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Georgii Zhukov

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. Conscripted into the Tsarist cavalry in 1915 to fight in the First World War, Georgy (also Georgii, Georgi) Konstantinovich Zhukov (b. 1896–d. 1974) joined the Red Army and the Communist Party after the 1917 Russian Revolution. He made his name as a general in a battle with Japan’s Kwantung Army in August 1939 at Khalkhin-Gol on the Mongolian-Manchurian border. In May 1940, he was appointed to the command of the Kiev Special Military District and in February 1941, Chief of the General Staff (CGS). After the German invasion of the USSR in June 1941, Zhukov stepped aside as CGS (he claimed in his memoirs to have been sacked by Stalin) and was given command of a reserve army of fifty divisions that launched a successful counteroffensive at Yel’nya in the Smolensk region. Zhukov’s next assignment, in September 1941, was to bolster the defenses of besieged Leningrad. Recalled to defend Moscow, he mounted a large-scale counteroffensive in front of the Soviet capital in December 1941. In June 1942, Hitler launched a southern campaign to capture Stalingrad and the Soviet oilfields at Baku. Zhukov was appointed Stalin’s Deputy Supreme Commander in August 1942 and took part in planning and preparing the counteroffensive that encircled 300,000 German troops in Stalingrad. He also played a central role in the Kursk battle in July 1943, when hundreds of German and Soviet tanks clashed in open warfare. Zhukov was in the forefront of the Soviet strategic offensive of 1943–1945. In November 1943, he rode into Kiev with the Soviet forces that recaptured the Ukrainian capital. A few months later, Zhukov supervised Operation Bagration—the campaign to liberate Belorussia from Nazi occupation. In November 1944, Zhukov was given command of the 1st Belorussian Front, which liberated Warsaw in January 1945, and then he advanced to Berlin. It was Zhukov’s troops who captured the German capital, and Zhukov signed the instrument of Germany’s unconditional surrender on 9 May 1945. At the victory parade in Red Square in June, he took the salute and delivered the victory speech. Zhukov was appointed commander-in-chief of Soviet ground forces in March 1946, but was sacked by Stalin a few months later—on grounds of disloyalty and egotism—and demoted to commanding the Odessa military district. In 1947, he was expelled from the party central committee, and in 1948, demoted to the command of the Urals Military District in Sverdlovsk. Zhukov gradually returned to favor, and after Stalin’s death in 1953, he was appointed Deputy of Defense and later, Minister of Defense. In June 1957, Zhukov saved Khrushchev from an internal coup by hardliners, but Khrushchev then turned on him and dismissed Zhukov as Minister of Defense in October 1947. In retirement, Zhukov was criticized by Khrushchev’s supporters. He wrote his memoirs in reply, which were published after Khrushchev’s fall from power in 1964. When Zhukov died in 1974, thousands queued to pay their respects as his body lay in state in Moscow. In post-Soviet Russia, he has been reinvented as a national as well as a communist patriotic hero, lauded as the general who saved Europe, and the world, from the Nazis. Zhukov is not everyone’s hero, but the consensus is that he played a key role in all the decisive battles on the eastern front and that he was one of the best generals of the Second World War. He is certainly the best documented of the Soviet generals: there is now available a vast range of memoir and documentary materials relating to his life and career.
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  5. General and Reference Works
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  7. Zhukov’s generalship can only be understood and evaluated against the background, circumstances, and events of the Great Patriotic War. The books listed in this section treat that conflict primarily from the Soviet point of view and provide extensive coverage of Zhukov’s role as well. Erickson 1975 is the most detailed, but it is dated before both the collapse of the USSR and the publication of a large amount of new material from the Russian archives. This new material is utilized in the general post-Soviet accounts in Glantz and House 1995, Overy 1998, Mawdsley 2005, and Bellamy 2007. Shukman 1997, Reese 2011, Roberts 2006, and Jones 2012 are specialist studies, while Werth 1965 is an influential, older account of the Soviet-German war.
  8.  
  9. Bellamy, Chris. Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War. London: Macmillan 2007.
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  11. Particularly strong on Soviet survival during the first two years of the war and on the battle for Berlin.
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  13. Erickson, John. The Road to Stalingrad. New York: Harper & Row, 1975.
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  15. To be read with Erickson’s The Road to Berlin (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1983). Erickson was the leading British authority on the history of the Soviet armed forces. These detailed operational histories of the Great Patriotic War remain essential reading.
