism results when the cornea surface does not resemble the surface of a sphere (e.g. is more oblong). In an eye with astigmatism, the image of distant and near objects cannot be focused on the retina</literal>
  1320.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1321.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1322.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1323.         <tag>sec2ch14</tag>
  1324.     </question>
  1325.     <question id="1000000277" lang="en" ref="" text="The establishment of memories is a function of what?">
  1326.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1327.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: Amygdala (Section 4, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the entire network, not any single component</literal>
  1328.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1329.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  1330.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1331.         <tag>sec4ch6</tag>
  1332.     </question>
  1333.     <question id="1000000425" lang="en" ref="" text="What is functional segregation?">
  1334.         <comment>I'm not sure that the answers specifically answers the question</comment>
  1335.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1336.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Motor Units and Muscle Receptors (Section 3, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The motor system is divided into a number of different areas that control different aspects of movement (a a divide and conquera strategy). These areas are located throughout the nervous system. One of the key questions of research on motor control is to understand the functional roles played by each area.</literal>
  1337.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1338.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1339.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1340.     </question>
  1341.     <question id="1000000055" lang="en" ref="" text="What is cutaneous pain?">
  1342.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1343.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Pain&lt;/b> Tracts and Sources (Section 2, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Cutaneous, Superficial or Peripheral Pain. Pain that arises from the skin and muscles or peripheral nerves themselves. In general, this pain has two components, the initial response (a) followed by later response (b). These signals are transmitted via different pathway. Pricking pain reaches the CNS via neospinothalamic tract (i.e., LST) to the VPL (or VPM) and to the SCI. Burning and soreness pain resulting from tissue damage reaches the CNS via the paleospinothalamic tract (AST) and archispinothalamic tract to brain stem nuclei and to PF-CM complex, etc.</literal>
  1344.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1345.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1346.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1347.         <tag>sec2ch7</tag>
  1348.     </question>
  1349.     <question id="1000000369" lang="en" ref="" text="what is the retina composed of?">
  1350.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1351.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Visual Processing: Eye and &lt;b>Retina&lt;/b> (Section 2, Chapter 14) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The retina is derived from the neural tube and is, therefore, part of central nervous system. It consists of two parts, the retinal pigment epithelium, which separates the middle, choroid coat of the eyeball from the other innermost component and the neural retina (Figure 14.16) a the dark pigments within the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid coat function to absorb light passing through the receptor layer, thus reducing light scatter and image distortion within the eye. The neural retina contains five types of neurons (Figure 14.17): the visual receptor cells (the rods and cones), the horizontal cells, the bipolar cells, the amacrine cells, and the retinal ganglion cells.</literal>
  1352.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1353.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1354.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1355.         <tag>sec2ch14</tag>
  1356.     </question>
  1357.     <question id="1000000151" lang="en" ref="" text="How are ionotropic receptors distinguished?">
  1358.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1359.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Amino Acid Neurotransmitters (Section 1, Chapter 13) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">directly open an ion channel</literal>
  1360.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1361.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1362.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1363.     </question>
  1364.     <question id="1000000095" lang="en" ref="" text="What does the equation for propogation velocity demonstrate?">
  1365.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1366.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Propagation of the Action Potential (Section 1, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The equation provides insights into how it is possible for different axons to have different propagation velocities.</literal>
  1367.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1368.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  1369.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1370.     </question>
  1371.     <question id="1000000483" lang="en" ref="" text="What do the extraocular muscle efferents control?">
  1372.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1373.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Ocular Motor &lt;b>Control&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Three cranial motor nuclei provide efferent control of the extraocular muscles. Activation of the motor neurons produces contraction of the innervated muscle.</literal>
  1374.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1375.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1376.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1377.     </question>
  1378.     <question id="1000000280" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the declarative memory system?">
  1379.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1380.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Learning and &lt;b>Memory&lt;/b> (Section 4, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">It is the memory system that has a conscious component and it includes the memories of facts and events.</literal>
  1381.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1382.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  1383.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1384.         <tag>sec4ch7</tag>
  1385.     </question>
  1386.     <question id="1000000223" lang="en" ref="" text="The net result of the induction of autonomic responses to visceral and somatic stress stimuli is called what?">
  1387.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1388.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Central Control of the &lt;b>Autonomic&lt;/b> Nervous System and Thermoregulation (Section 4, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The central autonomic network</literal>
  1389.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1390.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  1391.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1392.         <tag>sec4ch3</tag>
  1393.     </question>
  1394.     <question id="1000000152" lang="en" ref="" text="What receptors produce slow responses?">
  1395.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1396.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Amino Acid Neurotransmitters (Section 1, Chapter 13) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">receptors coupled to G-proteins</literal>
  1397.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1398.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1399.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1400.     </question>
  1401.     <question id="1000000370" lang="en" ref="" text="what are the layers of the retina?">
  1402.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1403.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Visual Processing: Eye and &lt;b>Retina&lt;/b> (Section 2, Chapter 14) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The most important layers, progressing from the outer to inner layers, are: the retinal pigment epithelium, which provides critical metabolic and supportive functions to the photoreceptors; the receptor layer, which contains the light sensitive outer segments of the photoreceptors; the outer nuclear layer, which contains the photoreceptor cell bodies; the outer plexiform layer, where the photoreceptor, horizontal and bipolar cells synapse; the inner nuclear layer, which contains the horizontal, bipolar and amacrine cell bodies; the inner plexiform layer, where the bipolar, amacrine and retinal ganglion cells synapse; the retinal ganglion cell layer, which contains the retinal ganglion cell bodies; and. the optic nerve layer, which contains the ganglion cell axons traveling to the optic disc.</literal>
  1404.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1405.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1406.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1407.         <tag>sec2ch14</tag>
  1408.     </question>
  1409.     <question id="1000000434" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the myotatic reflex?">
  1410.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1411.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Spinal &lt;b>Reflexes&lt;/b> and Descending Motor Pathways (Section 3, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">A major role of the myotatic reflex is the maintenance of posture. If one is standing upright and starts to sway to the left, muscles in the legs and torso are stretched, activating the myotatic reflex to counteract the sway. In this way, the higher levels of the motor system are able to send a simple command (a maintain current posturea ) and then be uninvolved in its implementation. The lower levels of the hierarchy implement the command with such mechanisms as the myotatic reflex, freeing the higher levels to perform other tasks such as planning the next sequence of movements. The myotatic reflex is an important clinical reflex.</literal>
  1412.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1413.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1414.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1415.     </question>
  1416.     <question id="1000000056" lang="en" ref="" text="What is superficial pain?">
  1417.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1418.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Pain&lt;/b> Tracts and Sources (Section 2, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Cutaneous, Superficial or Peripheral Pain. Pain that arises from the skin and muscles or peripheral nerves themselves. In general, this pain has two components, the initial response (a) followed by later response (b). These signals are transmitted via different pathway. Pricking pain reaches the CNS via neospinothalamic tract (i.e., LST) to the VPL (or VPM) and to the SCI. Burning and soreness pain resulting from tissue damage reaches the CNS via the paleospinothalamic tract (AST) and archispinothalamic tract to brain stem nuclei and to PF-CM complex, etc.</literal>
  1419.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1420.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1421.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1422.         <tag>sec2ch7</tag>
  1423.     </question>
  1424.     <question id="1000000482" lang="en" ref="" text="What do the extraocular muscles control?">
  1425.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1426.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Ocular Motor &lt;b>Control&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">For each eye, six muscles work together to control eye position and movement. Two extraocular muscles, the medial rectus and lateral rectus, work together to control horizontal eye movements</literal>
  1427.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1428.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1429.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1430.     </question>
  1431.     <question id="1000000053" lang="en" ref="" text="How can somatic pain be classified?">
  1432.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1433.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Pain&lt;/b> Tracts and Sources (Section 2, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Somatic pain can be classified as either: 1) cutaneous, superficial or peripheral pain and 2) deep pain.</literal>
  1434.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1435.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1436.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1437.         <tag>sec2ch7</tag>
  1438.     </question>
  1439.     <question id="1000000096" lang="en" ref="" text="what is the space constant?">
  1440.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1441.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Propagation of the Action Potential (Section 1, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the space constant is an index of how well a subthreshold potential will spread along an axon as a function of distance.</literal>
  1442.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1443.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  1444.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1445.     </question>
  1446.     <question id="1000000153" lang="en" ref="" text="What are three types of glutamate receptors?">
  1447.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1448.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Amino Acid Neurotransmitters (Section 1, Chapter 13) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">NMDA</literal>
  1449.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Amino Acid Neurotransmitters (Section 1, Chapter 13) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">non-NMDA</literal>
  1450.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Amino Acid Neurotransmitters (Section 1, Chapter 13) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">G-protein coupled</literal>
  1451.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1452.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1453.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1454.     </question>
  1455.     <question id="1000000371" lang="en" ref="" text="what are the two photoreceptors in humans?">
  1456.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1457.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Visual Processing: Eye and Retina (Section 2, Chapter 14) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The human has two types of photoreceptors: the rods and cones</literal>
  1458.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1459.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1460.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1461.         <tag>sec2ch14</tag>
  1462.     </question>
  1463.     <question id="1000000225" lang="en" ref="" text="How important is the PVN?">
  1464.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1465.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Central Control of the Autonomic Nervous System and Thermoregulation (Section 4, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The single most important hypothalamic nucleus of the central autonomic network</literal>
  1466.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1467.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  1468.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1469.         <tag>sec4ch3</tag>
  1470.     </question>
  1471.     <question id="1000000485" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the term for unregulated vesicle trafficking?">
  1472.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1473.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000119">
  1474.         </mappedQuestion>
  1475.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1476.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1477.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1478.     </question>
  1479.     <question id="1000000282" lang="en" ref="" text="Nondeclarative memory is also known as what?">
  1480.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1481.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Learning and &lt;b>Memory&lt;/b> (Section 4, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">implicit memory</literal>
  1482.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1483.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  1484.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1485.         <tag>sec4ch7</tag>
  1486.     </question>
  1487.     <question id="1000000097" lang="en" ref="" text="How do we perceive odors?">
  1488.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1489.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Chemical Senses: Olfaction and Gustation (Section 2, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The perception of odors begins with the inhalation and transport of volatile aromas to the olfactory mucosa that are located bilaterally in the dorsal posterior region of the nasal cavity.</literal>
  1490.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1491.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1492.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  1493.         <tag>sec2ch9</tag>
  1494.     </question>
  1495.     <question id="1000000054" lang="en" ref="" text="What is inactivation?">
  1496.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1497.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Ionic Mechanisms and Action Potentials (Section 1, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Note that the permeability increases rapidly and then, despite the fact that the membrane potential is clamped, the permeability decays back to its initial level. This phenomenon is called inactivation. The Na channels begin to close, even in the continued presence of the depolarization.</literal>
  1498.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1499.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  1500.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1501.     </question>
  1502.     <question id="1000000372" lang="en" ref="" text="what are rods?">
  1503.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1504.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Visual Processing: Eye and Retina (Section 2, Chapter 14) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Rods are responsible for the initiation of the scotopic visual process. Rods. contain the photopigment rhodopsin, which breaks down when exposed to a wide bandwidth of light (i.e., it is achromatic). Rhodopsin is also more sensitive to light and reacts at lower light levels than the color sensitive (chromatic) cone pigments. have longer outer segments, more outer segment disks and, consequently, contain more photopigment. are more sensitive to light and function at scotopic (low) levels of illumination.</literal>
  1505.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1506.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1507.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1508.         <tag>sec2ch14</tag>
  1509.     </question>
  1510.     <question id="1000000154" lang="en" ref="" text="What are GABA and glycine ionotropic receptors are selectively permeable to?">
  1511.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1512.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Amino Acid Neurotransmitters (Section 1, Chapter 13) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Cl-</literal>
  1513.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1514.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1515.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1516.     </question>
  1517.     <question id="1000000224" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the single most important hypothalamic nucleus of the central autonomic network?">
  1518.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1519.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Central&lt;/b> Control of the &lt;b>Autonomic&lt;/b> Nervous System and Thermoregulation (Section 4, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">paraventricular nucleus (PVN)</literal>
  1520.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1521.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  1522.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1523.         <tag>sec4ch3</tag>
  1524.     </question>
  1525.     <question id="1000000484" lang="en" ref="" text="What chemical is critical for the action potential in neurons?">
  1526.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1527.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Ionic Mechanisms and &lt;b>Action&lt;/b> &lt;b>Potentials&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Na</literal>
  1528.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1529.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1530.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1531.     </question>
  1532.     <question id="1000000281" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the nondeclarative memory system?">
  1533.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1534.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Learning and &lt;b>Memory&lt;/b> (Section 4, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">includes the types of memory systems that do not have a conscious component but are nevertheless extremely important.</literal>
  1535.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1536.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  1537.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1538.         <tag>sec4ch7</tag>
  1539.     </question>
  1540.     <question id="1000000436" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the reciprocal inhibition in the stretch reflex?">
  1541.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1542.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Spinal &lt;b>Reflexes&lt;/b> and Descending Motor Pathways (Section 3, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Joints are controlled by two opposing sets of muscles, extensors and flexors, which must work in synchrony. Thus, when a muscle spindle is stretched and the stretch reflex is activated, the opposing muscle group must be inhibited to prevent it from working against the resulting contraction of the homonymous muscle (Figure 2.2). This inhibition is accomplished by an inhibitory interneuron in the spinal cord. The Ia afferent of the muscle spindle bifurcates in the spinal cord (See Chapter 6 of Section I for review). One branch innervates the alpha motor neuron that causes the homonymous muscle to contract, producing the behavioral reflex. The other branch innervates the Ia inhibitory interneuron, which in turn innervates the alpha motor neuron that synapses onto the opposing muscle. Because the interneuron is inhibitory, it prevents the opposing alpha motor neuron from firing, thereby reducing the contraction of the opposing muscle. Without this reciprocal inhibition, both groups of muscles might contract simultaneously and work against each other.</literal>
  1543.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1544.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1545.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1546.     </question>
  1547.     <question id="1000000155" lang="en" ref="" text="What mechanisms terminate the response to amino acid transmitters?">
  1548.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1549.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Amino&lt;/b> &lt;b>Acid&lt;/b> Neurotransmitters (Section 1, Chapter 13) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">diffusion</literal>
  1550.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Amino&lt;/b> &lt;b>Acid&lt;/b> Neurotransmitters (Section 1, Chapter 13) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">high affinity uptake</literal>
  1551.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1552.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1553.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1554.     </question>
  1555.     <question id="1000000220" lang="en" ref="" text="The central autonomic network is composed of which type of nuclei?">
  1556.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1557.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Central&lt;/b> Control of the &lt;b>Autonomic&lt;/b> Nervous System and Thermoregulation (Section 4, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic nuclei</literal>
  1558.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1559.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  1560.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1561.         <tag>sec4ch3</tag>
  1562.     </question>
  1563.     <question id="1000000430" lang="en" ref="" text="How do motor neurons control muscle force?">
  1564.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1565.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Motor&lt;/b> Units and &lt;b>Muscle&lt;/b> Receptors (Section 3, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">When a signal is sent to the motor neurons to execute a movement, motor neurons are not all recruited at the same time or at random. The motor neuron size principle states that, with increasing strength of input onto motor neurons, smaller motor neurons are recruited and fire action potentials before larger motor neurons are recruited.</literal>
  1566.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Motor&lt;/b> Units and &lt;b>Muscle&lt;/b> Receptors (Section 3, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Motor neurons use a rate code to signal the amount of force to be exerted by a muscle. An increase in the rate of action potentials fired by the motor neuron causes an increase in the amount of force that the motor unit generates.</literal>
  1567.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Motor&lt;/b> Units and &lt;b>Muscle&lt;/b> Receptors (Section 3, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">A motor neuron controls the amount of force that is exerted by muscle fibers. There are two principles that govern the relationship between motor neuron activity and muscle force: the rate code and the size principle.</literal>
  1568.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1569.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1570.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1571.     </question>
  1572.     <question id="1000000373" lang="en" ref="" text="what are cones?">
  1573.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1574.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Visual Processing: Eye and Retina (Section 2, Chapter 14) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Cones are responsible for the initiation of the photopic visual process. Cones. contain photopigments that breakdown in the presence of a limited bandwidth of light (i.e., cone photopigments are chromatic). are color sensitive. are less sensitive to light and require high (daylight) illumination levels. are concentrated in the fovea (Figure 14.21A). in the fovea have image of the central visual field projected on them. in the fovea are responsible for photopic, light-adapted vision (i.e., high visual acuity and color vision) in the central visual field</literal>
  1575.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1576.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1577.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1578.         <tag>sec2ch14</tag>
  1579.     </question>
  1580.     <question id="1000000059" lang="en" ref="" text="What is a positive feedback cycle?">
  1581.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1582.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Ionic Mechanisms and Action Potentials (Section 1, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">positive feedback cycle rapidly moves the membrane potential toward its peak value, which is close but not equal to the Na equilibrium potential. Two processes which contribute to repolarization at the peak of the action potential are then engaged.</literal>
  1583.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1584.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  1585.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1586.     </question>
  1587.     <question id="1000000091" lang="en" ref="" text="How do we taste salts?">
  1588.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1589.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Chemical Senses: Olfaction and Gustation (Section 2, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The taste of salts is mediated by Na ions which do not interact with a membrane receptor but diffuse through a Na channel located in the microvilli and apical membrane. Anions such as Cl contribute to the salty taste, but anions are transported into these cells by a paracellular route. The influx of these ions of salt evokes a depolarization in the apical membrane</literal>
  1590.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1591.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1592.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1593.         <tag>sec2ch9</tag>
  1594.     </question>
  1595.     <question id="1000000487" lang="en" ref="" text="What regulates vesicle trafficking during neurosecretion?">
  1596.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1597.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000118">
  1598.         </mappedQuestion>
  1599.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1600.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1601.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1602.     </question>
  1603.     <question id="1000000284" lang="en" ref="" text="What is a test for nondeclarative memory?">
  1604.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1605.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Learning and &lt;b>Memory&lt;/b> (Section 4, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Pavlovian conditioning</literal>
  1606.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1607.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  1608.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1609.         <tag>sec4ch7</tag>
  1610.     </question>
  1611.     <question id="1000000431" lang="en" ref="" text="What signals information about the length and velocity of a muscle?">
  1612.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1613.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Motor Units and &lt;b>Muscle&lt;/b> Receptors (Section 3, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Muscle spindles signal information about the length and velocity of a muscle.</literal>
  1614.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1615.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1616.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1617.     </question>
  1618.     <question id="1000000219" lang="en" ref="" text="What is an interconnection in the central autonomic network?">
  1619.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1620.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Central&lt;/b> Control of the &lt;b>Autonomic&lt;/b> Nervous System and Thermoregulation (Section 4, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">between sites receiving visceral inputs and that control autonomic efferent outputs</literal>
  1621.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Central&lt;/b> Control of the &lt;b>Autonomic&lt;/b> Nervous System and Thermoregulation (Section 4, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">between sites for the control of sympathetic versus parasympathetic nervous system output</literal>
  1622.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Central&lt;/b> Control of the &lt;b>Autonomic&lt;/b> Nervous System and Thermoregulation (Section 4, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">between sites for autonomic control and somatic, endocrine and limbic circuitry</literal>
  1623.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1624.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  1625.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1626.         <tag>sec4ch3</tag>
  1627.     </question>
  1628.     <question id="1000000156" lang="en" ref="" text="How do benzodiazepines produce their pharmacological effects?">
  1629.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1630.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Amino Acid Neurotransmitters (Section 1, Chapter 13) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">by increasing GABA's ability to hyperpolarize neuronal membranes, thereby quieting the system</literal>
  1631.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1632.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1633.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1634.     </question>
  1635.     <question id="1000000374" lang="en" ref="" text="How is a sensory neuron activated?">
  1636.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1637.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synaptic Transmission in the Central Nervous System (Section 1, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Normally, the sensory neuron is activated by a stretch to the stretch receptor, but this process can be bypassed by injecting a depolarizing current into the sensory neuron. That stimulus initiates an action potential in the sensory neuron which leads to a change in the potential of the motor neuron.</literal>
  1638.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1639.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  1640.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1641.     </question>
  1642.     <question id="1000000283" lang="en" ref="" text="The object recognition test tests what kind of memory?">
  1643.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1644.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Learning and &lt;b>Memory&lt;/b> (Section 4, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">declarative memory</literal>
  1645.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1646.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  1647.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1648.         <tag>sec4ch7</tag>
  1649.     </question>
  1650.     <question id="1000000092" lang="en" ref="" text="Do myelinated axons have sodium channels in the internodal region?">
  1651.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1652.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Propagation of the Action Potential (Section 1, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">myelinated axons do not even have sodium channels in the internodal region.</literal>
  1653.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1654.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  1655.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1656.     </question>
  1657.     <question id="1000000060" lang="en" ref="" text="What are the responses to pain?">
  1658.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1659.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Pain&lt;/b> Tracts and Sources (Section 2, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Behavioral response. This response includes: Vocalization, rubbing designed to diminish pain, learning to respond to sudden pain and psychosomatic pain.</literal>
  1660.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Pain&lt;/b> Tracts and Sources (Section 2, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Startle response. This is a complex psychosomatic response to a sudden unexpected stimulus which includes: A flexion reflex, postural readjustment and orientation of the head and eyes to examine the damaged area.</literal>
  1661.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Pain&lt;/b> Tracts and Sources (Section 2, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Autonomic response. This response includes: NE and E release, ACTH and/or cortisol release, and vasoconstriction and piloerection.</literal>
  1662.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1663.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1664.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1665.         <tag>sec2ch7</tag>
  1666.     </question>
  1667.     <question id="1000000486" lang="en" ref="" text="At what structure does the cycle of neurotransmitter vesicles originate?">
  1668.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1669.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000120">
  1670.         </mappedQuestion>
  1671.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1672.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1673.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1674.     </question>
  1675.     <question id="1000000489" lang="en" ref="" text="What composes codons?">
  1676.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1677.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000122">
  1678.         </mappedQuestion>
  1679.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1680.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1681.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1682.     </question>
  1683.     <question id="1000000222" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the net result of the central autonomic network in full operation?">
  1684.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1685.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Central&lt;/b> Control of the &lt;b>Autonomic&lt;/b> Nervous System and Thermoregulation (Section 4, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the induction of autonomic responses to visceral and somatic stress stimuli, such as elevated heart rate and blood pressure with the onset of pain.</literal>
  1686.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1687.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  1688.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1689.         <tag>sec4ch3</tag>
  1690.     </question>
  1691.     <question id="1000000157" lang="en" ref="" text="What type of neuronal responses do neuropeptides typically produce?">
  1692.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1693.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Neuropeptides&lt;/b> and Nitric Oxide | Section 1, Chapter 14 | Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">slow onset</literal>
  1694.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Neuropeptides&lt;/b> and Nitric Oxide | Section 1, Chapter 14 | Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">long duration</literal>
  1695.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1696.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1697.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1698.     </question>
  1699.     <question id="1000000375" lang="en" ref="" text="what is the lateral geniculate nucleus?">
  1700.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1701.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Visual Processing: Cortical Pathways (Section 2, Chapter 15) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus. The vast majority of optic tract fibers terminate on neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus (Figure 15.3A). Like the retina, the lateral geniculate nucleus is a laminated structure, in this case, with six principal layers of cells (Figure 15.3B). The largest cells form the deepest two (magnocellular) layers. Smaller cells form the upper four (parvocellular) layers. Thin layers of the smallest cells (i.e., the koniocellular neurons) are interposed between these principal layers.</literal>
  1702.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1703.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1704.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1705.         <tag>sec2ch15</tag>
  1706.     </question>
  1707.     <question id="1000000057" lang="en" ref="" text="what is peripheral pain?">
  1708.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1709.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Pain&lt;/b> Tracts and Sources (Section 2, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Cutaneous, Superficial or Peripheral Pain. Pain that arises from the skin and muscles or peripheral nerves themselves. In general, this pain has two components, the initial response (a) followed by later response (b). These signals are transmitted via different pathway. Pricking pain reaches the CNS via neospinothalamic tract (i.e., LST) to the VPL (or VPM) and to the SCI. Burning and soreness pain resulting from tissue damage reaches the CNS via the paleospinothalamic tract (AST) and archispinothalamic tract to brain stem nuclei and to PF-CM complex, etc</literal>
  1710.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1711.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1712.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1713.         <tag>sec2ch7</tag>
  1714.     </question>
  1715.     <question id="1000000093" lang="en" ref="" text="How do we taste sweet things?">
  1716.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1717.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Chemical Senses: Olfaction and Gustation (Section 2, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Sweet tasting solutes, sugars and related substances, bind to membrane receptor proteins which are coupled to a G-s protein (gustducin), which activates adenylyl cyclase (AC). Cyclic AMP (cAMP) dependent protein kinase (PKA) reduces K efflux in the apical membrane and produces membrane depolarization</literal>
  1718.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Chemical Senses: Olfaction and Gustation (Section 2, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Some sweet solutes and non-sugar sweeteners interact with a receptor membrane protein through a G protein, which activates phospholipase C. A second messenger, inositol triphosphate (IP3), is synthesized which releases Ca from intracellular stores. Accumulation of Ca depolarizes the cell, releasing neurotransmitter at the synapse</literal>
  1719.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1720.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1721.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1722.         <tag>sec2ch9</tag>
  1723.     </question>
  1724.     <question id="1000000286" lang="en" ref="" text="What did the study on H.M clearly demonstrate?">
  1725.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1726.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Learning and Memory (Section 4, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">memory is distributed throughout the nervous system, and different brain regions are involved in mediating different types of memory</literal>
  1727.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Learning and Memory (Section 4, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the memory for skills and habits are not formed in the hippocampus.</literal>
  1728.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Learning and Memory (Section 4, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the hippocampus is critical for the formation of new memories, it is not where the old memories are stored</literal>
  1729.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Learning and Memory (Section 4, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">indicated that the hippocampus was critical for memory formation</literal>
  1730.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1731.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  1732.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1733.         <tag>sec4ch7</tag>
  1734.     </question>
  1735.     <question id="1000000221" lang="en" ref="" text="Hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic nuclei are a part of what network?">
  1736.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1737.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Central Control of the Autonomic Nervous System and Thermoregulation (Section 4, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The central autonomic network</literal>
  1738.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1739.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  1740.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1741.         <tag>sec4ch3</tag>
  1742.     </question>
  1743.     <question id="1000000488" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the source of mRNA transcription?">
  1744.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1745.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000121">
  1746.         </mappedQuestion>
  1747.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1748.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1749.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1750.     </question>
  1751.     <question id="1000000158" lang="en" ref="" text="What are the effects of neuromodulators?">
  1752.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1753.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Neuropeptides and Nitric Oxide | Section 1, Chapter 14 | Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">to potentiate or depress the effects of a second transmitter</literal>
  1754.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1755.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1756.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1757.     </question>
  1758.     <question id="1000000058" lang="en" ref="" text="What is deep pain?">
  1759.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1760.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Pain&lt;/b> Tracts and Sources (Section 2, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Deep pain. This pain arises from joint receptors tendons and fascia (i.e., deep structures). The quality of deep pain is dull, aching or burning. Deep pain is accompanied by a definite autonomic response associated with sweating and nausea, changes in blood pressure and heart rate. Somatic deep pain reaches the CNS mainly via the paleospinothalamic (Figure 7.3) and archispinothalamic tract</literal>
  1761.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1762.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1763.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1764.         <tag>sec2ch7</tag>
  1765.     </question>
  1766.     <question id="1000000094" lang="en" ref="" text="How do we taste bitter things?">
  1767.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1768.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Chemical Senses: Olfaction and Gustation (Section 2, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The transduction of bitter tastes involves several mechanisms: 1) blockage of the efflux of K by a number of hydrophilic bitter substances generates a depolarizing potential; 2) interaction with a receptor membrane receptor coupled to the G protein, gustducin, and activation of cAMP dependent protein kinase with blockage of K channels; and 3) involves a receptor protein linked to G-protein and activation of phospholipase C, which results in substrate hydrolysis to IP3, releasing Ca from intracellular stores.</literal>
  1769.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1770.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1771.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1772.         <tag>sec2ch9</tag>
  1773.     </question>
  1774.     <question id="1000000376" lang="en" ref="" text="What are the groups of transmitter substances?">
  1775.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1776.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synaptic Transmission in the Central Nervous System (Section 1, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">acetylcholine, monoamines, peptides, and the amino acids</literal>
  1777.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1778.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  1779.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1780.     </question>
  1781.     <question id="1000000285" lang="en" ref="" text="Retrograde amnesia refers to what kind of memory loss?">
  1782.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1783.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Learning and &lt;b>Memory&lt;/b> (Section 4, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">loss of old memories</literal>
  1784.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1785.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  1786.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1787.         <tag>sec4ch7</tag>
  1788.     </question>
  1789.     <question id="1000000432" lang="en" ref="" text="What signals information about the load or force applied to a muscle?">
  1790.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1791.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Motor Units and &lt;b>Muscle&lt;/b> Receptors (Section 3, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The Golgi tendon organ is a specialized receptor that is located between the muscle and the tendon (Figure 1.7). Unlike the muscle spindle, which is located in parallel with extrafusal fibers, the Golgi tendon organ is located in series with the muscle and signals information about the load or force being applied to the muscle.</literal>
  1792.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1793.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1794.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1795.     </question>
  1796.     <question id="1000000262" lang="en" ref="" text="What does the depolarization of the presynaptic terminal cause?">
  1797.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1798.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter Release (Section 1, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the depolarization of the presynaptic terminal leads to an increase in Ca permeability. Just as there are voltage-dependent Na and K channels, there are also voltage-dependent Ca channels.</literal>
  1799.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1800.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  1801.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1802.     </question>
  1803.     <question id="1000000005" lang="en" ref="" text="What are sensory pathways">
  1804.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1805.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Somatosensory &lt;b>Pathways&lt;/b> (Section 2, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Sensory pathways consist of the chain of neurons, from receptor organ to cerebral cortex, that are responsible for the perception of sensations.</literal>
  1806.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1807.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1808.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  1809.         <tag>sec2ch4</tag>
  1810.     </question>
  1811.     <question id="1000000319" lang="en" ref="" text="In what ways do the brain endothelial cells differ from other endothelial cells?">
  1812.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1813.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Blood &lt;b>Brain&lt;/b> Barrier and Cerebral Metabolism (Section 4, Chapter 11) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">First, continuous tight junctions are present between brain endothelial cells. These tight junctions prevent paracellular movement of molecules. Second, there are no detectable transendothelial pathways such as intracellular vesicles. These properties of brain endothelial cells provide a barrier between the blood and the brain.</literal>
  1814.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1815.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  1816.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1817.         <tag>sec4ch11</tag>
  1818.     </question>
  1819.     <question id="1000000062" lang="en" ref="" text="what is visceral pain?">
  1820.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1821.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Pain&lt;/b> Tracts and Sources (Section 2, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Visceral pain is diffuse, less precisely graded and typically accompanied by slowing of the heart, lowered blood pressure, cold sweats and nausea. It conveys also hunger, thirst, electrolyte balance, irregulation in the respiratory and circulatory systems.</literal>
  1822.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000061">
  1823.         </mappedQuestion>
  1824.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1825.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1826.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1827.         <tag>sec2ch7</tag>
  1828.     </question>
  1829.     <question id="1000000350" lang="en" ref="" text="what types of hair cells are there?">
  1830.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1831.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Auditory System: Structure and Function (Section 2, Chapter 12) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">There are two types of hair cells, inner and outer.</literal>
  1832.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1833.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1834.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1835.         <tag>sec2ch12</tag>
  1836.     </question>
  1837.     <question id="1000000150" lang="en" ref="" text="What mediates the majority of inhibitory synaptic actions in the CNS?">
  1838.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1839.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Amino Acid Neurotransmitters (Section 1, Chapter 13) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">GABA</literal>
  1840.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1841.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1842.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1843.     </question>
  1844.     <question id="1000000207" lang="en" ref="" text="What does the sensory pathway consist of?">
  1845.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1846.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Somatosensory Pathways (Section 2, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">chain of neurons</literal>
  1847.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1848.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1849.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1850.     </question>
  1851.     <question id="1000000477" lang="en" ref="" text="What causes Hemiballismus?">
  1852.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1853.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Disorders of the Motor System (Section 3, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Hemiballismus results from a unilateral lesion to the subthalamic nucleus, usually caused by a stroke. This lesion results in ballismus on the contralateral side of the body, while the ipsilateral side is normal (hence the term hemiballismus). The involuntary, ballistic movements result from the loss of the excitatory subthalamic nucleus projection to the globus pallidus (Figure 6.5).</literal>
  1854.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1855.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1856.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1857.     </question>
  1858.     <question id="1000000263" lang="en" ref="" text="What happens when the Ca channel is opened?">
  1859.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1860.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter Release (Section 1, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The opening of the Ca channel allows for calcium to flow down its concentration gradient from the outside to the inside of the synaptic terminal.</literal>
  1861.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1862.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  1863.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1864.     </question>
  1865.     <question id="1000000004" lang="en" ref="" text="How are neurons different from other cells in the body?">
  1866.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1867.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Introduction to &lt;b>Neurons&lt;/b> and &lt;b>Neuronal&lt;/b> Networks | Section 1, Intro Chapter | Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Neurons are different from most other cells in the body in that they are polarized and have distinct morphological regions, each with specific functions.</literal>
  1868.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1869.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  1870.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1871.     </question>
  1872.     <question id="1000000349" lang="en" ref="" text="what is the organ of corti?">
  1873.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1874.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Auditory System: Structure and Function (Section 2, Chapter 12) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The Organ of Corti sits on the basilar membrane, which forms the division between the scalae media and tympani.</literal>
  1875.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1876.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1877.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1878.         <tag>sec2ch12</tag>
  1879.     </question>
  1880.     <question id="1000000061" lang="en" ref="" text="how is pain received in visceral organs?">
  1881.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1882.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Pain&lt;/b> Tracts and Sources (Section 2, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">In the visceral organs, nociceptors respond to mechanical stimulation such as pressure, tissue damage, and chemical stimulation.</literal>
  1883.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1884.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1885.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  1886.         <tag>sec2ch7</tag>
  1887.     </question>
  1888.     <question id="1000000149" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the main neurotransmitter that mediates the inhibitory actions of spinal cord interneurons?">
  1889.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1890.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Amino Acid &lt;b>Neurotransmitters&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 13) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">glycine</literal>
  1891.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1892.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1893.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1894.     </question>
  1895.     <question id="1000000206" lang="en" ref="" text="What surrounds the central canal?">
  1896.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1897.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Anatomy of the Spinal Cord (Section 2, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the ependymal layer</literal>
  1898.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1899.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1900.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1901.     </question>
  1902.     <question id="1000000478" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the eye blink reflex?">
  1903.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1904.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Ocular Motor System (Section 3, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Tactile stimulation of the cornea results in an irritating sensation that normally evokes eyelid closure (an eye blink). The response is consensual (i.e., bilateral) - involving automatic eyelid closure at both eyes.</literal>
  1905.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1906.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1907.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1908.     </question>
  1909.     <question id="1000000260" lang="en" ref="" text="What pathways provide a crude perception of the world?">
  1910.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1911.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: Amygdala (Section 4, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">pathways from the sensory thalamus</literal>
  1912.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000258">
  1913.         </mappedQuestion>
  1914.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1915.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  1916.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1917.         <tag>sec4ch6</tag>
  1918.     </question>
  1919.     <question id="1000000007" lang="en" ref="" text="How many connections do neurons have?">
  1920.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1921.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Introduction to &lt;b>Neurons&lt;/b> and &lt;b>Neuronal&lt;/b> Networks | Section 1, Intro Chapter | Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">a neuron can receive contacts from up to 10,000 presynaptic neurons, and, in turn, any one neuron can contact up to 10,000 postsynaptic neurons.</literal>
  1922.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1923.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  1924.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1925.     </question>
  1926.     <question id="1000000317" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the BBB?">
  1927.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1928.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Blood Brain Barrier and Cerebral Metabolism (Section 4, Chapter 11) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">protects the neural tissue from variations in blood composition and toxins</literal>
  1929.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000316">
  1930.         </mappedQuestion>
  1931.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1932.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  1933.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1934.         <tag>sec4ch11</tag>
  1935.     </question>
  1936.     <question id="1000000348" lang="en" ref="" text="what is the cochlea?">
  1937.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1938.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Auditory System: Structure and Function (Section 2, Chapter 12) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The cochlea is a long coiled tube, with three channels divided by two thin membranes. The top tube is the scala vestibuli, which is connected to the oval window. The bottom tube is the scala tympani, which is connected to the round window. The middle tube is the scala media, which contains the Organ of Corti.</literal>