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  17. Glantz, David, and Jonathan House. When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1995.
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  19. David Glantz is a prolific author of detailed studies of Soviet military operations during the Second World War, often in collaboration with Jonathan House. This book presents an overview.
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  21. Jones, Michael. Total War: From Stalingrad to Berlin. London: John Murray, 2012.
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  23. A view of the war from the grassroots of the Red Army, based mainly on veteran testimony.
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  25. Mawdsley, Evan. Thunder in the East: The Nazi-Soviet War, 1941–1945. London: Hodder Arnold, 2005.
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  27. Acclaimed book by a Soviet specialist that tells the story of the war from the German perspective as well.
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  29. Overy, Richard. Russia’s War. London: Penguin, 1998.
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  31. A judicious and accessible history by Britain’s leading historian of the Second World War.
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  33. Reese, Roger R. Why Stalin’s Soldiers Fought: The Red Army’s Military Effectiveness in World War II. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2011.
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  35. A pathbreaking account of how and why the Red Army kept fighting through four years of war, huge losses notwithstanding.
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  37. Roberts, Geoffrey. Stalin’s Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953. London: Yale University Press, 2006.
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  39. A study of Stalin as Supreme Commander that details the dictator’s relations with his generals, above all Zhukov.
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  41. Shukman, Harold, ed. Stalin’s Generals. London: Phoenix, 1997.
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  43. An illuminating collection of essays by distinguished authors that facilitate comparisons between Zhukov and other Soviet generals.
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  45. Werth, Alexander. Russia at War, 1941–1947. London: Pan, 1965.
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  47. The classic history of the war that incorporates the author’s memoirs as a war correspondent in the Soviet Union.
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  49. Biographical Studies in English
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  51. Zhukov is the most studied of Soviet generals, and there is a vast literature on his life and career, focusing mainly on the Great Patriotic War. Overwhelmingly, this literature casts Zhukov in a positive light, but there are some dissenting voices. Roberts 2012 is the most recent biography, but Chaney 1996 and Spahr 1993 remain valuable. Erickson 2005 and Anfilov 1997 focus on Zhukov’s positive qualities as a general, while Forczyk 2012 is much more critical. Andy 2011, Cocks 1963, and Colton 1977 deal with Zhukov’s postwar political career.
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  53. Andy, Joshua. “Politics and the Soviet Military: Civil-Military Relations in the Soviet Union in the Khrushchev Era, 1953–1964.” PhD diss., University of Birmingham, 2011.
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  55. Examines Zhukov’s postwar career in the general context of the relationship between the Communist party and the military.
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  57. Anfilov, Victor. “Zhukov.” In Stalin’s Generals. Edited by Harold Shukman, 343–360. London: Phoenix, 1997.
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  59. A biographical essay by a leading Soviet military historian who was an expert on the Red Army’s failure in the face of the German invasion of 22 June 1941.
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  61. Chaney, Otto Preston. Zhukov. Rev. ed. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996.
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  63. Chaney’s 1971 biography of Zhukov was the first in any language. This revised edition, which takes onboard the post-Soviet editions of Zhukov’s memoirs, is still well worth reading. The author was a Colonel in the American army and a Professor at the US Army War College.
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  65. Cocks, Paul M. “The Purge of Marshal Zhukov.” Slavic Review 22.3 (1963): 483–498.
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  67. An article on Zhukov’s dismissal as defense minister in 1957, based on public sources and written close to the time of the events in question.
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  69. Colton, Timothy J. “The Zhukov Affair Reconsidered.” Soviet Studies 29.2 (April 1977): 185–213.
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  71. Colton challenges the prevalent view that there was substance to the official charges against Zhukov when he was dismissed as defense minister in 1957, i.e., that Zhukov represented some kind of personal/political challenge to the party leadership and attempted to use the armed forces to further his “Bonapartist” ambitions. Colton demonstrates that this was most unlikely to have been the case, and his interpretation has been confirmed by the documentation on the Zhukov affair now available from the Russian archives.
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  73. Erickson, John. “Zhukov.” In The War Lords. Edited by Michael Carver, 244–259. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword, 2005.
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  75. A valuable overview of Zhukov’s role within the Soviet high command during the war, by the leading British authority on the history of the Red Army and the Soviet-German war.