  1939.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1940.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1941.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1942.         <tag>sec2ch12</tag>
  1943.     </question>
  1944.     <question id="1000000475" lang="en" ref="" text="What causes Parkinson’s disease?">
  1945.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1946.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Disorders of the Motor System (Section 3, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Parkinsona s disease results from the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. It is characterized by a resting tremor, but the most debilitating symptom is severe bradykinesia or akinesia. In advanced cases, patients have difficulty initiating movements, although involuntary, reflexive movements can be normal.</literal>
  1947.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1948.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  1949.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1950.     </question>
  1951.     <question id="1000000148" lang="en" ref="" text="Where are inhibitory synaptic connections typically localised?">
  1952.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1953.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Amino Acid Neurotransmitters (Section 1, Chapter 13) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">near the neuronal soma</literal>
  1954.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1955.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1956.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1957.     </question>
  1958.     <question id="1000000205" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the spinal central canal filled with?">
  1959.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1960.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Anatomy of the &lt;b>Spinal&lt;/b> Cord (Section 2, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">CSF</literal>
  1961.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1962.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1963.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1964.     </question>
  1965.     <question id="1000000261" lang="en" ref="" text="Who examined the role of calcium in the release of chemical transmitter substances?">
  1966.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1967.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter &lt;b>Release&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Bernard Katz and his colleagues examined its role using the skeletal nerve muscle synapse.</literal>
  1968.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1969.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  1970.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1971.     </question>
  1972.     <question id="1000000347" lang="en" ref="" text="how does sound enter the auditory system?">
  1973.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1974.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Auditory&lt;/b> &lt;b>System&lt;/b>: Structure and Function (Section 2, Chapter 12) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The pinna and external auditory meatus collect these waves, change them slightly, and direct them to the tympanic membrane. The resulting movements of the eardrum are transmitted through the three middle-ear ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes) to the fluid of the inner ear. The footplate of the stapes fits tightly into the oval window of the bony cochlea.</literal>
  1975.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1976.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  1977.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1978.         <tag>sec2ch12</tag>
  1979.     </question>
  1980.     <question id="1000000006" lang="en" ref="" text="What are dendrites?">
  1981.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1982.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Introduction to Neurons and Neuronal Networks | Section 1, Intro Chapter | Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Dendrites are the region where one neuron receives connections from other neurons.</literal>
  1983.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1984.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  1985.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1986.     </question>
  1987.     <question id="1000000318" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the function of the endothelial cells forming the blood-brain barrier?">
  1988.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1989.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Blood&lt;/b> &lt;b>Brain&lt;/b> &lt;b>Barrier&lt;/b> and Cerebral Metabolism (Section 4, Chapter 11) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">allow precise control over the substances that enter or leave the brain</literal>
  1990.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1991.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  1992.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  1993.         <tag>sec4ch11</tag>
  1994.     </question>
  1995.     <question id="1000000063" lang="en" ref="" text="what is thalamic pain?">
  1996.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  1997.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Pain&lt;/b> Tracts and Sources (Section 2, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Because the brain and the spinal cord do not contain nociceptors, the pathological process presumably directly stimulates nociceptive pathways, or it prevents the activation of the pain suppression pathways. This condition is known also as thalamic pain syndrome or Dejerive-Roussy syndrome.</literal>
  1998.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  1999.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2000.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  2001.         <tag>sec2ch7</tag>
  2002.     </question>
  2003.     <question id="1000000204" lang="en" ref="" text="Where do most axons in the ventral roots arise from?">
  2004.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2005.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Anatomy of the Spinal Cord (Section 2, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">motor neurons</literal>
  2006.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2007.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2008.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2009.     </question>
  2010.     <question id="1000000476" lang="en" ref="" text="What causes Huntington’s disease?">
  2011.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2012.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Disorders of the Motor System (Section 3, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Huntingtona s disease (also known as Woody Guthrie Disease) is a genetic disorder that is caused by an abnormally large number of repeats of the nucleotide sequence CAG on chromosome 4. Normal individuals have 9-35 repeats of this sequence; mutations that cause larger repeats give rise to Huntingtona s disease. It is an autosomal dominant mutation, such that the offspring of a patient with Huntingtona s disease has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation. Individuals with the mutated gene will invariably develop Huntingtona s disease, usually near middle age. The affected gene codes for a protein known as huntingtin, the function of which is not known.</literal>
  2013.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2014.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2015.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2016.     </question>
  2017.     <question id="1000000147" lang="en" ref="" text="Where are excitatory synaptic connections typically found?">
  2018.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2019.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Amino Acid Neurotransmitters (Section 1, Chapter 13) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">on the major receiving area of the neuron, the dendrite, and most often on spines that project from the dendrite</literal>
  2020.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2021.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2022.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2023.     </question>
  2024.     <question id="1000000258" lang="en" ref="" text="What pathway provides a crude perception of the world and is fast?">
  2025.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2026.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: Amygdala (Section 4, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">pathways from the sensory thalamus</literal>
  2027.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2028.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  2029.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2030.         <tag>sec4ch6</tag>
  2031.     </question>
  2032.     <question id="1000000001" lang="en" ref="" text="How many neurons are required for a complex task?">
  2033.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2034.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Introduction to &lt;b>Neurons&lt;/b> and &lt;b>Neuronal&lt;/b> Networks | Section 1, Intro Chapter | Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Just a few interconnected neurons (a microcircuit ) can perform sophisticated tasks such as mediate reflexes, process sensory information, generate locomotion and mediate learning and memory.</literal>
  2035.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2036.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2037.         <pau tid="B4C7B6B210AA389D1AA8109C7B360CD3">
  2038.         </pau>
  2039.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  2040.     </question>
  2041.     <question id="1000000210" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the morphology of the peripheral somatosensory axon related to?">
  2042.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2043.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Somatosensory&lt;/b> Pathways (Section 2, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the receptor it innervates or forms</literal>
  2044.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Somatosensory&lt;/b> Pathways (Section 2, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the sensory information it carries</literal>
  2045.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2046.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2047.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2048.     </question>
  2049.     <question id="1000000480" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the pupillary dark response?">
  2050.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2051.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Ocular Motor System (Section 3, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The pupils normally dilate (increase in size) when it is dark (i.e., when light is removed). This response involves the relaxation of the iris sphincter and contraction of the iris dilator. The iris dilator is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.</literal>
  2052.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2053.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2054.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2055.     </question>
  2056.     <question id="1000000146" lang="en" ref="" text="What does the periventricular DA system coordinate?">
  2057.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2058.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters (Section 1, Chapter 12, Part 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">motivated behavior</literal>
  2059.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2060.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2061.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2062.     </question>
  2063.     <question id="1000000353" lang="en" ref="" text="where do fibers from the ventral cochlear nucleus synapse?">
  2064.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2065.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Auditory System: Pathways and Reflexes (Section 2, Chapter 13) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Fibers from the ventral cochlear nucleus synapse in the ipsilateral and contralateral superior olivary nucleus. Some fibers from the ventral cochlear nucleus cross the midline in the trapezoid body.</literal>
  2066.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2067.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2068.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2069.         <tag>sec2ch13</tag>
  2070.     </question>
  2071.     <question id="1000000322" lang="en" ref="" text="What does it mean for neurons to be post-mitotic?">
  2072.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2073.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Neurotransmitter and Cell Death (Section 4, Chapter 12) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">cannot divide to produce new neurons making neuronal loss as a result of trauma profoundly detrimental to normal brain function</literal>
  2074.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2075.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  2076.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2077.         <tag>sec4ch12</tag>
  2078.     </question>
  2079.     <question id="1000000065" lang="en" ref="" text="what is psychosomatic pain?">
  2080.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2081.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Pain&lt;/b> Tracts and Sources (Section 2, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Psychosomatic Pain. Psychic reaction to pain includes all the well-known responses to pain such as anguish, anxiety, crying, depression, nausea and excess muscular excitability through the body. These reactions vary tremendously from one person to another following a comparable degree of pain stimuli. The sensation of pain can be influenced by emotions, past experiences and suggestions. The same stimulus can elicit different responses in different subjects under the same conditions.</literal>
  2082.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2083.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2084.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2085.         <tag>sec2ch7</tag>
  2086.     </question>
  2087.     <question id="1000000259" lang="en" ref="" text="What pathways are fast?">
  2088.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2089.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: Amygdala (Section 4, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">pathways from the sensory thalamus</literal>
  2090.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000258">
  2091.         </mappedQuestion>
  2092.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2093.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  2094.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2095.         <tag>sec4ch6</tag>
  2096.     </question>
  2097.     <question id="1000000000" lang="en" ref="" text="What are the two basic types of synaptic transmission?">
  2098.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2099.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Introduction to Neurons and Neuronal Networks | Section 1, Intro Chapter | Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">excitation and inhibition</literal>
  2100.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2101.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2102.         <pau tid="B4C7B6B210AA389D1AA8109C7B360CD3">
  2103.         </pau>
  2104.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  2105.     </question>
  2106.     <question id="1000000481" lang="en" ref="" text="What could cranial nerve damage cause?">
  2107.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2108.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Ocular Motor System (Section 3, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Damage to cranial nerves may result in sensory and motor symptoms. The sensory losses would involve those sensations the cranial nerve normally conveys (e.g., taste from the anterior two thirds of the tongue and somatic sensations from the skin of the ear - if facial nerve is damaged). The motor losses may be severe (i.e., a lower motor neuron loss that produces total paralysis) if the cranial nerve contains all of the motor axons controlling the muscles of the normally innervated area.</literal>
  2109.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2110.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2111.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2112.     </question>
  2113.     <question id="1000000209" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the sensory pathway responsible for?">
  2114.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2115.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Somatosensory &lt;b>Pathways&lt;/b> (Section 2, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the perception of sensations</literal>
  2116.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2117.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2118.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2119.     </question>
  2120.     <question id="1000000145" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the mesostriatal DA system also referred as?">
  2121.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2122.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters (Section 1, Chapter 12, Part 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">nigrostriatal pathway</literal>
  2123.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2124.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2125.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2126.     </question>
  2127.     <question id="1000000352" lang="en" ref="" text="How does information travel in the central auditory system?">
  2128.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2129.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Auditory System: Pathways and Reflexes (Section 2, Chapter 13) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">a simple summary is that information proceeds from the Organ of Corti to spiral ganglion cells and the VIIIth nerve afferents in the ear, to the cochlear nuclei, many crossing in the trapezoid body to the superior olive in the brain stem. Then all ascending fibers stop in the inferior colliculus in the midbrain and the medial geniculate body in the thalamus, before reaching the cortex in the superior temporal gyrus. All auditory afferents synapse in the cochlear nuclei and in the thalamus.</literal>
  2130.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2131.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2132.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2133.         <tag>sec2ch13</tag>
  2134.     </question>
  2135.     <question id="1000000323" lang="en" ref="" text="What are inertia injuries?">
  2136.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2137.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Neurotransmitter and Cell Death (Section 4, Chapter 12) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">sudden acceleration or deceleration</literal>
  2138.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2139.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  2140.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2141.         <tag>sec4ch12</tag>
  2142.     </question>
  2143.     <question id="1000000064" lang="en" ref="" text="what is neuropathic pain?">
  2144.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2145.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Pain&lt;/b> Tracts and Sources (Section 2, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Neuropathic pain is a sharp, shooting and devastating pain. It is a persistent pain that arises from functional changes occurring in the CNS secondary to peripheral nerve injury. Once the nerve is damaged, the damaged nerve elicits sustained activation of nociceptors and/or nociceptive afferents. The neuropathic pain is due to an abnormal activation of the nociceptive system without specifically stimulating the nociceptors</literal>
  2146.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2147.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2148.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  2149.         <tag>sec2ch7</tag>
  2150.     </question>
  2151.     <question id="1000000256" lang="en" ref="" text="The psychosurgical technique of prefrontal lobotomies is a result of what condition?">
  2152.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2153.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: Amygdala (Section 4, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">flatness of affect</literal>
  2154.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2155.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  2156.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2157.         <tag>sec4ch6</tag>
  2158.     </question>
  2159.     <question id="1000000003" lang="en" ref="" text="What are nanocircuits?">
  2160.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2161.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Introduction to Neurons and Neuronal Networks | Section 1, Intro Chapter | Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">nanocircuits constitute the underlying biochemical machinery for mediating key neuronal properties such as learning and memory and the genesis of neuronal rhythmicity.</literal>
  2162.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2163.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2164.         <pau tid="B4C7B6B210AA389D1AA8109C7B360CD3">
  2165.         </pau>
  2166.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  2167.     </question>
  2168.     <question id="1000000208" lang="en" ref="" text="Where does the sensory pathway extend from and to?">
  2169.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2170.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Somatosensory &lt;b>Pathways&lt;/b> (Section 2, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">from receptor organ to cerebral cortex</literal>
  2171.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2172.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2173.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2174.     </question>
  2175.     <question id="1000000479" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the pupillary light reflex?">
  2176.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2177.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Ocular Motor System (Section 3, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The pupillary light reflex allows the eye to adjust the amount of light reaching the retina and protects the photoreceptors from bright lights. The iris contains two sets of smooth muscles that control the size of the pupil</literal>
  2178.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2179.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2180.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2181.     </question>
  2182.     <question id="1000000144" lang="en" ref="" text="Where is the major site of DA cell bodies?">
  2183.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2184.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters (Section 1, Chapter 12, Part 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">midbrain</literal>
  2185.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2186.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2187.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2188.     </question>
  2189.     <question id="1000000408" lang="en" ref="" text="What is fasciculation?">
  2190.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2191.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synapse Formation, Survival, and Elimination (Section 1, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The bundling together of axons into tracts is called fasciculation.</literal>
  2192.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2193.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2194.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2195.     </question>
  2196.     <question id="1000000320" lang="en" ref="" text="What are circumventricular organs (CVOs)?">
  2197.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2198.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Blood Brain Barrier and Cerebral Metabolism (Section 4, Chapter 11) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The structures located at strategic positions in the midline of the ventricular system and lack the BBB</literal>
  2199.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2200.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  2201.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2202.     </question>
  2203.     <question id="1000000067" lang="en" ref="" text="How does Tetrodotoxin affect permeability?">
  2204.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2205.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Ionic Mechanisms and Action Potentials (Section 1, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Tetrodotoxin (TTX), which comes from the Japanese puffer fish, blocks the voltage-dependent changes in Na permeability, but has no effect on the voltage-dependent changes in K permeability.</literal>
  2206.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2207.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2208.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2209.     </question>
  2210.     <question id="1000000257" lang="en" ref="" text="What gives us our gut (or subjective) feelings?">
  2211.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2212.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: Amygdala (Section 4, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The link between prefrontal cortex, septal area, hypothalamus, and amygdala</literal>
  2213.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2214.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  2215.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2216.         <tag>sec4ch6</tag>
  2217.     </question>
  2218.     <question id="1000000351" lang="en" ref="" text="How is the neural code organized in the central auditory system?">
  2219.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2220.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Auditory&lt;/b> &lt;b>System&lt;/b>: Structure and Function (Section 2, Chapter 12) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The neural code in the central auditory system is complex. Tonotopic organization is maintained throughout the auditory system. Tonotopic organization means that cells responsive to different frequencies are found in different places at each level of the central auditory system, and that there is a standard (logarithmic) relationship between this position and frequency. Each cell has a characteristic frequency (CF). The CF is the frequency to which the cell is maximally responsive. A cell will usually respond to other frequencies, but only at greater intensities.</literal>
  2221.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2222.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2223.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2224.         <tag>sec2ch12</tag>
  2225.     </question>
  2226.     <question id="1000000002" lang="en" ref="" text="What are macrocircuits?">
  2227.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2228.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Introduction to Neurons and Neuronal Networks | Section 1, Intro Chapter | Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">A More complex networks (macrocircuits) consist of multiple imbedded microcircuits.</literal>
  2229.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Introduction to Neurons and Neuronal Networks | Section 1, Intro Chapter | Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Macrocircuits mediate higher brain functions such as object recognition and cognition.A So, multiple levels of networks are ubiquitous in the nervous system.</literal>
  2230.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2231.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2232.         <pau tid="B4C7B6B210AA389D1AA8109C7B360CD3">
  2233.         </pau>
  2234.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  2235.     </question>
  2236.     <question id="1000000407" lang="en" ref="" text="What are pioneering growth cones?">
  2237.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2238.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synapse Formation, Survival, and Elimination (Section 1, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the growth cones on initial axons that are later joined by other axons to create a large axon bundle</literal>
  2239.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2240.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2241.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2242.     </question>
  2243.     <question id="1000000321" lang="en" ref="" text="What are CVOs?">
  2244.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2245.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000320">
  2246.         </mappedQuestion>
  2247.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2248.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  2249.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2250.     </question>
  2251.     <question id="1000000066" lang="en" ref="" text="what is referred pain?">
  2252.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2253.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Pain&lt;/b> Tracts and Sources (Section 2, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Referred pain is a painful sensation at a site other than the injured one. The pain is not localized to the site of its cause (visceral organ) but instead is localized to a distant site.</literal>
  2254.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2255.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2256.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2257.         <tag>sec2ch7</tag>
  2258.     </question>
  2259.     <question id="1000000270" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the amplitude of an MEPP?">
  2260.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2261.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter Release (Section 1, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">they were small with an average amplitude of about 0.5 mV</literal>
  2262.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2263.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2264.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2265.     </question>
  2266.     <question id="1000000533" lang="en" ref="" text="Proteolytic processing occurs where?">
  2267.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2268.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000164">
  2269.         </mappedQuestion>
  2270.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2271.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2272.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2273.     </question>