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  77. Forczyk, Robert. Georgy Zhukov. Oxford: Osprey, 2012.
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  79. A booklet that highlights Zhukov’s personal egotism and emphasizes his brutal operational methods that, the author claims, led to inordinately high casualty rates among his troops. A useful antidote to the generally good press that Zhukov gets, but should be read as critically as the more laudatory literature.
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  81. Lopez, Jean, and Lasha Otkhmezuri. Joukov: L’homme qui a vaincu Hitler. Paris: Perrin, 2013.
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  83. This French-language biography covers much the same ground as Roberts 2012 but with more contextual detailed and direct quotations from primary and memoirs sources.
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  85. Roberts, Geoffrey. Stalin’s General: The Life of Georgy Zhukov. New York: Random House, 2012.
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  87. The most comprehensive, up-to-date and authoritative biography of Zhukov, based on the full range of the available archival, documentary, memoir, and secondary sources. The book was awarded the Society for Military History Distinguished Book Award for Biography.
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  89. Spahr, William J. Zhukov: The Rise and Fall of a Great Captain. Novato, CA: Presido, 1993.
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  91. A short but illuminating study by an American military historian and CIA analyst, notable for being up to date on the extant Soviet sources.
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  93. Biographical Studies in Russian
  94.  
  95. The Russian opinion of Zhukov is mostly positive, but he has his critics—including some virulent ones. Daines 2008, Isaev 2006, and Krasnov 2005 are three recent biographies that take a more balanced view of Zhukov. Afanas’ev 2006 and Gareev 2004 defend Zhukov’s reputation as a general, while Sokolov 2003, Suvorov 2003, and Suvorov 2005 are among his most prominent critiques, politically and personally as well as militarily. Another critic is Martirosyan 2012, but unlike Sokolov and Suvorov, he argues that Zhukov was traitorous in relation to Stalin, not loyal. Astrakhansky 1996 and Pavlenko 1988 show that Zhukov was a multifaceted personality.
  96.  
  97. Afanas’ev, Vladimir A. Stanovlenie Polkovodcheskogo Iskusstva G.K. Zhukova. Moscow: Svyatigor, 2006.
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  99. A study of Zhukov’s development as a commander. The author defends Zhukov against his Russian critics and argues that the key to Zhukov’s success as a military leader was constant study—of his failures as well as his successes. Contains an excellent annotated bibliography of writings by and about Zhukov.
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  101. Astrakhansky, V. S. “Biblioteka G.K. Zhukova.” Arkhivno-Informatsionnyi Bulleten’ 13 (1996): 3–59.
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  103. Zhukov was a great reader, especially of military, historical, and literary works; and when he died, there were some 20,000 books in his library. Most of these were pulped by the state when it took back his dacha, but several hundred were preserved in museums. This article analyzes Zhukov’s reading tastes and habits.
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  105. Daines, Vladmir. Zhukov: Rozhdennyi Pobezhdat’. Moscow: Yauza-Eksmo, 2008.
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  107. A substantial biography based on much first-hand research. Deals with Zhukov’s prewar and postwar career, but concentrates on his role during the war.
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  109. Gareev, Makhmut A. Polkovodtsy Pobedy i Ikh Voennoe Hasledie. Moscow: INSAN, 2004.
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  111. A study of the top Soviet generals of the Second World War by the President of the Russian Academy of Military Science. Includes a chapter on Zhukov, whom Gareev strongly defends against accusations that he was too harsh a commander, pointing out that the casualty rates of Zhukov’s troops were proportionately lower than those of other Soviet generals. A longer treatment of Zhukov by Gareev may be found in his book Marshal Zhukov (Ufa: Vostochnyi Universitet, 1996).
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  113. Isaev, Aleksey. Georgy Zhukov. Moscow: Yauza-Eksmo, 2006.
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  115. Isaev, a post-Soviet Russian military historian, is a prolific author of books about the Great Patriotic War. This study of Zhukov’s role during the war strives for an objective and balanced analysis of his successes and failures, one that steers a middle path between his supporters and detractors.
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  117. Krasnov, Valerii. Zhukov: Marshal Velikoi Imperii. Moscow: Olma, 2005.
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  119. A “warts and all” portrayal of Zhukov that is especially valuable for the many documents it reproduces that cannot be found elsewhere, including in relation to his early career.
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  121. Martirosyan, Arsen. 22 Iunya. 2 vols. Moscow: Veche, 2012.