  2274.     <question id="1000000013" lang="en" ref="" text="Which types of peripheral somatosensory axons are responsible for dull pain?">
  2275.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2276.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Somatosensory&lt;/b> Pathways (Section 2, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The Type C 1Adegree afferent axons, which form free nerve endings and carry dull pain, deep pain, crude touch or warm/hot information, are the smallest 1Adegree afferent axons and are unmyelinated.</literal>
  2277.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2278.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2279.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  2280.         <tag>sec2ch4</tag>
  2281.     </question>
  2282.     <question id="1000000326" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the Glasgow coma score (GCS)?">
  2283.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2284.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Neurotransmitter and Cell Death (Section 4, Chapter 12) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">calculated from the scale and ranges from 3 to 15. Head injured patients are classified as having mild TBI if their GCS score is 13 to 15; a moderate injury if the GCS is 9 to 12, and a severe injury if their GCS score is 3 to 8.</literal>
  2285.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2286.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  2287.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2288.         <tag>sec4ch12</tag>
  2289.     </question>
  2290.     <question id="1000000357" lang="en" ref="" text="where do axons in the optic tract terminate?">
  2291.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2292.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Visual Processing: Cortical Pathways (Section 2, Chapter 15) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The axons in the optic tract terminate in four nuclei within the brain (Figure 15.2): the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus - for visual perception; the superior colliculus of the midbrain - for control of eye movements; the pretectum of the midbrain - for control of the pupillary light reflex; and. the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus - for control of diurnal rhythms and hormonal changes.</literal>
  2293.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2294.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2295.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2296.         <tag>sec2ch15</tag>
  2297.     </question>
  2298.     <question id="1000000069" lang="en" ref="" text="what is phantom (illusory) pain?">
  2299.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2300.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Pain&lt;/b> Tracts and Sources (Section 2, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Phantom or illusory pain is the experience of pain without any signals from nociceptors. It occurs in a subject with previous injuries such as amputation in which the dorsal roots are literally absent from the cord. Even though no sensory signals can enter the cord, the subject often feels extreme pain in the denervated parts of the body.</literal>
  2301.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2302.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2303.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  2304.         <tag>sec2ch7</tag>
  2305.     </question>
  2306.     <question id="1000000143" lang="en" ref="" text="What are epinephrine and norepinephrine?">
  2307.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2308.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters (Section 1, Chapter 12, Part 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">neurohumoral agents released into the circulation by the adrenal medulla</literal>
  2309.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2310.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2311.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2312.     </question>
  2313.     <question id="1000000199" lang="en" ref="" text="What are the four regions of the spinal cord?">
  2314.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2315.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Anatomy of the &lt;b>Spinal&lt;/b> &lt;b>Cord&lt;/b> (Section 2, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">thoracic</literal>
  2316.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Anatomy of the &lt;b>Spinal&lt;/b> &lt;b>Cord&lt;/b> (Section 2, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">cervical</literal>
  2317.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Anatomy of the &lt;b>Spinal&lt;/b> &lt;b>Cord&lt;/b> (Section 2, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">lumbar</literal>
  2318.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Anatomy of the &lt;b>Spinal&lt;/b> &lt;b>Cord&lt;/b> (Section 2, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">sacral</literal>
  2319.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2320.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2321.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2322.     </question>
  2323.     <question id="1000000469" lang="en" ref="" text="What are the anatomical subdivisions of the cerebellum?">
  2324.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2325.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Cerebellum&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The cerebrocerebellum is the largest functional subdivision of the human cerebellum, comprising the lateral hemispheres and the dentate nuclei. Its name derives from its extensive connections with the cerebral cortex, via the pontine nuclei (afferents) and the VL thalamus (efferents). It is involved in the planning and timing of movements. In addition, the cerebrocerebellum is involved in the cognitive functions of the cerebellum.</literal>
  2326.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Cerebellum&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The spinocerebellum comprises the vermis and the intermediate zones of the cerebellar cortex, as well as the fastigial and interposed nuclei. As its name implies, it receives major inputs from the spinocerebellar tract. Its output projects to rubrospinal, vestibulospinal, and reticulospinal tracts. It is involved in the integration of sensory input with motor commands to produce adaptive motor coordination.</literal>
  2327.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Cerebellum&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The vestibulocerebellum comprises the flocculonodular lobe and its connections with the lateral vestibular nuclei. Phylogenetically, the vestibulocerebellum is the oldest part of the cerebellum. As its name implies, it is involved in vestibular reflexes (such as the vestibuloocular reflex; see below) and in postural maintenance.</literal>
  2328.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2329.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2330.         <pau tid="EFECE5A9AF74051B7E3170D9FAC50BBC">
  2331.         </pau>
  2332.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2333.     </question>
  2334.     <question id="1000000271" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the action potential produced by the opening of a single calcium channel?">
  2335.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2336.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter Release (Section 1, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">because the MEPP is about 0.5 mV in amplitude, the opening of a single channel produces a potential of about 0.5 μV.</literal>
  2337.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2338.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2339.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2340.         <tag>sec1ch5</tag>
  2341.     </question>
  2342.     <question id="1000000012" lang="en" ref="" text="What is lateral inhibition?">
  2343.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2344.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Introduction to Neurons and Neuronal Networks | Section 1, Intro Chapter | Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">this type of circuit can be used in sensory systems to provide edge enhancement.</literal>
  2345.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Introduction to Neurons and Neuronal Networks | Section 1, Intro Chapter | Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">A presynaptic cell excites inhibitory interneurons and they inhibit neighboring cells in the network.</literal>
  2346.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2347.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2348.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2349.     </question>
  2350.     <question id="1000000327" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the GCS?">
  2351.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2352.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Neurotransmitter and Cell Death (Section 4, Chapter 12) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">calculated from the scale and ranges from 3 to 15. Head injured patients are classified as having mild TBI if their GCS score is 13 to 15; a moderate injury if the GCS is 9 to 12, and a severe injury if their GCS score is 3 to 8.</literal>
  2353.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000326">
  2354.         </mappedQuestion>
  2355.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2356.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  2357.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2358.         <tag>sec4ch12</tag>
  2359.     </question>
  2360.     <question id="1000000068" lang="en" ref="" text="what is acute pain?">
  2361.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2362.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Pain&lt;/b> Tracts and Sources (Section 2, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Acute pain arises from activation of nociceptors for a limited time and is not associated with significant tissue damage (e.g., a pin prick).</literal>
  2363.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2364.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2365.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  2366.         <tag>sec2ch7</tag>
  2367.     </question>
  2368.     <question id="1000000142" lang="en" ref="" text="What does DA modulate in the ganglia?">
  2369.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2370.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters (Section 1, Chapter 12, Part 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">cholinergic transmission</literal>
  2371.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2372.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2373.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2374.     </question>
  2375.     <question id="1000000198" lang="en" ref="" text="What do afferent fibers carry?">
  2376.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2377.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Anatomy of the Spinal Cord (Section 2, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">sensory information (sensations) from the body and some from the head to the central nervous system (CNS)</literal>
  2378.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2379.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2380.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2381.     </question>
  2382.     <question id="1000000470" lang="en" ref="" text="What are the three layers of the cerebellar cortex?">
  2383.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2384.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Cerebellum (Section 3, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The cerebellar cortex is divided into three layers (Figure 5.6). The innermost layer, the granule cell layer, is made of 5 x 10 small, tightly packed granule cells. The middle layer, the Purkinje cell layer, is only 1-cell thick. The outer layer, the molecular layer, is made of the axons of granule cells and the dendrites of Purkinje cells, as well as a few other cell types. The Purkinje cell layer forms the border between the granule and molecular layers.</literal>
  2385.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2386.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2387.         <pau tid="EFECE5A9AF74051B7E3170D9FAC50BBC">
  2388.         </pau>
  2389.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2390.     </question>
  2391.     <question id="1000000268" lang="en" ref="" text="What causes MEPPs?">
  2392.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2393.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter Release (Section 1, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Katz suggested that MEPPs were due to the spontaneous and random release of ACh.</literal>
  2394.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2395.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2396.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2397.     </question>
  2398.     <question id="1000000355" lang="en" ref="" text="how is the primary auditory cortex organized?">
  2399.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2400.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Auditory&lt;/b> System: Pathways and Reflexes (Section 2, Chapter 13) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Primary auditory cortex, or Herschela s gyrus in insular cortex, is tonotopically organized. Afferents from this longitudinal strip on the superior temporal gyrus diverge to a wide variety of other cortical processing areas, including Wernickea s area in the parietal lobe where speech is processed. Auditory afferents are tonotopically organized from the ear to the cortex. This starts with high frequencies transduced at the base of the cochlea, and low frequencies transduced at the apex</literal>
  2401.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2402.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2403.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  2404.         <tag>sec2ch13</tag>
  2405.     </question>
  2406.     <question id="1000000015" lang="en" ref="" text="How are Somatosensory neurons organized?">
  2407.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2408.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Somatosensory&lt;/b> Pathways (Section 2, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Somatosensory neurons are topographically (i.e., spatially) organized so that adjacent neurons represent neighboring regions of the body or face (Figure 4.4). This organization is preserved by a precise point-to-point somatotopic pattern of connections from the spinal cord and brain stem to the thalamus and cortex. Consequently, within each somatosensory pathway there is a complete map (spatial representation) of the body or face in each of the somatosensory nuclei, tracts, and cortex.</literal>
  2409.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2410.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2411.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  2412.         <tag>sec2ch4</tag>
  2413.     </question>
  2414.     <question id="1000000324" lang="en" ref="" text="What is TBI?">
  2415.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2416.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Neurotransmitter and Cell Death (Section 4, Chapter 12) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Traumatic brain injury</literal>
  2417.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2418.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  2419.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2420.         <tag>sec4ch12</tag>
  2421.     </question>
  2422.     <question id="1000000531" lang="en" ref="" text="Most proteins are produced by what?">
  2423.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2424.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000163">
  2425.         </mappedQuestion>
  2426.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2427.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2428.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2429.     </question>
  2430.     <question id="1000000071" lang="en" ref="" text="what is chronic pain?">
  2431.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2432.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Pain&lt;/b> Tracts and Sources (Section 2, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Chronic pain is prolonged pain lasting for months or longer that arises from tissue injury, inflammation, nerve damage, tumor growth, lesion or occlusion of blood vessels. Chronic or inflammatory pain can sensitize (see "Sensitization" below) the nervous system, evoking chemical, functional, and even structural changes that serve to a prime the pain-processing pumpa .</literal>
  2433.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2434.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2435.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2436.         <tag>sec2ch7</tag>
  2437.     </question>
  2438.     <question id="1000000141" lang="en" ref="" text="How does norepinephrine work?">
  2439.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2440.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters (Section 1, Chapter 12, Part 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">it acts on smooth muscle to cause either contraction or relaxation, depending on the types of receptors present</literal>
  2441.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2442.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2443.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2444.     </question>
  2445.     <question id="1000000467" lang="en" ref="" text="What does the cerebellum consist of?">
  2446.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2447.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Cerebellum&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The cerebellum consists of two major parts (Figure 5.2A). The cerebellar deep nuclei (or cerebellar nuclei) are the sole output structures of the cerebellum. These nuclei are encased by a highly convoluted sheet of tissue called the cerebellar cortex, which contains almost all of the neurons in the cerebellum.</literal>
  2448.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2449.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2450.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2451.     </question>
  2452.     <question id="1000000197" lang="en" ref="" text="Where does the spinal cord extend from?">
  2453.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2454.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Anatomy of the &lt;b>Spinal&lt;/b> &lt;b>Cord&lt;/b> (Section 2, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the foramen magnum</literal>
  2455.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2456.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2457.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2458.     </question>
  2459.     <question id="1000000419" lang="en" ref="" text="What is Motor Control?">
  2460.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2461.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Motor&lt;/b> Units and Muscle Receptors (Section 3, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Sensory receptors provide information about the environment, which is then used to produce action to change the environment. Sometimes the pathway from sensation to action is direct, as in a reflex. In most cases, however, cognitive processing occurs to make actions adaptive and appropriate for the particular situation. Much of the brain and nervous system is devoted to the processing of sensory input, in order to construct detailed representations of the external environment. Through vision, audition, somatosensation, and the other senses, we perceive the world and our relationship to it. This elaborate processing would be of limited value, however, unless we had a way to act upon the environment that we are sensing, whether that action consist of running away from a predator; seeking shelter against the rain; searching for food when one is hungry; moving onea s lips and vocal cords in order to communicate with others; or performing the countless other varieties of actions that make up our daily lives. In some cases the relationship between the sensory input and the motor output are simple and direct; for example, touching a hot stove elicits an immediate withdrawal of the hand (Figure 1.1). Usually, however, our conscious actions require not only sensory input but a host of other cognitive processes that allow us to choose the most appropriate motor output for the given circumstances. In each case, the final output is a set of commands to certain muscles in the body to exert force against some other object or forces (e.g., gravity). This entire process falls under the subject of motor control.</literal>
  2462.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2463.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2464.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2465.     </question>
  2466.     <question id="1000000269" lang="en" ref="" text="Why is ACh spontaneously released in MEPPs?">
  2467.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2468.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter &lt;b>Release&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">ACh is likely to be spontaneously released occasionally because there is a basal level of calcium in the presynaptic terminal.</literal>
  2469.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2470.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2471.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2472.     </question>
  2473.     <question id="1000000354" lang="en" ref="" text="where do cells in the superior olive receive input from?">
  2474.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2475.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Auditory System: Pathways and Reflexes (Section 2, Chapter 13) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">cells in the superior olive receive inputs from both ears and are the first place in the central auditory system where binaural processing (stereo hearing) is possible.</literal>
  2476.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2477.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2478.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  2479.         <tag>sec2ch13</tag>
  2480.     </question>
  2481.     <question id="1000000014" lang="en" ref="" text="What is feedback/recurrent excitation?">
  2482.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2483.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Introduction to Neurons and Neuronal Networks | Section 1, Intro Chapter | Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">a presynaptic cell connects to a postsynaptic cell, and the postsynaptic cell in turn connects to an interneuron, which then inhibits the presynaptic cell. A This circuit can limit excitation in a pathway.A Some initial excitation would be shut off after the red interneuron becomes active.</literal>
  2484.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2485.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2486.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2487.     </question>
  2488.     <question id="1000000532" lang="en" ref="" text="Glycosylation occurs in what structure?">
  2489.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2490.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000161">
  2491.         </mappedQuestion>
  2492.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2493.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2494.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2495.     </question>
  2496.     <question id="1000000325" lang="en" ref="" text="Continued swelling caused by a TBI results in what?">
  2497.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2498.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Neurotransmitter and Cell Death (Section 4, Chapter 12) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the disconnection of proximal axon bulb (referred to as retraction bulb) from its distal axonal segment</literal>
  2499.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2500.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  2501.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2502.         <tag>sec4ch12</tag>
  2503.     </question>
  2504.     <question id="1000000070" lang="en" ref="" text="What do the effects of Tetrodotoxin tell us about Na and K channels?">
  2505.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2506.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Ionic Mechanisms and Action Potentials (Section 1, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">This observation indicates that the Na and K channels are unique; one of these can be selectively blocked and not affect the other.</literal>
  2507.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2508.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2509.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2510.     </question>
  2511.     <question id="1000000140" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the symbol for dopamine?">
  2512.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2513.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters (Section 1, Chapter 12, Part 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">DA</literal>
  2514.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2515.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2516.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2517.     </question>
  2518.     <question id="1000000196" lang="en" ref="" text="How are Ruffini corpuscles oriented relative to the skin?">
  2519.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2520.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Somatosensory Systems (Section 2, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">with their long axes parallel to the surface of the skin</literal>
  2521.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2522.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2523.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2524.     </question>
  2525.     <question id="1000000468" lang="en" ref="" text="what are the three primary subdivisions of the cerebellar cortex?">
  2526.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2527.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Cerebellum (Section 3, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Two major fissures running mediolaterally divide the cerebellar cortex into three primary subdivisions (Figure 5.2B and Figure 5.3). The posterolateral fissure separates the flocculonodular lobe from the corpus cerebelli, and the primary fissure separates the corpus cerebelli into a posterior lobe and an anterior lobe (Figure 5.4).</literal>
  2528.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2529.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2530.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2531.     </question>
  2532.     <question id="1000000266" lang="en" ref="" text="What is mobilization?">
  2533.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2534.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter Release (Section 1, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The process by which a vesicle migrates from the reserve pool to the readily releaseable pool is called mobilization.</literal>
  2535.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2536.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2537.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2538.     </question>
  2539.     <question id="1000000529" lang="en" ref="" text="The thalamus is part of what brain region?">
  2540.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2541.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000184">
  2542.         </mappedQuestion>
  2543.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2544.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2545.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2546.     </question>
  2547.     <question id="1000000009" lang="en" ref="" text="What is feedforward excitation?">
  2548.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2549.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Introduction to Neurons and Neuronal Networks | Section 1, Intro Chapter | Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Allows one neuron to relay information to its neighbor.A Long chains of these can be used to propagate information through the nervous system.</literal>
  2550.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2551.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2552.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2553.     </question>
  2554.     <question id="1000000203" lang="en" ref="" text="What type of roots carry sensory information to the CNS?">
  2555.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2556.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Anatomy of the Spinal Cord (Section 2, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">dorsal</literal>
  2557.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2558.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2559.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2560.     </question>
  2561.     <question id="1000000473" lang="en" ref="" text="What causes upper motor neuron disorders to arise?">
  2562.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2563.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Disorders&lt;/b> of the &lt;b>Motor&lt;/b> System (Section 3, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Upper motor neuron disorders typically arise from such causes as stroke, tumors, and blunt trauma. For example, strokes to the middle cerebral artery, lateral striate artery, or the medial striate artery can cause damage to the lateral surface of cortex or to the internal capsule, where the descending axons of the corticospinal tract collect. The symptoms of upper motor neuron syndrome are: The effects extend to large groups of muscles. Recall from the Motor Cortex chapter that mu</literal>
  2564.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2565.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2566.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2567.     </question>
  2568.     <question id="1000000139" lang="en" ref="" text="Where is melatonin found?">
  2569.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2570.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters (Section 1, Chapter 12, Part 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the pineal</literal>
  2571.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2572.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2573.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2574.     </question>
  2575.     <question id="1000000330" lang="en" ref="" text="Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) is frequently referred to as what?">
  2576.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2577.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Neurotransmitter and Cell Death (Section 4, Chapter 12) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Anterograde amnesia</literal>