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  123. According to Martirosyan, another former Soviet intelligence officer, Zhukov was involved in a military conspiracy to overthrow Stalin, a conspiracy linked Marshal Tukhachevsky, convicted and executed for treason in 1937. The key move of the second generation of conspirators, supposedly led by Zhukov, was to change Soviet military strategy from active defense to a series of disastrous counteroffensives intended to facilitate the Nazi invasion of June 1941. Conspiracy theories are popular in Russia, but Martirosyan’s views have little or no support among historians or among the public.
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  125. Pavlenko, Nikolai. G. “Razmyshleniya o Sud’be Polkovodsta.” Voenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, no 10 (1988): 14–20.
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  127. Pavlenko was editor of this publication (Military-Historical Journal) in the 1960s and was instrumental in getting Zhukov’s articles published again during the period of his rehabilitation immediately after Khrushchev’s fall in 1964. In this series of articles, Pavlenko focuses on Zhukov’s postwar fate and treatment by the Soviet authorities. See also issue 11, pp. 19–27, and 12, pp. 27–37.
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  129. Sokolov, Boris V. Georgy Zhukov: Triumf i Padeniya. Moscow: Ast, 2003.
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  131. A hostile biography that seeks to debunk the Zhukov legend in every aspect—militarily, politically, and personally.
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  133. Suvorov, Viktor. Ten’ Pobedy. Donetsk, Ukraine: Harvest, 2003.
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  135. Suvorov is a former Soviet intelligence officer who defected to the West in 1978. He is best known for his contention that in the summer 1941, Stalin was preparing a pre-emptive strike against Germany, only to find himself pre-empted by Hitler. In this book, Suvorov sets his sights on Zhukov, whom he describes as a scoundrel, a war criminal, and a vainglorious egotist.
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  137. Suvorov, Viktor. Beru Svoi Slova Obratno. Donetsk: Stalker, 2005.
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  139. This is the second of Suvrov’s two volumes criticizing Zhukov on personal, political and military grounds.
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  141. Archival Sources
  142.  
  143. The two most important phases of Zhukov’s military and political career were the years of the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945) and his time as Deputy of Defense and later, Minister of Defense (1953–1957). The main Russian archive covering these periods in Zhukov’s life are the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense (in Russian: Tsentral’nyi Arkhiv Ministerstva Oborony, or TsAMO), but the archive is difficult to access, even for Russian scholars. However, many thousands of documents have been published from the archive, including a large number relevant to Zhukov. The Russian State Military Archive (in Russian: Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Voennyi Arkhiv, or RGVA) is open to researchers. In general, it covers only the prewar Red Army, but also houses an important set of Zhukov’s personal files. The materials from these two archives may supplemented by material in the Volkogonov, Eisenhower, and Fond 89 archives.
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  145. Eisenhower Papers. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Abilene, Kansas.
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  147. Eisenhower and Zhukov served together in Germany after the war (June–November 1945) as the American and Soviet representatives on the Allied Control Council. When Eisenhower was President and Zhukov was Soviet Defense Minister, their paths crossed again at the Geneva summit of July 1955, where they had two long conversations. The documentation is scattered across a number of files, including: Eisenhower Papers, Pre-Presidential Principal File, Box 26 (the Eisenhower-Zhukov correspondence in 1945–1946); and Dulles Papers, General Correspondence, Box no.3 (Eisenhower-Zhukov conversations in Geneva).
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  149. Fond 89: The Soviet Communist Party on Trial.
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  151. This large and wide-ranging collection of confidential documents from the Soviet party archives was compiled by the prosecution as part of its case against the party, following its banning in the aftermath of the failed coup of August 1991. It contains Zhukov’s reports to the Presidium on the conduct and progress of the Soviet military operation to crush the Hungarian uprising of November 1956. It is available on microfilm at the Hoover Institution and elsewhere.
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  153. Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Voennyi Arkhiv.
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  155. RGVA contains many files and documents relating to Zhukov’s service in the interwar Red Army. Of particular importance are the file series on Khalkhin-Gol (Fond 32113, Opis 1, and Zhukov’s command of the Kiev Special Military District (Fond 25880, Opis 4). The archive also contains Zhukov’s lichnyi fond, or personal file, series (Fond 41107, Opis 1 and 2). There are around 190 files consisting of manuscripts and materials relating to his memoirs, speeches, articles, correspondence, and personal memorabilia, some published in the collection Georgy Zhukov: Stenogramma Oktyabr’skogo (1957g.) Plenuma (cited under Published Documents). The archive is open to Russian and foreign researchers.
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  157. Volkogonov Papers. Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Washington, DC.
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  159. General Dmitry Volkogonov was head of the Institute of Military History during the Gorbachev era (1985–1991) and was able to gain early access to a wide range of Soviet military and political archives. These papers contain copies of thousands of documents from those archives. The collection is eclectic, fragmentary, and disorganized, but it contains documents that are not available elsewhere. A microfilm copy of the archive is also deposited in the Lamont Library, Harvard University.
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  161. Published Documents
  162.  
  163. Since the 1990s, thousands of documents have been published from Soviet military archives, including hundreds that relate to Zhukov’s activities during the Great Patriotic War: orders given and received by Zhukov, reports to Stalin and the high command, and records of telephone and telegraph conversations involving Zhukov. Two key collections are G.K. Zhukov v Bitve pod Moskvoi and G.K. Zhukov v Stalingradskom Bitve. Georgy Zhukov: Stenogramma Oktyabr’skogo (1957g.) Plenuma and Molotov, Malenkov, Kaganovich, 1957 document Zhukov’s postwar political career, while Marshal Zhukov: Moskva v Zhizini i Sud’be Polkovodtsa deals mainly with his personal life. Christensen and Jensen 2003 document a revealing speech by Zhukov when he was Minister of Defense.
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  165. Christensen, S. A., and F. P. Jensen. “Superpower under Pressure: The Secret Speech of Minister of Defence Zhukov in East Berlin, March 1957.” Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact, December 2003.
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  167. In this speech, Zhukov stated that as soon as it became clear that NATO was going to attack the Warsaw Pact, Soviet forces would launch a pre-emptive strike that would take them to the English Channel. A pre-emptive strategy may have been Zhukov’s preference in 1941, too—but if so, he was overruled by Stalin.
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  169. Georgy Zhukov: Stenogramma Oktyabr’skogo (1957g.) Plenuma TsK KPSS i Drugie Dokumenty. Moscow: Democratiya, 2001.
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  171. This collection documents Zhukov’s postwar political career, including the record of the central committee meeting in October 1957 that dismissed him as defense minister. Also contains documentation on the censoring of Zhukov’s memoirs before they were published in 1969.
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  173. G.K. Zhukov v Bitve pod Moskvoi: Sbornik Dokumentov. Moscow: Mosgorarkhiv, 1994.
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  175. Covers the battle of Moscow from Zhukov’s appointment as commander of the western front in October 1941 to the counteroffensive of December 1941. Also contains a variant text of the chapter in Zhukov’s memoirs dealing with the battle.
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  177. G.K. Zhukov v Stalingradskom Bitve: Sbornik Dokumentov. Moscow: Biblioteka, 1996.
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  179. Documents Zhukov’s role during the battle of Stalingrad, September 1942–February 1943.
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  181. Marshal Zhukov: Moskva v Zhizini i Sud’be Polkovodtsa. Moscow: Glavarkhiv, 2005.
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  183. This eclectic but useful collection of documents and memoir extracts is most notable for its inclusion of Zhukov’s letters in the 1950s to his mistress and second wife, Galina Semonova, which gives a sense of the interaction between the political and personal events in his life.
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  185. Molotov, Malenkov, Kaganovich, 1957: Stenogramma Iun’skogo Plenuma TsK KPSS i Drugie Dokumenty. Moscow: Democratiya, 1998.
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  187. Zhukov played a central role in the central committee meeting that rejected the attempt by Molotov, Malenkov, and Kaganovich to oust Khrushchev as party leader, as documented in this record of the meeting.
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  189. Zhukov’s Memoirs
  190.  
  191. The single most important source on Zhukov’s biography is his memoirs. The first edition was published, in Russian, in 1969. A second, revised edition, containing new chapters on Stavka, the battle of Leningrad, and the Yel’nya counteroffensive was published in 1974, just after Zhukov’s death. The first and second editions, Zhukov 1971 and Zhukov 1985, were published in English. A facsimile of the latter is reproduced in Zhukov 2013, together with additional materials. In 1990, a 10th revised Russian edition of the memoirs was published, containing material cut during the process of censorship. More excluded material was contained in the 11th edition—Zhukov 1992. Kumanev 1999 and Pavelenko 1988 contain interview-memoirs with Zhukov. Salisbury 1969 is an annotated collection of Zhukov’s articles on the big battles in which he fought.