  2578.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2579.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  2580.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2581.         <tag>sec4ch12</tag>
  2582.     </question>
  2583.     <question id="1000000361" lang="en" ref="" text="what is color vision?">
  2584.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2585.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Visual Processing: Eye and Retina (Section 2, Chapter 14) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Color vision is the ability to detect differences in the wavelengths of light is called color vision.</literal>
  2586.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2587.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2588.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2589.         <tag>sec2ch14</tag>
  2590.     </question>
  2591.     <question id="1000000073" lang="en" ref="" text="what is an explanation for chronic pain?">
  2592.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2593.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Pain&lt;/b> Tracts and Sources (Section 2, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">One possible explanation for chronic pain is a phenomenon called sensitization. Following continuation and prolong noxious stimulation, nearby silent nociceptive neurons that previously were unresponsive to stimulation, now become responsive. In addition, some of the chemicals produced and released at the injured site also alter the physiological properties of nociceptors. The nociceptors begin to initiate pain signals spontaneously, which cause chronic pain.</literal>
  2594.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2595.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2596.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2597.         <tag>sec2ch7</tag>
  2598.     </question>
  2599.     <question id="1000000267" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the reserve pool?">
  2600.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2601.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter Release (Section 1, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Newly synthesized vesicles are found in the storage or reserve pool.</literal>
  2602.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2603.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2604.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2605.     </question>
  2606.     <question id="1000000008" lang="en" ref="" text="Where does the pathway start for somatosensory stimuli?">
  2607.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2608.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Somatosensory&lt;/b> &lt;b>Pathways&lt;/b> (Section 2, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Somatosensory stimuli activate a chain of neurons starting with the peripheral first-order (1Adegree ) afferent</literal>
  2609.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2610.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2611.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2612.         <tag>sec2ch4</tag>
  2613.     </question>
  2614.     <question id="1000000530" lang="en" ref="" text="The pharmacological effects of benzodiazepines are produced by what?">
  2615.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2616.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000156">
  2617.         </mappedQuestion>
  2618.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2619.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2620.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2621.     </question>
  2622.     <question id="1000000202" lang="en" ref="" text="What is a dermatome?">
  2623.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2624.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Anatomy of the Spinal Cord (Section 2, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">an area of skin supplied by peripheral nerve fibers originating from a single dorsal root ganglion</literal>
  2625.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2626.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2627.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2628.     </question>
  2629.     <question id="1000000474" lang="en" ref="" text="What is upper motor neuron syndrome?">
  2630.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2631.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Disorders of the &lt;b>Motor&lt;/b> System (Section 3, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Damage to any part of the motor system hierarchy above the level of alpha motor neurons (not including the side loops) results in a set of symptoms termed the upper motor neuron syndrome. Some of these symptoms are opposite of those of lower motor neuron disorders. Thus, one of the critical determinations a clinician must make is whether a patient presenting with motor problems has an upper motor neuron disorder or a lower motor neuron disorder.</literal>
  2632.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2633.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2634.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2635.     </question>
  2636.     <question id="1000000138" lang="en" ref="" text="What class of neurotransmitter is serotonin?">
  2637.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2638.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Biogenic Amine &lt;b>Neurotransmitters&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 12, Part 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Indolamines</literal>
  2639.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2640.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2641.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2642.     </question>
  2643.     <question id="1000000331" lang="en" ref="" text="PTA is frequently referred to as what?">
  2644.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2645.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Neurotransmitter and Cell Death (Section 4, Chapter 12) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Anterograde amnesia</literal>
  2646.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000330">
  2647.         </mappedQuestion>
  2648.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2649.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  2650.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2651.         <tag>sec4ch12</tag>
  2652.     </question>
  2653.     <question id="1000000360" lang="en" ref="" text="what is visual acuity?">
  2654.         <comment>#2 is the answer. #1 is the answer to "how is visual acuity measured?"</comment>
  2655.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2656.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Visual&lt;/b> Processing: Eye and Retina (Section 2, Chapter 14) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Visual acuity is. measured under high illumination. the smallest size of a dark object in a light background that can be correctly identified.</literal>
  2657.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Visual&lt;/b> Processing: Eye and Retina (Section 2, Chapter 14) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Visual acuity is the ability to detect and recognize small objects visually depends on the refractory (focusing) power of the eye's lens system and the cytoarchitecture of the retina</literal>
  2658.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2659.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2660.         <state>REJECTED</state>
  2661.         <tag>sec2ch14</tag>
  2662.     </question>
  2663.     <question id="1000000072" lang="en" ref="" text="How does tetraethylammonia affect permeability?">
  2664.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2665.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Ionic Mechanisms and Action Potentials (Section 1, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">tetraethylammonia (TEA), has no effect on the voltage-dependent changes in Na permeability, but it completely abolishes the voltage-dependent changes in K permeability.</literal>
  2666.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2667.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2668.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2669.     </question>
  2670.     <question id="1000000264" lang="en" ref="" text="What are MEPPs?">
  2671.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2672.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter Release (Section 1, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The designation MEPP has a very specific meaning. It refers to those small endplate potentials that occur randomly in the absence of any stimulation. For example, small endplate potentials (EPPs) can be recorded in the presence of curare or low levels of extracellular Ca , but they are not MEPPs.</literal>
  2673.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2674.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2675.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2676.     </question>
  2677.     <question id="1000000359" lang="en" ref="" text="what is the monocular visual field?">
  2678.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2679.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Visual&lt;/b> Processing: Eye and Retina (Section 2, Chapter 14) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston"><![CDATA[is subdivided into two halves, the hemifields (Figure 14.1 Inset). A horizontal line drawn from 0Adegree to 180Adegree through center of the field defines the superior & inferior hemifields. A vertical line drawn from 90Adegree to 270Adegree through center point defines the left & right hemifields, which are often termed the nasal and temporal hemifields.]]></literal>
  2680.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Visual&lt;/b> Processing: Eye and Retina (Section 2, Chapter 14) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The monocular visual field is the area in space visible to one eye.</literal>
  2681.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Visual&lt;/b> Processing: Eye and Retina (Section 2, Chapter 14) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">can be mapped parametrically Perimetry testing provides a detailed map of the visual field. The potential visual field is described as a hemisphere. However, it does not form a perfect hemisphere as the brow, nose and cheekbones obscure the view - most prominently in the nasal hemisphere</literal>
  2682.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Visual&lt;/b> Processing: Eye and Retina (Section 2, Chapter 14) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">contains a blind spot, a small area in which objects cannot be viewed. which is located within the temporal hemifield</literal>
  2683.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Visual&lt;/b> Processing: Eye and Retina (Section 2, Chapter 14) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">may be further subdivided into quadrants: the superior and inferior nasal quadrants. the superior and inferior temporal quadrants.</literal>
  2684.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2685.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2686.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  2687.         <tag>sec2ch14</tag>
  2688.     </question>
  2689.     <question id="1000000011" lang="en" ref="" text="Where do somatosensory pathways end?">
  2690.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2691.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Somatosensory&lt;/b> &lt;b>Pathways&lt;/b> (Section 2, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Most somatosensory pathways terminate</literal>
  2692.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2693.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2694.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  2695.         <tag>sec2ch4</tag>
  2696.     </question>
  2697.     <question id="1000000201" lang="en" ref="" text="What are the two types of spinal roots?">
  2698.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2699.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Anatomy of the &lt;b>Spinal&lt;/b> Cord (Section 2, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Dorsal</literal>
  2700.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Anatomy of the &lt;b>Spinal&lt;/b> Cord (Section 2, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">ventral</literal>
  2701.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2702.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2703.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2704.     </question>
  2705.     <question id="1000000137" lang="en" ref="" text="What class of neurotransmitter is epinephrine?">
  2706.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2707.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Biogenic Amine &lt;b>Neurotransmitters&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 12, Part 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Catecholamines</literal>
  2708.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2709.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2710.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2711.     </question>
  2712.     <question id="1000000471" lang="en" ref="" text="What do people with cerebellum damage display?">
  2713.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2714.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Cerebellum&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Much of what is known about cerebellar function comes from studies of patients with cerebellar damage. In general, such patients display uncoordinated voluntary movements and problems maintaining balance and posture.</literal>
  2715.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2716.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2717.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2718.     </question>
  2719.     <question id="1000000328" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the clinical hallmark of a head injury?">
  2720.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2721.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Neurotransmitter and Cell Death (Section 4, Chapter 12) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Loss of consciousness</literal>
  2722.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2723.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  2724.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2725.         <tag>sec4ch12</tag>
  2726.     </question>
  2727.     <question id="1000000075" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the absolute refractory period?">
  2728.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2729.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Ionic Mechanisms and Action Potentials (Section 1, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The absolute refractory period is a period of time after the initiation of one action potential when it is impossible to initiate a second action potential no matter how much the cell is depolarized.</literal>
  2730.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2731.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2732.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2733.     </question>
  2734.     <question id="1000000265" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the readily releaseable pool?">
  2735.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2736.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter &lt;b>Release&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Vesicles ready to be released are found in a region near the presynaptic terminal membrane called the readily releaseable pool.</literal>
  2737.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2738.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2739.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2740.     </question>
  2741.     <question id="1000000358" lang="en" ref="" text="what is the visual field?">
  2742.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2743.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Visual&lt;/b> Processing: Eye and Retina (Section 2, Chapter 14) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The visual field is that area in space perceived when the eyes are in a fixed, static position looking straight ahead.</literal>
  2744.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2745.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2746.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2747.         <tag>sec2ch14</tag>
  2748.     </question>
  2749.     <question id="1000000010" lang="en" ref="" text="What is feedforward inhibition?">
  2750.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2751.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Introduction to Neurons and Neuronal Networks | Section 1, Intro Chapter | Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">A presynaptic cell excites an inhibitory interneuron (an interneuron is a neuron interposed between two neurons) and that inhibitory interneuron then inhibits the next follower cell. A This is a way of shutting down or limiting excitation in a downstream neuron in a neural circuit.</literal>
  2752.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2753.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2754.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2755.     </question>
  2756.     <question id="1000000528" lang="en" ref="" text="Peptides can be classified into what?">
  2757.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2758.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000159">
  2759.         </mappedQuestion>
  2760.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2761.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2762.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2763.     </question>
  2764.     <question id="1000000200" lang="en" ref="" text="How many spinal segments are there?">
  2765.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2766.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Anatomy of the &lt;b>Spinal&lt;/b> Cord (Section 2, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">31</literal>
  2767.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2768.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2769.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2770.     </question>
  2771.     <question id="1000000472" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the first level of the motor system hierarchy?">
  2772.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2773.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Disorders of the &lt;b>Motor&lt;/b> &lt;b>System&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The first level of the motor system hierarchy is the spinal cord, the location of the alpha motor neurons that constitute the a final common pathwaya of all motor commands. Alpha motor neurons directly innervate skeletal muscle, causing the contractions that produce all movements. Reflex circuits and other circuitry within the spinal cord underlie the automatic processing of many of the direct commands to the muscles (the a nuts and boltsa processing), thereby freeing higher-order areas to concentrate on more global, task-related processing.</literal>
  2774.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2775.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2776.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2777.     </question>
  2778.     <question id="1000000136" lang="en" ref="" text="What are the rate-limiting steps in ACh synthesis?">
  2779.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2780.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Acetylcholine Neurotransmission (Section 1, Chapter 11) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the availability of choline and acetyl-CoA</literal>
  2781.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2782.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2783.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2784.     </question>
  2785.     <question id="1000000329" lang="en" ref="" text="What type of memory impairment is experienced in patients with TBI?">
  2786.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2787.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Neurotransmitter and Cell Death (Section 4, Chapter 12) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Anterograde amnesia (impairment in ability to recall newly acquired information) as well as retrograde amnesia (impairment in ability to recall old memories)</literal>
  2788.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2789.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  2790.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2791.         <tag>sec4ch12</tag>
  2792.     </question>
  2793.     <question id="1000000074" lang="en" ref="" text="what is fibromyalgia?">
  2794.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2795.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Pain Tracts and Sources (Section 2, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Fibromyalgia is characterized by widespread chronic pain throughout the body, including fatigue, anxiety and depression. It is now believed that it has a genetic component which tends to run in families.</literal>
  2796.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2797.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2798.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  2799.         <tag>sec2ch7</tag>
  2800.     </question>
  2801.     <question id="1000000527" lang="en" ref="" text="Where does peptide synthesis occur?">
  2802.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2803.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000160">
  2804.         </mappedQuestion>
  2805.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2806.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2807.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2808.     </question>
  2809.     <question id="1000000076" lang="en" ref="" text="what types of drugs modulate pain?">
  2810.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2811.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Pain&lt;/b> &lt;b>Modulation&lt;/b> and Mechanisms (Section 2, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Pain is modulated by two primary types of drugs that work on the brain: analgesics and anesthetics. The term analgesic refers to a drug that relieves pain without loss of consciousness. The term central anesthesia refers to a drug that depresses the CNS. It is characterized by the absence of all perception of sensory modalities, including loss of consciousness without loss of vital functions. Opiate Analgesia (OA).</literal>
  2812.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2813.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2814.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2815.         <tag>sec2ch8</tag>
  2816.     </question>
  2817.     <question id="1000000334" lang="en" ref="" text="What elicits action potentials in an interneuron?">
  2818.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2819.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synaptic Transmission in the Central Nervous System (Section 1, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">As a result of its activation through the process of synaptic transmission, action potentials are elicited in the interneuron.</literal>
  2820.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2821.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2822.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2823.     </question>
  2824.     <question id="1000000019" lang="en" ref="" text="Why are action potentials important to the functioning of the brain?">
  2825.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2826.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Resting &lt;b>Potentials&lt;/b> and &lt;b>Action&lt;/b> &lt;b>Potentials&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Action potentials are of great importance to the functioning of the brain since they propagate information in the nervous system to the central nervous system and propagate commands initiated in the central nervous system to the periphery.</literal>
  2827.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2828.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2829.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2830.     </question>
  2831.     <question id="1000000304" lang="en" ref="" text="What is associative agnosia?">
  2832.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2833.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Higher Cortical Functions: &lt;b>Association&lt;/b> and Executive Processing (Section 4, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">can perceive and draw objects, but they cannot name them</literal>
  2834.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Higher Cortical Functions: &lt;b>Association&lt;/b> and Executive Processing (Section 4, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">lesions in the posterior multimodal association cortex</literal>
  2835.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2836.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  2837.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2838.         <tag>sec4ch9</tag>
  2839.     </question>
  2840.     <question id="1000000398" lang="en" ref="" text="What are unipolar cells?">
  2841.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2842.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Organization of &lt;b>Cell&lt;/b> Types (Section 1, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Unipolar cells have only one cell process, and are primarily found in invertebrates. However, vertebrate sensory neurons are another form of this type of cell. Because these cells start out developmentally as bipolar neurons and then become unipolar as they mature, they are called pseudo-unipolar cells.</literal>
  2843.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2844.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2845.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2846.     </question>
  2847.     <question id="1000000134" lang="en" ref="" text="Where in the neuron is CAT and ACh most concentrated?">
  2848.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2849.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Acetylcholine Neurotransmission (Section 1, Chapter 11) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">in axon terminals</literal>
  2850.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2851.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2852.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2853.     </question>
  2854.     <question id="1000000248" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the polymorphic layer of the limbic system?">
  2855.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2856.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Limbic&lt;/b> &lt;b>System&lt;/b>: Hippocampus (Section 4, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">is the alveus and is equivalent to the white matter of the neocortex.</literal>
  2857.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2858.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  2859.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2860.         <tag>sec4ch5</tag>
  2861.     </question>
  2862.     <question id="1000000463" lang="en" ref="" text="What are disorders of the basal ganglia?">
  2863.         <comment>I feel like this QA pair is too vague, a better question might be "What are two disorders..."</comment>
  2864.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2865.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Basal&lt;/b> &lt;b>Ganglia&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">A number of neurological disorders result from damage to the basal ganglia. Two of these disorders (Parkinsona s disease and Huntingtona s disease)</literal>
  2866.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2867.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2868.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2869.     </question>
  2870.     <question id="1000000191" lang="en" ref="" text="What are types of adequate somatosensory stimuli?">
  2871.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2872.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Somatosensory&lt;/b> Systems (Section 2, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">a mechanical force</literal>
  2873.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Somatosensory&lt;/b> Systems (Section 2, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">a chemical action</literal>
  2874.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Somatosensory&lt;/b> Systems (Section 2, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">tissue damage</literal>
  2875.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Somatosensory&lt;/b> Systems (Section 2, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">a temperature change</literal>
  2876.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2877.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2878.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2879.     </question>
  2880.     <question id="1000000020" lang="en" ref="" text="what information does the main sensory trigeminal pathway carry?">
  2881.         <comment>the answer says where it is carried from, NOT WHAT information it is</comment>
  2882.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2883.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Somatosensory &lt;b>Pathways&lt;/b> (Section 2, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the main sensory trigeminal pathway carries this information from the face.</literal>
  2884.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2885.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2886.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2887.         <tag>sec2ch4</tag>
  2888.     </question>
  2889.     <question id="1000000526" lang="en" ref="" text="Carboxypeptidase performs what function?">
  2890.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2891.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000162">
  2892.         </mappedQuestion>
  2893.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2894.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2895.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2896.     </question>
  2897.     <question id="1000000247" lang="en" ref="" text="Why are the hippocampus and dentate gyrus structures &quot;inside-out&quot;?">
  2898.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2899.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: &lt;b>Hippocampus&lt;/b> (Section 4, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the molecular layer is on the inside and the polymorphic layer is on the outside.</literal>
  2900.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2901.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  2902.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2903.         <tag>sec4ch5</tag>
  2904.     </question>
  2905.     <question id="1000000077" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the relative refractory period?">
  2906.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2907.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Ionic Mechanisms and Action Potentials (Section 1, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The relative refractory period is a period after one action potential is initiated when it is possible to initiate a second action potential, but only with a greater depolarization than was necessary to initiate the first.</literal>