  192.  
  193. Kumanev, Georgy A. Ryadom so Stalinym. Moscow: Byliia, 1999.
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  195. Contains an interview with Zhukov.
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  197. Pavelenko, Nikolai G. ed. “G.K. Zhukov: Iz Neopublikovannykh Vospominanii.” Kommunist 14 (1988): 87–101.
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  199. A mid-1960s interview with Zhukov in which he reminiscences about Stalin and Stavka, the battle of Moscow, and the run up to the German attack in June 1941.
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  201. Salisbury, Harrison E., ed. Marshal Zhukov’s Greatest Battles. London and New York: Harper & Row, 1969.
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  203. Contains articles by Zhukov on the battles of Moscow, Stalingrad, Kursk, and Berlin. These articles, originally published in Soviet journals in the mid-1960s, were incorporated as chapters of Zhukov’s memoirs. The commentary is by the American journalist-historian Harrison Salisbury, who served as a foreign correspondent in Moscow. In 1970, Zhukov publicly denounced Salisbury’s criticism that he had been profligate with the lives of his soldiers, sarcastically suggesting that perhaps the American journalist should have been in command! The book was republished in 2002 with an additional introduction by David Glantz.
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  205. Zhukov, Georgy K. The Memoirs of Marshal Zhukov. London: Jonathan Cape, 1971.
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  207. Translation of the first Russian edition (1969). The translation is accurate, but clumsy in places. Has been superseded by the translation of the second Russian edition, which contains three additional chapters.
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  209. Zhukov, Georgy K. Reminiscences and Reflections. 2 vols. Moscow: Progress, 1985.
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  211. Translation of the second Russian edition (1974). A facsimile of these two volumes is included in Marshal of Victory.
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  213. Zhukov, Georgy K. Vospominaniya i Razmyshleniya. 11th ed. 3 vols. Moscow: Novosti, 1992.
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  215. This is the most complete Russian edition of Zhukov’s memoirs. It includes about 40,000 words of text cut from the memoirs during the official processes of editing and censorship, material supplied by Zhukov’s youngest daughter Maria. The censured text is printed in italics.
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  217. Zhukov, Georgy K. Marshal of Victory: The Autobiography of General Georgy Zhukov. Edited by Geoffrey Roberts. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword, 2013.
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  219. The most up-to-date and fullest English-language edition of Zhukov’s memoirs. Also contains two additional memoirs by Zhukov: “Briefly about Stalin,” which deals with his relations with the Soviet dictator, and “After the Death of Stalin,” his memoir of the period 1953–1957. The introduction by Geoffrey Roberts includes a detailed analysis of the differences between the Soviet and post-Soviet versions of the memoirs.
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  221. Soviet Military and Political Memoirs
  222.  
  223. Zhukov was the most prominent member of a talented team of Soviet generals who worked under the supreme command of Stalin. Like Zhukov, many of them published their memoirs, a number of which have been translated into English. Zhukov looms large in all these memoirs, and they provide invaluable evidence of how he was viewed by his fellow generals, both at the time and in retrospect. Chuikov 1963, Konev 1969, and Rokossovsky 1970 are quite critical of Zhukov, whereas Meretskov 1971, Shtemenko 1970–1986, and Vasilevsky 1981 tend to take Zhukov’s side. Bialer 1970 is a collection of memoirs that date from the Khrushchev era, when Zhukov was under a cloud per se, while the memoirs in Main Front: Soviet Leaders Look Back on World War II paint a more positive picture of Zhukov. Griogorenko 1982 is another memoir that is highly critical of Zhukov. Khrushchev 1971 and Gromyko 1989 are political memoirs that provide evidence on Zhukov’s postwar career.
  224.  
  225. Bialer, Seweryn, ed. Stalin and His Generals: Soviet Military Memoirs of World War 11. New York: Pegasus, 1970.
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  227. This volume of translated extracts reflects those military memoirs by top Soviet commanders published during the Khrushchev era (1957–1964). During this period, Zhukov was under political attack following his dismissal as defense minister in 1957. Hence, many of the memoirs published in this book are highly critical of Zhukov, depicting him as a disciplinarian and as an ineffective martinet.