  2908.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2909.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2910.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2911.     </question>
  2912.     <question id="1000000335" lang="en" ref="" text="How is a flexor motor neuron inhibited?">
  2913.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2914.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synaptic Transmission in the Central Nervous System (Section 1, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">An action potential in the inhibitory neuron leads to the release of a chemical transmitter substance that inhibits the flexor motor neuron, thereby preventing an improper movement from occurring.</literal>
  2915.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2916.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2917.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2918.     </question>
  2919.     <question id="1000000399" lang="en" ref="" text="Where are bipolar cells present?">
  2920.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2921.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Organization of &lt;b>Cell&lt;/b> Types (Section 1, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Bipolar cells are present in the retina and the olfactory bulb.</literal>
  2922.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2923.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2924.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2925.     </question>
  2926.     <question id="1000000135" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the &quot;marker&quot; that a neuron is cholinergic?">
  2927.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2928.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Acetylcholine Neurotransmission (Section 1, Chapter 11) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The presence of CAT</literal>
  2929.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2930.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2931.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2932.     </question>
  2933.     <question id="1000000462" lang="en" ref="" text="What cognitive functions does the basal ganglia have?">
  2934.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2935.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Basal Ganglia (Section 3, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the basal ganglia are involved in selecting and enabling various cognitive, executive, or emotional programs that are stored in these other cortical areas. Moreover, the basal ganglia appear to be involved in certain types of learning.</literal>
  2936.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2937.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  2938.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2939.     </question>
  2940.     <question id="1000000246" lang="en" ref="" text="What kind of cortex are the hippocampus proper and the dentate gyrus?">
  2941.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2942.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: &lt;b>Hippocampus&lt;/b> (Section 4, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">3-layered cortex</literal>
  2943.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2944.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  2945.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2946.         <tag>sec4ch5</tag>
  2947.     </question>
  2948.     <question id="1000000525" lang="en" ref="" text="NO is the symbol for which compound?">
  2949.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2950.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000166">
  2951.         </mappedQuestion>
  2952.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2953.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2954.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2955.     </question>
  2956.     <question id="1000000021" lang="en" ref="" text="How can the potential difference across a nerve cell membrane be measured?">
  2957.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2958.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Resting &lt;b>Potentials&lt;/b> and Action &lt;b>Potentials&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The potential difference across a nerve cell membrane can be measured with a microelectrode whose tip is so small (about a micron) that it can penetrate the cell without producing any damage.</literal>
  2959.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2960.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2961.         <pau tid="123CC1BBF71437E3D509F95C6524F107">
  2962.         </pau>
  2963.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  2964.     </question>
  2965.     <question id="1000000078" lang="en" ref="" text="Where on the axon are charges located?">
  2966.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2967.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Propagation of the Action Potential (Section 1, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Positive charges exist on the outside of the axon and negative charges on the inside.</literal>
  2968.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2969.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2970.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2971.     </question>
  2972.     <question id="1000000332" lang="en" ref="" text="Where is the stretch reflex mediated?">
  2973.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2974.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synaptic Transmission in the Central Nervous System (Section 1, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">One of the simplest behaviors mediated by the central nervous system is knee-jerk or stretch reflex.</literal>
  2975.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2976.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2977.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2978.     </question>
  2979.     <question id="1000000303" lang="en" ref="" text="What is prosopagnosia?">
  2980.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2981.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Higher Cortical Functions: Association and Executive Processing (Section 4, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the inability to recognize familiar faces or learn new faces while at the same time leave other aspects of visual recognition intact</literal>
  2982.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2983.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  2984.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2985.         <tag>sec4ch9</tag>
  2986.     </question>
  2987.     <question id="1000000396" lang="en" ref="" text="What are nerve endings?">
  2988.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2989.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Organization of Cell Types (Section 1, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">At the distal-most end of the axon and its collaterales are small branches whose tips are button-shaped cytoplasmic enlargements called terminal boutons or nerve endings.</literal>
  2990.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2991.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  2992.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  2993.     </question>
  2994.     <question id="1000000132" lang="en" ref="" text="What is CAT?">
  2995.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  2996.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Acetylcholine Neurotransmission (Section 1, Chapter 11) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Choline acetyltransferase</literal>
  2997.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  2998.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  2999.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3000.     </question>
  3001.     <question id="1000000461" lang="en" ref="" text="What motor functions does the basal ganglia have?">
  3002.         <comment>The answer does not answer the question... the answer text specifically says it doesn't know what its function is.
  3003. It's like saying, What is a cat? Well its not a dog.</comment>
  3004.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3005.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Basal&lt;/b> &lt;b>Ganglia&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The function of the basal ganglia in motor control is not understood in detail. It appears that the basal ganglia is involved in the enabling of practiced motor acts and in gating the initiation of voluntary movements by modulating motor programs stored in the motor cortex and elsewhere in the motor hierarchy (Figure 4.6). Thus, voluntary movements are not initiated in the basal ganglia (they are initiated in the cortex); however, proper functioning of the basal ganglia appears to be necessary in order for the motor cortex to relay the appropriate motor commands to the lower levels of the hierarchy.</literal>
  3006.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3007.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3008.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3009.     </question>
  3010.     <question id="1000000189" lang="en" ref="" text="What is proprioception used for?">
  3011.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3012.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Somatosensory Systems (Section 2, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">maintaining posture and balance</literal>
  3013.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3014.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3015.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3016.     </question>
  3017.     <question id="1000000022" lang="en" ref="" text="where does somatosensory information converge?">
  3018.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3019.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Somatosensory&lt;/b> Processes (Section 2, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">somatosensory information converges in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex to provide a cohesive perception of the body and of somatosensory stimuli.</literal>
  3020.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3021.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3022.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3023.         <tag>sec2ch5</tag>
  3024.     </question>
  3025.     <question id="1000000524" lang="en" ref="" text="Amino acid transmitters are terminated by what mechanisms?">
  3026.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3027.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000155">
  3028.         </mappedQuestion>
  3029.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3030.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3031.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3032.     </question>
  3033.     <question id="1000000245" lang="en" ref="" text="The hippocampus proper and the dentate gyrus processes what?">
  3034.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3035.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: &lt;b>Hippocampus&lt;/b> (Section 4, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">information that passes through the hippocampus.</literal>
  3036.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3037.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  3038.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3039.         <tag>sec4ch5</tag>
  3040.     </question>
  3041.     <question id="1000000079" lang="en" ref="" text="what is opiate analgesia?">
  3042.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3043.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Pain Modulation and Mechanisms (Section 2, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The most effective clinically used drugs for producing temporary analgesia and relief from pain are the opioid family, which includes morphine, and heroin. There are currently no other effective pain therapeutic alternatives to opiates. Several side effects resulting from opiate use include tolerance and drug dependence (addiction). In general, these drugs modulate the incoming pain information in the spinal and central sites, as well as relieve pain temporarily, and are also known as opiate producing analgesia (OA). Opiate antagonist is a drug that antagonizes the opioid effects, such as naloxone or maltroxone, etc. They are competitive antagonists of opiate receptors. The brain has a neuronal circuit and endogenous substances to modulate pain.</literal>
  3044.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3045.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3046.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  3047.         <tag>sec2ch8</tag>
  3048.     </question>
  3049.     <question id="1000000333" lang="en" ref="" text="What are Interneurons?">
  3050.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3051.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synaptic Transmission in the Central Nervous System (Section 1, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Interneurons are so named because they are interposed between one type of neuron and another.</literal>
  3052.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3053.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  3054.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3055.     </question>
  3056.     <question id="1000000302" lang="en" ref="" text="What is agnosia?">
  3057.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3058.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Higher Cortical Functions: Association and Executive Processing (Section 4, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Damage to posterior association areas also sometimes including parts of the unimodal association areas</literal>
  3059.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3060.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  3061.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3062.         <tag>sec4ch9</tag>
  3063.     </question>
  3064.     <question id="1000000397" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the name of the region where neurons interact with muscle fibers?">
  3065.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3066.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Organization of Cell Types (Section 1, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">When neurons interact with muscle fibers, the region of functional contact is called the neuromuscular junction or motor endplate</literal>
  3067.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3068.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  3069.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3070.     </question>
  3071.     <question id="1000000133" lang="en" ref="" text="Where is CAT produced?">
  3072.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3073.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Acetylcholine Neurotransmission (Section 1, Chapter 11) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">in the cholinergic cell body</literal>
  3074.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3075.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3076.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3077.     </question>
  3078.     <question id="1000000190" lang="en" ref="" text="Where are Merkel cells found?">
  3079.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3080.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Somatosensory Systems (Section 2, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">only in skin</literal>
  3081.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3082.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3083.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3084.     </question>
  3085.     <question id="1000000460" lang="en" ref="" text="What pathways process signals in the basal ganglia?">
  3086.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3087.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Basal&lt;/b> &lt;b>Ganglia&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">There are two distinct pathways that process signals through the basal ganglia: the direct pathway and the indirect pathway. These two pathways have opposite net effects on thalamic target structures.</literal>
  3088.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3089.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3090.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3091.     </question>
  3092.     <question id="1000000523" lang="en" ref="" text="GABA and glycine ionotropic receptors are selectively permeable to what chemical?">
  3093.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3094.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000154">
  3095.         </mappedQuestion>
  3096.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3097.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3098.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3099.     </question>
  3100.     <question id="1000000244" lang="en" ref="" text="What does the precommissural branch of the fornix connect to?">
  3101.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3102.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: Hippocampus (Section 4, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the septal nuclei, preoptic nuclei, ventral striatum, orbital cortex and anterior cingulate cortex.</literal>
  3103.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3104.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  3105.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3106.     </question>
  3107.     <question id="1000000466" lang="en" ref="" text="What role does the cerebellum play in balance and posture?">
  3108.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3109.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Cerebellum&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The cerebellum is important for making postural adjustments in order to maintain balance. Through its input from vestibular receptors and proprioceptors, it modulates commands to motor neurons to compensate for shifts in body position or changes in load upon muscles. Patients with cerebellar damage suffer from balance disorders, and they often develop stereotyped postural strategies to compensate for this problem (e.g., a wide-based stance).</literal>
  3110.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3111.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3112.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3113.     </question>
  3114.     <question id="1000000194" lang="en" ref="" text="Where are Pacinian corpuscles located?">
  3115.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3116.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Somatosensory Systems (Section 2, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">in the connectivetissues of bone, the body wall and body cavity</literal>
  3117.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Somatosensory Systems (Section 2, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">in subcutaneous tissue beneath the dermis</literal>
  3118.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3119.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3120.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3121.     </question>
  3122.     <question id="1000000308" lang="en" ref="" text="The prefrontal cortex is also referred to as what?">
  3123.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3124.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Higher Cortical Functions: Association and Executive Processing (Section 4, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The anterior association area</literal>
  3125.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3126.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  3127.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3128.         <tag>sec4ch9</tag>
  3129.     </question>
  3130.     <question id="1000000394" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the cytoskeleton?">
  3131.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3132.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Organization of Cell Types (Section 1, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The interior of the soma consists of cytoplasm, a gel within a microtrabecular lattice formed by the microtubules and associated proteins that make up the cytoskeleton.</literal>
  3133.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3134.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  3135.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3136.     </question>
  3137.     <question id="1000000130" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction between the motor nerve and skeletal muscle?">
  3138.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3139.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Acetylcholine Neurotransmission (Section 1, Chapter 11) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">ACh</literal>
  3140.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3141.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3142.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3143.     </question>
  3144.     <question id="1000000337" lang="en" ref="" text="where are the cell bodies of most first-order vestibular afferents?">
  3145.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3146.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Vestibular&lt;/b> System: Pathways and Reflexes (Section 2, Chapter 11) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The first-order vestibular afferents have their cell bodies in the vestibular (Scarpaa s) ganglion, which is found at the distal end of the internal auditory meatus</literal>
  3147.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3148.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3149.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3150.         <tag>sec2ch11</tag>
  3151.     </question>
  3152.     <question id="1000000016" lang="en" ref="" text="what information does the posterior column-medial lemniscal pathway carry?">
  3153.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3154.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Somatosensory &lt;b>Pathways&lt;/b> (Section 2, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the posterior column-medial lemniscal pathway carries discriminative touch and proprioceptive information from the body</literal>
  3155.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3156.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3157.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3158.         <tag>sec2ch4</tag>
  3159.     </question>
  3160.     <question id="1000000522" lang="en" ref="" text="Glutamate receptors fall into what types?">
  3161.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3162.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000153">
  3163.         </mappedQuestion>
  3164.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3165.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3166.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3167.     </question>
  3168.     <question id="1000000243" lang="en" ref="" text="What does the postcommissural branch of the fornix connect to?">
  3169.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3170.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: Hippocampus (Section 4, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the anterior nucleus of the thalamus and the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus.</literal>
  3171.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3172.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  3173.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3174.     </question>
  3175.     <question id="1000000195" lang="en" ref="" text="What are Pacinian corpuscles most sensitive to?">
  3176.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3177.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Somatosensory Systems (Section 2, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">vibrating stimuli</literal>
  3178.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3179.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3180.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3181.     </question>
  3182.     <question id="1000000465" lang="en" ref="" text="How is the motor system are organized?">
  3183.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3184.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Motor&lt;/b> Units and Muscle Receptors (Section 3, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">in a hierarchical fashion. The higher-order areas can concern themselves with more global tasks regarding action, such as deciding when to act, devising an appropriate sequence of actions, and coordinating the activity of many limbs. They do not have to program the exact force and velocity of individual muscles, or coordinate movements with changes in posture; these low-level tasks are performed by the lower levels of the hierarchy.</literal>
  3185.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3186.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  3187.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3188.     </question>
  3189.     <question id="1000000395" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the axon hillock?">
  3190.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3191.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Organization of Cell Types (Section 1, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The cone-shaped region of the cell body where the axon originates is termed the axon hillock.</literal>
  3192.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3193.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  3194.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3195.     </question>
  3196.     <question id="1000000131" lang="en" ref="" text="In the central nervous system, where is ACh is primarily found?">
  3197.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3198.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Acetylcholine Neurotransmission (Section 1, Chapter 11) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">in interneurons</literal>
  3199.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3200.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3201.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3202.     </question>
  3203.     <question id="1000000080" lang="en" ref="" text="what is gate control theory?">
  3204.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3205.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Pain Modulation and Mechanisms (Section 2, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The concept of the gate control theory is that non-painful input closes the gates to painful input, which results in prevention of the pain sensation from traveling to the CNS (i.e., non-noxious input [stimulation] suppresses pain).</literal>
  3206.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3207.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3208.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  3209.         <tag>sec2ch8</tag>
  3210.     </question>
  3211.     <question id="1000000338" lang="en" ref="" text="Where are the cell bodies of first-order vestibular afferents located?">
  3212.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3213.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Vestibular&lt;/b> System: Pathways and Reflexes (Section 2, Chapter 11) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The first-order vestibular afferents have their cell bodies in the vestibular (Scarpaa s) ganglion, which is found at the distal end of the internal auditory meatus.</literal>
  3214.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3215.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3216.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3217.         <tag>sec2ch11</tag>
  3218.     </question>
  3219.     <question id="1000000307" lang="en" ref="" text="The anterior association is also referred to as what?">
  3220.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3221.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Higher Cortical Functions: &lt;b>Association&lt;/b> and Executive Processing (Section 4, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">prefrontal cortex</literal>
  3222.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3223.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  3224.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3225.         <tag>sec4ch9</tag>
  3226.     </question>
  3227.     <question id="1000000521" lang="en" ref="" text="Slow responses are produced by what type of receptors?">
  3228.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3229.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000152">
  3230.         </mappedQuestion>
  3231.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3232.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3233.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3234.     </question>
  3235.     <question id="1000000017" lang="en" ref="" text="what information do the spinothalamic pathways carry?">
  3236.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3237.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Somatosensory &lt;b>Pathways&lt;/b> (Section 2, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the main sensory trigeminal pathway carries this information from the face. Whereas, the spinothalamic pathways carry crude touch, pain and temperature information from the body</literal>
  3238.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3239.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3240.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  3241.         <tag>sec2ch4</tag>
  3242.     </question>
  3243.     <question id="1000000464" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the cerebellum?">
  3244.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3245.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Cerebellum&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The cerebellum (a little braina ) is a structure that is located at the back of the brain, underlying the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex (Figure 5.1). Although the cerebellum accounts for approximately 10% of the braina s volume, it contains over 50% of the total number of neurons in the brain.</literal>
  3246.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3247.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3248.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3249.     </question>
  3250.     <question id="1000000192" lang="en" ref="" text="Where are Meissner corpuscles found?">
  3251.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3252.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Somatosensory Systems (Section 2, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">glabrous (i.e., hairless) skin</literal>
  3253.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3254.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3255.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3256.     </question>