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  229. Chuikov, Vasily I. The Beginning of the Road. London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1963.
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  231. To be read with The End of the Third Reich (London: MacGibbon & Kee 1967). Chuikov was the commander of the 62nd Army under siege at Stalingrad in 1942, the subject of the first volume of his memoirs. After the battle of Stalingrad, the 62nd was renamed the 8th Guards Army. Still commanded by Chuikov, it took part in the battle for Berlin in 1945 as part of Zhukov’s 1st Belorussian Front. In the 1960s, Chuikov was embroiled in a controversy with Zhukov about whether the 1st Belorussian could have captured Berlin as early as February 1945. Zhukov insisted that strong German forces on his northern flank precluded an immediate thrust to Berlin.
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  233. Erickson, John. Main Front: Soviet Leaders Look Back on World War II. London: Brassey’s Defence, 1987.
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  235. Translated extracts of Soviet military memoirs. Includes General P. A. Rotmistrov’s account of the battle of Kursk in which Zhukov makes a memorable appearance in the aftermath of the great tank battle at Prokhorovka.
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  237. Griogorenko, Petro G. Memoirs. New York: W. W. Norton, 1982.
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  239. Grigorenko was a Soviet dissident who was imprisoned for several years in psychiatric confinement. In 1939, Grigorenko was a recent graduate of the Red Army’s Staff Academy, and he was posted in Khalkhin-Gol. His memoirs give a rather unflattering account of Zhukov’s performance during the border battles with the Japanese Kwantung Army.
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  241. Gromyko, Andrei A. Memories. London: Hutchinson, 1989.
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  243. The memoirs of the Soviet diplomat and foreign minister (1957–1985) contain pen portraits of prominent public figures of his era, including Zhukov.
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  245. Khrushchev, Nikita S. Khrushchev Remembers. London: Sphere, 1971.
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  247. To be read with Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament (London: Andre Deutsch, 1974). Khrushchev’s and Zhukov’s paths often crossed during the war as well as in the postwar period, when Zhukov served as defense minister. Khrushchev’s two volumes of memoirs contain much about Zhukov, especially in relation to the events that led to his dismissal as defense minister in October 1957.
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  249. Konev, Ivan S. Year of Victory. Moscow: Progress, 1969.
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  251. Konev was Zhukov’s great rival during the war, especially during the race to see whose troops would get to Berlin first—a competition encouraged by Stalin. As the title suggests, these memoirs cover only the last year of the war. The Russian edition of Konev’s memoirs (Zapiski Komanduushchego Frontom, 1943–1945, Moscow: Voenizdat, 1981) also starts when he begins to win his battles and campaigns.
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  253. Meretskov, Kiril. Serving the People. Moscow: Progress, 1971.
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  255. Meretskov led the Soviet attack on Finland in December 1939 and then served as Chief of the General Staff for a few months before Zhukov was appointed to that post in February 1941. His memoirs provide an account of the background to Zhukov’s appointment.
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  257. Rokossovsky, Konstantin K. A Soldier’s Duty. Moscow: Progress, 1970.
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  259. One of the more intellectual Soviet generals, Rokossovsky did not agree with Zhukov’s tough, uncompromising, and often-brutal style of leadership. This led to some clashes between the two men during the war. A post-Soviet edition of Rokossovsky’s memoirs restored censured passages, including some critical of Zhukov (Soldatskii Dolg, Moscow: Olma, 2002).
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  261. Shtemenko, Sergey S. The Soviet General Staff at War, 1941–1945. 2 vols. Moscow: Progress, 1970–1986.
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  263. Shtemenko was Chief of Operations and then Deputy Chief of the General Staff. His memoirs were a seminal insider study of the Soviet high command during the war. Together with Stalin, Zhukov is one of their main characters. Zhukov and Shtemenko worked with each other again in the 1950s, and in the 1960s, they were allies against the Khrushchevites in the struggle for the historical memory of the Great Patriotic War.
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  265. Vasilevsky, Alexander M. A Lifelong Cause. Moscow: Progress, 1981.
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  267. Vasilevsky was Chief of the General Staff for most of the war. He knew Zhukov from the 1930s and was his closest collaborator during the war. Of particular importance was their collaboration during the battle of Stalingrad in developing the plan for the November 1942 counteroffensive that encircled the German 6th Army in the city, which turned the tide of the war on the eastern front.