  3257.     <question id="1000000392" lang="en" ref="" text="How many non-neural glial cells are contained in the human body?">
  3258.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3259.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Organization of &lt;b>Cell&lt;/b> Types (Section 1, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The human nervous system is estimated to consist of roughly 360 billion non-neural glial cells</literal>
  3260.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3261.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  3262.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3263.     </question>
  3264.     <question id="1000000128" lang="en" ref="" text="What is ACh?">
  3265.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3266.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Acetylcholine Neurotransmission (Section 1, Chapter 11) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">acetylcholine</literal>
  3267.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3268.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3269.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3270.     </question>
  3271.     <question id="1000000306" lang="en" ref="" text="What is contralateral neglect?">
  3272.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3273.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Higher Cortical Functions: Association and Executive Processing (Section 4, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">a deficit in the self-image on the left side of their body and a deficit in perceiving the world on the left side</literal>
  3274.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3275.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  3276.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3277.         <tag>sec4ch9</tag>
  3278.     </question>
  3279.     <question id="1000000081" lang="en" ref="" text="what is stress-induced analgesia?">
  3280.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3281.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Pain Modulation and Mechanisms (Section 2, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Exposure to a variety of painful or stressful events produces an analgesic reaction. This phenomenon is called stress induced analgesia (SIA).</literal>
  3282.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3283.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3284.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3285.         <tag>sec2ch8</tag>
  3286.     </question>
  3287.     <question id="1000000018" lang="en" ref="" text="What happens to action potential when the intensity of the stimulus is increased?">
  3288.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3289.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Resting &lt;b>Potentials&lt;/b> and &lt;b>Action&lt;/b> &lt;b>Potentials&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">When the intensity of the stimulus is increased, the size of the action potential does not become larger. Rather, the frequency or the number of action potentials increases. In general, the greater the intensity of a stimulus, (whether it be a light stimulus to a photoreceptor, a mechanical stimulus to the skin, or a stretch to a muscle receptor) the greater the number of action potentials elicited.</literal>
  3290.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3291.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  3292.         <pau tid="123CC1BBF71437E3D509F95C6524F107">
  3293.         </pau>
  3294.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  3295.     </question>
  3296.     <question id="1000000520" lang="en" ref="" text="What distinguishes ionotropic receptors?">
  3297.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3298.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000151">
  3299.         </mappedQuestion>
  3300.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3301.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3302.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3303.     </question>
  3304.     <question id="1000000241" lang="en" ref="" text="Two major pathways into and out of the hippocampus are what?">
  3305.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3306.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: &lt;b>Hippocampus&lt;/b> (Section 4, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the fornix and entorhinal cortex</literal>
  3307.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3308.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  3309.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3310.     </question>
  3311.     <question id="1000000193" lang="en" ref="" text="What do Meissner corpuscles detect?">
  3312.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3313.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Somatosensory Systems (Section 2, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">small movements across the skin</literal>
  3314.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3315.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3316.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3317.     </question>
  3318.     <question id="1000000393" lang="en" ref="" text="What region contains the nucleus of the neuron?">
  3319.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3320.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Organization of Cell Types (Section 1, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">perikaryon</literal>
  3321.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Organization of Cell Types (Section 1, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">soma</literal>
  3322.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Organization of Cell Types (Section 1, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">cell body</literal>
  3323.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3324.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  3325.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3326.     </question>
  3327.     <question id="1000000129" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the neurotransmitter at the sweat glands?">
  3328.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3329.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Acetylcholine Neurotransmission (Section 1, Chapter 11) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">ACh</literal>
  3330.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3331.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3332.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3333.     </question>
  3334.     <question id="1000000082" lang="en" ref="" text="How is an axon similar to a wire coated with gunpowder?">
  3335.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3336.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Propagation of the Action Potential (Section 1, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">If a sufficient stimulus (heat) is delivered to the wire, the gunpowder will ignite, generate heat, and the heat will spread along the wire to adjacent regions and cause the gunpowder in the adjacent regions to ignite.</literal>
  3337.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3338.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  3339.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3340.     </question>
  3341.     <question id="1000000336" lang="en" ref="" text="What is excitatory postsynaptic potential?">
  3342.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3343.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synaptic Transmission in the Central Nervous System (Section 1, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">excitatory because it tends to depolarize the cell, thereby tending to increase the probability of firing an action potential in the motor neuron and postsynaptic because it is a potential recorded on the postsynaptic side of the synapse.</literal>
  3344.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3345.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  3346.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3347.     </question>
  3348.     <question id="1000000305" lang="en" ref="" text="What is apperceptive agnosia?">
  3349.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3350.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Higher Cortical Functions: Association and Executive Processing (Section 4, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">patients unable to draw objects, but remarkably can still name them</literal>
  3351.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3352.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  3353.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3354.         <tag>sec4ch9</tag>
  3355.     </question>
  3356.     <question id="1000000519" lang="en" ref="" text="Inhibitory synaptic actions in the CNS are mediated by which neurotransmitter?">
  3357.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3358.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000150">
  3359.         </mappedQuestion>
  3360.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3361.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3362.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3363.     </question>
  3364.     <question id="1000000083" lang="en" ref="" text="How much does the propagation velocity of the action potentials vary?">
  3365.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3366.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Propagation&lt;/b> of the &lt;b>Action&lt;/b> &lt;b>Potential&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">A great variability is found in the velocity of the propagation of action potentials. In fact, the propagation velocity of the action potentials in nerves can vary from 100 meters per second (223 miles per hour) to less than a tenth of a meter per second (0.22 miles per hour).</literal>
  3367.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3368.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  3369.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3370.     </question>
  3371.     <question id="1000000027" lang="en" ref="" text="How is the SI organized?">
  3372.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3373.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Somatosensory Processes (Section 2, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">SI is somatotopically organized. The body and face are mapped in the contralateral cortex with the foot and leg represented in the posterior paracentral lobule and the trunk, chest, arm and hand in the upper half of the postcentral gyrus. The face is represented in the lower half of the postcentral gyrus</literal>
  3374.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3375.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3376.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3377.         <tag>sec2ch5</tag>
  3378.     </question>
  3379.     <question id="1000000341" lang="en" ref="" text="what is the lateral vestibular tract?">
  3380.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3381.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Vestibular&lt;/b> System: Pathways and Reflexes (Section 2, Chapter 11) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The lateral vestibular tract starts in the lateral vestibular nucleus and descends the length of the spinal cord on the same side. This pathway helps us walk upright.</literal>
  3382.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3383.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3384.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  3385.         <tag>sec2ch11</tag>
  3386.     </question>
  3387.     <question id="1000000312" lang="en" ref="" text="How many years does a patient with AD live?">
  3388.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3389.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="CNS Aging and Alzheimer's Disease (Section 4, Chapter 10) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">about 9 years</literal>
  3390.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3391.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  3392.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3393.         <tag>sec4ch10</tag>
  3394.     </question>
  3395.     <question id="1000000127" lang="en" ref="" text="What was the first neurotransmitter discovered?">
  3396.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3397.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Acetylcholine Neurotransmission (Section 1, Chapter 11) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Acetylcholine</literal>
  3398.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3399.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3400.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3401.     </question>
  3402.     <question id="1000000405" lang="en" ref="" text="How do growth cones move?">
  3403.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3404.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synapse Formation, Survival, and Elimination (Section 1, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">in a circuitous route towards their targets</literal>
  3405.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3406.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  3407.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3408.     </question>
  3409.     <question id="1000000455" lang="en" ref="" text="What does the supplementary motor area do?">
  3410.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3411.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Motor&lt;/b> Cortex (Section 3, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The supplementary motor area (SMA) is involved in programming complex sequences of movements and coordinating bilateral movements.</literal>
  3412.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3413.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3414.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3415.     </question>
  3416.     <question id="1000000183" lang="en" ref="" text="What represents the highest level of neuronal organization and function?">
  3417.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3418.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Overview of the Nervous System (Section 2, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">cerebral cortex</literal>
  3419.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3420.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3421.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3422.     </question>
  3423.     <question id="1000000028" lang="en" ref="" text="where is the secondary somatosensory cortex?">
  3424.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3425.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Somatosensory&lt;/b> Processes (Section 2, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The secondary somatosensory cortex, SII, is located inferiorly - in the pars opercularis of the parietal lobe, which forms part of upper lip of the lateral sulcus</literal>
  3426.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3427.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3428.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3429.         <tag>sec2ch5</tag>
  3430.     </question>
  3431.     <question id="1000000184" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the thalamus part of?">
  3432.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3433.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Overview of the Nervous System (Section 2, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston : B.">diencephalon</literal>
  3434.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3435.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3436.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3437.     </question>
  3438.     <question id="1000000518" lang="en" ref="" text="Inhibitory actions of spinal cord interneurons are mediated by which neurotransmitter?">
  3439.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3440.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000149">
  3441.         </mappedQuestion>
  3442.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3443.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3444.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3445.     </question>
  3446.     <question id="1000000255" lang="en" ref="" text="In its extreme form irritative lesions of temporal lobe epilepsy can cause what condition?">
  3447.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3448.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: Amygdala (Section 4, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">a panic attack</literal>
  3449.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3450.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  3451.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3452.         <tag>sec4ch6</tag>
  3453.     </question>
  3454.     <question id="1000000084" lang="en" ref="" text="why is saliva important?">
  3455.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3456.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Chemical Senses: Olfaction and Gustation (Section 2, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Saliva also is an important factor in maintaining acuity of taste receptor cells (Figure 9.1). Its mechanisms of action include; acting as a solvent for polar solutes, transporting solutes to the taste receptors, buffering action for acidic foods and reparative action on the lingual epithelium.</literal>
  3457.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3458.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3459.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3460.         <tag>sec2ch9</tag>
  3461.     </question>
  3462.     <question id="1000000342" lang="en" ref="" text="what is the medial vestibular tract?">
  3463.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3464.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Vestibular&lt;/b> System: Pathways and Reflexes (Section 2, Chapter 11) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The medial vestibular tract starts in the medial vestibular nucleus and extends bilaterally through mid-thoracic levels of the spinal cord in the MLF. This tract affects head movements and helps integrate head and eye movements.</literal>
  3465.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3466.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3467.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  3468.         <tag>sec2ch11</tag>
  3469.     </question>
  3470.     <question id="1000000311" lang="en" ref="" text="What is Alzheimer’s disease (AD)?">
  3471.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3472.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="CNS Aging and &lt;b>Alzheimer's&lt;/b> &lt;b>Disease&lt;/b> (Section 4, Chapter 10) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">which begins with mild memory deficits and modest neuronal death, is followed by progressive extensive neuronal death, eventually leading to severe dementia</literal>
  3473.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000310">
  3474.         </mappedQuestion>
  3475.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3476.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  3477.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3478.         <tag>sec4ch10</tag>
  3479.     </question>
  3480.     <question id="1000000406" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the purpose of axonal growth cones?">
  3481.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3482.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synapse Formation, Survival, and Elimination (Section 1, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Axonal growth cones serve to sense environmental cues and direct the movement of axons in their quest to make synapses with their targets.</literal>
  3483.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3484.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  3485.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3486.     </question>
  3487.     <question id="1000000454" lang="en" ref="" text="What does the premotor cortex do?">
  3488.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3489.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Motor &lt;b>Cortex&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The premotor cortex sends axons to the primary motor cortex as well as to the spinal cord directly. It performs more complex, task-related processing than primary motor cortex. Stimulation of premotor areas in the monkey at a high level of current produces more complex postures than stimulation of the primary motor cortex. The premotor cortex appears to be involved in the selection of appropriate motor plans for voluntary movements, whereas the primary motor cortex is involved in the execution of these voluntary movements. Premotor cortex neurons signal the preparation for movement.</literal>
  3490.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3491.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3492.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3493.     </question>
  3494.     <question id="1000000517" lang="en" ref="" text="Inhibitory synaptic connections usually occur where?">
  3495.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3496.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000148">
  3497.         </mappedQuestion>
  3498.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3499.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3500.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3501.     </question>
  3502.     <question id="1000000254" lang="en" ref="" text="Destructive lesions of the amygdala cause what condition?">
  3503.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3504.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: &lt;b>Amygdala&lt;/b> (Section 4, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">a placid calmness in humans characterized as a flatness of affect</literal>
  3505.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3506.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  3507.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3508.         <tag>sec4ch6</tag>
  3509.     </question>
  3510.     <question id="1000000029" lang="en" ref="" text="How is the process of eliciting an action potential in a nerve cell similar to igniting a fuse with a heat source?">
  3511.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3512.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Resting &lt;b>Potentials&lt;/b> and &lt;b>Action&lt;/b> &lt;b>Potentials&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">A certain minimum temperature (threshold) is necessary. Temperatures less than the threshold fail to ignite the fuse. Temperatures greater than the threshold ignite the fuse just as well as the threshold temperature and the fuse does not burn any brighter or hotter.</literal>
  3513.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3514.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  3515.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3516.     </question>
  3517.     <question id="1000000339" lang="en" ref="" text="where are the ascending tracts of the vestibular system?">
  3518.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3519.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Vestibular&lt;/b> &lt;b>System&lt;/b>: Pathways and Reflexes (Section 2, Chapter 11) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The ascending tracts are shown in blue. These arise from the superior and medial nuclei and ascend in medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) to the occulomotor nuclei (III, IV, VI).</literal>
  3520.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3521.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3522.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  3523.         <tag>sec2ch11</tag>
  3524.     </question>
  3525.     <question id="1000000310" lang="en" ref="" text="What is AD?">
  3526.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3527.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="CNS Aging and Alzheimer's Disease (Section 4, Chapter 10) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">which begins with mild memory deficits and modest neuronal death, is followed by progressive extensive neuronal death, eventually leading to severe dementia</literal>
  3528.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3529.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  3530.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3531.         <tag>sec4ch10</tag>
  3532.     </question>
  3533.     <question id="1000000085" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the time constant?">
  3534.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3535.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Propagation of the Action Potential (Section 1, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The time constant is a function of two properties of membranes, the membrane resistence (Rm ) and the membrane capacitance (Cm ). Rm is the inverse of the permeability; the higher the permeability, the lower the resistance, and vice versa. Membranes, like the physical devices known as capacitors, can store charge. When a stimulus is delivered, it takes time to charge up the membrane to its new value.</literal>
  3536.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3537.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  3538.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3539.     </question>
  3540.     <question id="1000000125" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the site for lipid biosynthesis?">
  3541.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3542.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Transport and the Molecular Mechanism of Secretion (Section 1, Chapter 10) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">smooth ER</literal>
  3543.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3544.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3545.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3546.     </question>
  3547.     <question id="1000000453" lang="en" ref="" text="What does the primary motor cortex affect?">
  3548.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3549.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Motor&lt;/b> &lt;b>Cortex&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">he primary motor cortex does not generally control individual muscles directly, but rather appears to control individual movements or sequences of movements that require the activity of multiple muscle groups.</literal>
  3550.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3551.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3552.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3553.     </question>
  3554.     <question id="1000000181" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the mesencephalon?">
  3555.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3556.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Overview of the Nervous System (Section 2, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">midbrain</literal>
  3557.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3558.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3559.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3560.     </question>
  3561.     <question id="1000000403" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the growth cone?">
  3562.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3563.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synapse Formation, Survival, and Elimination (Section 1, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Neurons extend axons because of a specialized structure at the end of axons called growth cones.</literal>
  3564.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3565.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  3566.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3567.     </question>
  3568.     <question id="1000000030" lang="en" ref="" text="where is the somatosensory association cortex?">
  3569.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3570.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Somatosensory&lt;/b> Processes (Section 2, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The somatosensory association cortex is located in the superior parietal lobe (a.k.a. posterior parietal cortex), which is posterior to SI.</literal>
  3571.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3572.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3573.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3574.         <tag>sec2ch5</tag>
  3575.     </question>
  3576.     <question id="1000000516" lang="en" ref="" text="Neuromodulators produce what effects?">
  3577.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3578.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000158">
  3579.         </mappedQuestion>
  3580.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3581.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3582.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3583.     </question>
  3584.     <question id="1000000253" lang="en" ref="" text="How are autonomic components of emotion produced?">
  3585.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3586.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: Amygdala (Section 4, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">through output pathways to the lateral hypothalamus and brain stem.</literal>
  3587.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3588.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  3589.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3590.         <tag>sec4ch6</tag>
  3591.     </question>
  3592.     <question id="1000000086" lang="en" ref="" text="where are taste buds found?">
  3593.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3594.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Chemical Senses: Olfaction and Gustation (Section 2, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Taste buds are located on papillae and distributed on the surface of the tongue. Taste buds are also found on the oral mucosa of the palate and epiglottis. These pear-shaped structures contain about 80 cells arranged around a central taste pore</literal>
  3595.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3596.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3597.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3598.         <tag>sec2ch9</tag>
  3599.     </question>
  3600.     <question id="1000000340" lang="en" ref="" text="what are the main descending tracts of the vestibular system">
  3601.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3602.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Vestibular&lt;/b> &lt;b>System&lt;/b>: Pathways and Reflexes (Section 2, Chapter 11) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The main descending tracts are the lateral vestibulospinal tract from the lateral vestibular nucleus and the medial vestibulospinal tract from the medial vestibular nucleus.</literal>
  3603.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3604.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3605.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  3606.         <tag>sec2ch11</tag>
  3607.     </question>
  3608.     <question id="1000000309" lang="en" ref="" text="What is prefrontal syndrome?">
  3609.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3610.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Higher Cortical Functions: Association and Executive Processing (Section 4, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">damage of the dorsal (superior) prefrontal association area</literal>
  3611.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3612.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  3613.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3614.         <tag>sec4ch9</tag>
  3615.     </question>
  3616.     <question id="1000000126" lang="en" ref="" text="What is outermost of the Golgi apparatus?">
  3617.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3618.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Transport and the Molecular Mechanism of Secretion (Section 1, Chapter 10) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">cisternae stacks</literal>
  3619.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3620.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3621.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3622.     </question>
  3623.     <question id="1000000404" lang="en" ref="" text="Who first described growth cones?">
  3624.         <comment>Is the answer exactly how the person's name is spelled? If not it is injested wrong and we should likely remove the question</comment>
  3625.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3626.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synapse Formation, Survival, and Elimination (Section 1, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">RamA n y Cajal first described growth cones</literal>
  3627.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3628.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  3629.         <pau tid="E0B87844C6268889BD2CB4E5CFDF9275">
  3630.         </pau>
  3631.         <state>REJECTED</state>
  3632.     </question>
  3633.     <question id="1000000182" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the hindbrain called?">
  3634.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3635.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Overview of the Nervous System (Section 2, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">rhombencephalon</literal>
  3636.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3637.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3638.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3639.     </question>
  3640.     <question id="1000000452" lang="en" ref="" text="How does the motor cortex encode movement?">
  3641.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3642.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Motor&lt;/b> &lt;b>Cortex&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the primary motor cortex does not generally control individual muscles directly, but rather appears to control individual movements or sequences of movements that require the activity of multiple muscle groups. Alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord, in turn, encode the force of contraction of groups of muscle fibers using the rate code and the size principle. Thus, in accordance with the concept of hierarchical organization of the motor system, the information represented by motor cortex is a higher level of abstraction than the information represented by spinal motor neurons.</literal>
  3643.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3644.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3645.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3646.     </question>
  3647.     <question id="1000000515" lang="en" ref="" text="Neuropeptides typically produce what type of neuronal responses?">
  3648.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3649.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000157">
  3650.         </mappedQuestion>
  3651.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3652.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3653.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3654.     </question>
  3655.     <question id="1000000087" lang="en" ref="" text="How are taste solutes transported?">
  3656.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3657.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Chemical Senses: Olfaction and Gustation (Section 2, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Taste solutes are transported to the taste pore and diffuse through the fluid layer to make contact with membrane receptor proteins on the microvilli and apical membrane.</literal>
  3658.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3659.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3660.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  3661.         <tag>sec2ch9</tag>
  3662.     </question>
  3663.     <question id="1000000459" lang="en" ref="" text="What are the major output structures of the basal ganglia?">
  3664.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3665.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Basal&lt;/b> &lt;b>Ganglia&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The major output structures of the basal ganglia are the globus pallidus internal segment (GPint) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) (Figure 4.3). Both of these structures make GABAergic, inhibitory connections on their targets.</literal>
  3666.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3667.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3668.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3669.     </question>
  3670.     <question id="1000000252" lang="en" ref="" text="Why is the ventral amygdalofugal pathway is important?">
  3671.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3672.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: Amygdala (Section 4, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">it is a link whereby motivation and drives, through the limbic system, can influence responses. It is also a link whereby responses are learned. In this case this is the link whereby associative learning takes place.</literal>
  3673.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3674.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  3675.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3676.         <tag>sec4ch6</tag>
  3677.     </question>
  3678.     <question id="1000000187" lang="en" ref="" text="What are tactile stimuli?">
  3679.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3680.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Somatosensory Systems (Section 2, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">external forces in physical contact with the skin that give rise to the sensations of touch, pressure, flutter, or vibration</literal>
  3681.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3682.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3683.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3684.     </question>
  3685.     <question id="1000000316" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the blood brain barrier (BBB)?">
  3686.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3687.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Blood&lt;/b> &lt;b>Brain&lt;/b> &lt;b>Barrier&lt;/b> and Cerebral Metabolism (Section 4, Chapter 11) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">protects the neural tissue from variations in blood composition and toxins</literal>
  3688.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3689.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  3690.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3691.         <tag>sec4ch11</tag>
  3692.     </question>
  3693.     <question id="1000000123" lang="en" ref="" text="What is present on rough endoplasmic reticulum?">
  3694.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3695.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Transport and the Molecular Mechanism of Secretion (Section 1, Chapter 10) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">ribosomes</literal>
  3696.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3697.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3698.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3699.     </question>
  3700.     <question id="1000000401" lang="en" ref="" text="What are golgi type 1 cells?">
  3701.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3702.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Organization of &lt;b>Cell&lt;/b> &lt;b>Types&lt;/b> (Section &lt;b>1&lt;/b>, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">large multipolar neurons</literal>
  3703.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3704.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  3705.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3706.     </question>
  3707.     <question id="1000000023" lang="en" ref="" text="where do the second-order axons of the neospinothalamic pathway (NSTP) decussate?">
  3708.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3709.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Somatosensory Processes (Section 2, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The second-order (2Adegree ) axons of the neospinothalamic pathway (NSTP) decussate in the spinal cord.</literal>
  3710.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3711.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3712.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3713.         <tag>sec2ch5</tag>
  3714.     </question>
  3715.     <question id="1000000345" lang="en" ref="" text="How are hair cells used in the auditory system?">
  3716.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3717.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Auditory&lt;/b> &lt;b>System&lt;/b>: Structure and Function (Section 2, Chapter 12) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Hair cells in the maculae of the saccule and the utricle respond to linear acceleration (gravity).</literal>
  3718.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Auditory&lt;/b> &lt;b>System&lt;/b>: Structure and Function (Section 2, Chapter 12) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Hair cells in the cristae ampullares in the semicircular ducts respond to angular acceleration (rotation of the head).</literal>
  3719.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Auditory&lt;/b> &lt;b>System&lt;/b>: Structure and Function (Section 2, Chapter 12) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Hair cells in the Organ of Corti in the cochlea of the ear respond to sound.</literal>
  3720.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3721.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3722.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3723.         <tag>sec2ch12</tag>
  3724.     </question>
  3725.     <question id="1000000024" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the resting potential of a neuron?">
  3726.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3727.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Resting&lt;/b> &lt;b>Potentials&lt;/b> and Action &lt;b>Potentials&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The potential that is recorded when a living cell is impaled with a microelectrode is called the resting potential, and varies from cell to cell. Here it is shown to be -60 mV, but can range between -80 mV and -40 mV, depending on the particular type of nerve cell.</literal>
  3728.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3729.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  3730.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3731.     </question>
  3732.     <question id="1000000188" lang="en" ref="" text="What are proprioceptive stimuli?">
  3733.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3734.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Somatosensory Systems (Section 2, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">internal forces that are generated by the position or movement of a body part</literal>
  3735.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3736.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3737.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3738.     </question>
  3739.     <question id="1000000514" lang="en" ref="" text="Excitatory synaptic connections are usually located on what part of the receiving neuron?">
  3740.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3741.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000147">
  3742.         </mappedQuestion>
  3743.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3744.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3745.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3746.     </question>
  3747.     <question id="1000000251" lang="en" ref="" text="Where does the amygdala receive input from?">
  3748.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3749.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: &lt;b>Amygdala&lt;/b> (Section 4, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">all senses as well as visceral inputs.</literal>
  3750.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3751.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  3752.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3753.         <tag>sec4ch6</tag>
  3754.     </question>
  3755.     <question id="1000000458" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the main recipient of afferents to the basal ganglia?">
  3756.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3757.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Basal&lt;/b> &lt;b>Ganglia&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The striatum is the main recipient of afferents to the basal ganglia</literal>
  3758.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3759.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3760.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3761.     </question>
  3762.     <question id="1000000402" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the growth cone?">
  3763.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3764.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Synapse Formation, Survival, and Elimination (Section 1, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Neurons extend axons because of a specialized structure at the end of axons called growth cones.</literal>
  3765.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3766.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  3767.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3768.     </question>
  3769.     <question id="1000000088" lang="en" ref="" text="How can the speed of propigation through an axion be increased?">
  3770.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3771.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Propagation of the Action Potential (Section 1, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Another way to increase the propagation velocity is to decrease the membrane capacitance.</literal>
  3772.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Propagation of the Action Potential (Section 1, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">One way of endowing an axon with a high propagation velocity is to increase the diameter.</literal>
  3773.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3774.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  3775.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3776.     </question>
  3777.     <question id="1000000124" lang="en" ref="" text="What are added as the ribosome moves along the mRNA template?">
  3778.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3779.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Transport and the Molecular Mechanism of Secretion (Section 1, Chapter 10) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">amino acids</literal>
  3780.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3781.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3782.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3783.     </question>
  3784.     <question id="1000000346" lang="en" ref="" text="How do cilia function in the auditory system">
  3785.         <comment>this is a very long answer, maybe not the best question for training Watson.</comment>
  3786.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3787.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Auditory&lt;/b> &lt;b>System&lt;/b>: Structure and &lt;b>Function&lt;/b> (Section 2, Chapter 12) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Cilia emerge from the apical surface of hair cells. These cilia increase in length along a consistent axis. There are tiny thread-like connections from the tip of each cilium to a non-specific cation channel on the side of the taller neighboring cilium. The tip links function like a string connected to a hinged hatch. When the cilia are bent toward the tallest one, the channels are opened, much like a trap door. Opening these channels allows an influx of potassium, which in turns opens calcium channels that initiates the receptor potential. This mechanism transduces mechanical energy into neural impulses. An inward K current depolarizes the cell, and opens voltage-dependent calcium channels. This in turn causes neurotransmitter release at the basal end of the hair cell, eliciting an action potential in the dendrites of the VIIIth cranial nerve.</literal>
  3788.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3789.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3790.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3791.         <tag>sec2ch12</tag>
  3792.     </question>
  3793.     <question id="1000000315" lang="en" ref="" text="What is familian AD?">
  3794.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3795.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="CNS Aging and Alzheimer's Disease (Section 4, Chapter 10) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">refers to an inherited disease that is associated with families</literal>
  3796.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3797.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  3798.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3799.         <tag>sec4ch10</tag>
  3800.     </question>
  3801.     <question id="1000000513" lang="en" ref="" text="The periventricular DA system coordinates what?">
  3802.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3803.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000146">
  3804.         </mappedQuestion>
  3805.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3806.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3807.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3808.     </question>
  3809.     <question id="1000000250" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the amygdala?">
  3810.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3811.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: &lt;b>Amygdala&lt;/b> (Section 4, Chapter 6) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">the integrative center for emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation.</literal>
  3812.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3813.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  3814.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3815.         <tag>sec4ch6</tag>
  3816.     </question>
  3817.     <question id="1000000025" lang="en" ref="" text="What does the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) include?">
  3818.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3819.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Somatosensory&lt;/b> Processes (Section 2, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The primary somatosensory cortex, SI, includes the postcentral gyrus and the posterior paracentral lobule of the parietal lobe</literal>
  3820.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3821.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3822.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3823.         <tag>sec2ch5</tag>
  3824.     </question>
  3825.     <question id="1000000343" lang="en" ref="" text="what are the vestibulo-cerebellar connections?">
  3826.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3827.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Vestibular System: Pathways and Reflexes (Section 2, Chapter 11) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Some vestibular afferents go directly to the cerebellum through the inferior cerebellar peduncle. Most 1st order afferents synapse in the medial and inferior vestibular nuclei and then ascend to the cerebellum in the inferior cerebellar peduncle. Most of these afferents innervate the flocculonodular node. Many interconnections are found between the vestibular nuclei and the cerebellum, which coordinate the postural adjustments.</literal>
  3828.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3829.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3830.         <state>NOTREVIEWED</state>
  3831.         <tag>sec2ch11</tag>
  3832.     </question>
  3833.     <question id="1000000457" lang="en" ref="" text="What structures does the basal ganglia comprise of?">
  3834.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3835.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Basal&lt;/b> &lt;b>Ganglia&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The basal ganglia comprise a distributed set of brain structures in the telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon (Figure 4.1 and Table 1). The forebrain structures include the caudate nucleus, the putamen, the nucleus accumbens (or ventral striatum) and the globus pallidus. Together, these structures are named the corpus striatum.</literal>
  3836.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3837.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3838.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3839.     </question>
  3840.     <question id="1000000185" lang="en" ref="" text="What is dura mater?">
  3841.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3842.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Overview of the Nervous System (Section 2, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">a dense collagenous connective tissue envelope</literal>
  3843.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3844.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3845.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3846.     </question>
  3847.     <question id="1000000121" lang="en" ref="" text="What is the mRNA is transcribed from?">
  3848.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3849.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Transport and the Molecular Mechanism of Secretion (Section 1, Chapter 10) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">DNA</literal>
  3850.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3851.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3852.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3853.     </question>
  3854.     <question id="1000000314" lang="en" ref="" text="What is sporadic AD?">
  3855.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3856.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="CNS Aging and Alzheimer's Disease (Section 4, Chapter 10) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">refers to disease that has no clear-cut genetic basis</literal>
  3857.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3858.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  3859.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3860.         <tag>sec4ch10</tag>
  3861.     </question>
  3862.     <question id="1000000089" lang="en" ref="" text="How is taste sensation evoked?">
  3863.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3864.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Chemical Senses: Olfaction and Gustation (Section 2, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Taste sensation can be evoked by many diverse taste solutes. The pattern of membrane potential change include depolarization, depolarization followed by hyperpolarization, or only hyperpolarization. Action potentials in the taste receptor cells lead to an increase Ca influx through voltage-gated membrane channels with the release of Ca from intracellular stores. In response to this cation, neurotransmitter is released, which produces synaptic potentials in the dendrites of the sensory nerves and action potentials in afferent nerve fibers</literal>
  3865.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3866.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3867.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3868.         <tag>sec2ch9</tag>
  3869.     </question>
  3870.     <question id="1000000026" lang="en" ref="" text="What is threshold of membrane potential?">
  3871.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3872.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Resting &lt;b>Potentials&lt;/b> and Action &lt;b>Potentials&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">However, an unusual event occurs when the magnitude of the depolarization reaches a level of membrane potential called the threshold.</literal>
  3873.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3874.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  3875.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3876.     </question>
  3877.     <question id="1000000512" lang="en" ref="" text="The mesostriatal DA system is also known by what name?">
  3878.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3879.         <mappedQuestion id="1000000145">
  3880.         </mappedQuestion>
  3881.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3882.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3883.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3884.     </question>
  3885.     <question id="1000000249" lang="en" ref="" text="Hundreds of thousands of neurons firing in synchrony leads to what condition?">
  3886.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3887.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="Limbic System: Hippocampus (Section 4, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">epileptic seizure</literal>
  3888.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3889.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  3890.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3891.         <tag>sec4ch5</tag>
  3892.     </question>
  3893.     <question id="1000000186" lang="en" ref="" text="What is in the subarachnoid space?">
  3894.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3895.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Overview of the Nervous System (Section 2, Chapter 1) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">CSF</literal>
  3896.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3897.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3898.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3899.     </question>
  3900.     <question id="1000000456" lang="en" ref="" text="What does the association cortex do?">
  3901.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3902.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Motor &lt;b>Cortex&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Prefrontal cortex is involved in the selection of appropriate actions for a particular behavioral context.</literal>
  3903.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Motor &lt;b>Cortex&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">Posterior parietal cortex is involved in ensuring that movements are targeted accurately to objects in external space.</literal>
  3904.         <literal author="uwo_student20" level="Perfect" ref="Motor &lt;b>Cortex&lt;/b> (Section 3, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The fourth level of the motor hierarchy is the association cortex, in particular the prefrontal cortex and the posterior parietal cortex</literal>
  3905.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3906.         <owner>uwo_student20</owner>
  3907.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3908.     </question>
  3909.     <question id="1000000122" lang="en" ref="" text="What are codons?">
  3910.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3911.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="Transport and the Molecular Mechanism of Secretion (Section 1, Chapter 10) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">triplet nucleotide combinations</literal>
  3912.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3913.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3914.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3915.     </question>
  3916.     <question id="1000000400" lang="en" ref="" text="What are golgi type 2 cells?">
  3917.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3918.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Organization of &lt;b>Cell&lt;/b> &lt;b>Types&lt;/b> (Section 1, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">small neurons, usually interneurons</literal>
  3919.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3920.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  3921.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3922.     </question>
  3923.     <question id="1000000090" lang="en" ref="" text="How can the cell membrane capacitance be increased?">
  3924.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3925.         <literal author="uwo_student14" level="Perfect" ref="Propagation of the Action Potential (Section 1, Chapter 3) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">his can be achieved by coating axons with a thick insulating sheath known as myelin. One potential problem with this approach is that the process of covering the axon would cover voltage-dependent Na channels. If Na channels are occluded, it would be impossible to generate an action potential. Instead of coating the entire axon with the myelin, only sections are coated and some regions called nodes are left bare.</literal>
  3926.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3927.         <owner>uwo_student14</owner>
  3928.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3929.     </question>
  3930.     <question id="1000000344" lang="en" ref="" text="what is the key structure of the auditory system?">
  3931.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3932.         <literal author="uwo_student8" level="Perfect" ref="&lt;b>Auditory&lt;/b> &lt;b>System&lt;/b>: &lt;b>Structure&lt;/b> and Function (Section 2, Chapter 12) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">The key structure in the vertebrate auditory and vestibular systems is the hair cell.</literal>
  3933.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3934.         <owner>uwo_student8</owner>
  3935.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3936.         <tag>sec2ch12</tag>
  3937.     </question>
  3938.     <question id="1000000313" lang="en" ref="" text="The diagnosis of what disease depends on the number of pathological features based on the patient’s age?">
  3939.         <donotanswer>false</donotanswer>
  3940.         <literal author="uwo_student18" level="Perfect" ref="CNS &lt;b>Aging&lt;/b> and Alzheimer's &lt;b>Disease&lt;/b> (Section 4, Chapter 10) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston">AD</literal>
  3941.         <offtopic>false</offtopic>
  3942.         <owner>uwo_student18</owner>
  3943.         <state>APPROVED</state>
  3944.         <tag>sec4ch10</tag>
  3945.     </question>
  3946. </answerkey>
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