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  269. Family and Personal Memoirs
  270.  
  271. Zhukov was reticent about his private life and personal feelings—even in his memoirs, which were devoted almost wholly to his public life as a Soviet soldier. But many insights into Zhukov’s inner world and personal development may be gleaned from the numerous memoirs of him by other people. Zhukov’s family life was complicated. He was married twice, had four daughters but with three different women, and conducted at least three long-term affairs while he was still married to his first wife. Inevitably, the accounts of different sections of Zhukov’s family do not always tally, not least because nothing at all became public until twenty years after his death. Memoirs about Zhukov fall into two categories: those by family and friends and those by professional associates. Works in the first category are well represented in Aleksandrov 1988 and in the memoirs of his fourth and youngest daughter Maria, in Zhukova 2005; his second daughter, Margarita in Filippova 1995; and the interviews in Mastykina 1996. Memoirs of his professional associates include those such as Mirkina 2000; Buchin 1994; Smirnov 1988; Troyanovsky 1997; and, most revealingly, Simonov 1989. Information on Zhukov’s postwar medical history may be found in a memoir by his doctor, Alekseev, in “Marshal Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (Zapiski Vracha).”
  272.  
  273. Aleksandrov, I. G., ed. Marshal Zhukov: Polkovodets i Chelovek. 2 vols. Moscow: APN, 1988.
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  275. Important collection of memoirs about Zhukov that includes contributions by his daughters, Era and Ella, and his childhood friend and cousin, Mikhail Plikhin, as well as by those who worked with him at various stages of his military career.
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  277. Alekseev, Georgy K. “Marshal Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (Zapiski Vracha).”
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  279. The memoirs of one of Zhukov’s doctors in the 1960s. Provides information on Zhukov’s health problems after the war.
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  281. Buchin, Alexander N. 170,000 Kilometrov s G. Zhukovym. Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya, 1994.
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  283. The memoirs of Zhukov’s wartime driver as told to Nikolai Yakovlev, an early Soviet biographer of Zhukov. Buchin hinted that during the war, Zhukov had a long-term affair with a medical aide, Lida Zakharova, a matter that he further elaborated in his interview with Irina Mastykina in 1996.
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  285. Filippova, E. A., ed. Georgy Zhukov: Al’bom. Moscow: Polirgrafresursy, 1995.
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  287. This album was put together with the collaboration of Margarita Zhukova, Zhukov’s second-eldest daughter, born as result of an affair between Zhukov and her mother in the 1920s. Contains facsimiles of Zhukov’s letters to Margarita in the 1940s when he resumed contact with her following the wartime time death of her stepfather.
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  289. Mastykina, Irina. Zheny i Deti Georgiya Zhukova. Moscow: Komsomol’skaya Pravda, 1996.
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  291. In 1996, Mastykina did a series of interviews about Zhukov’s personal life with his daughters, Era and Ella, from his first marriage; with Margarita, the daughter from an affair in the 1920s; with his wartime driver, Alexander Buchin; and with the officer who served as his last adjutant. These interviews were first published in the newspaper Komsomol’skaya Pravda and then republished in this booklet.
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  293. Mirkina, Anna. Vtoraya Pobeda Marshala Zhukova. Moscow: Vniigmi-Mtsd, 2000.
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  295. Mirkina was the Soviet editor/publisher responsible for the publication of Zhukov’s memoirs. This is her account of the process leading to the publication of the first and second edition of the memoirs in 1969 and 1974, respectively.
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  297. Smirnov, S. S., ed. Marshal Zhukov: Kakim My Ego Pomnim. Moscow: Politizdat, 1988.
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  299. Collection that includes the recollections of David Ortenberg, who first met Zhukov at Khalkhin-Gol and edited the Red Army’s newspaper, Krasnaya Zvezda, during the war. Also, an account by Evgeny Tsvetaev, a military historian, of his collaboration with Zhukov during the preparation of the second edition of Zhukov’s memoirs.
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  301. Simonov, Konstantin M. Glazami Cheloveka Moego Pokoleniya. Moscow: Novosti, 1989.
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  303. This book contains the text of Simonov’s “Notes Towards a Biography of G.K. Zhukov.” Notes are based on intermittent meetings and conversations with Zhukov, from 1939 through to the mid-1960s. Simonov was a famous Soviet writer and journalist, and his portrayal of the softer side of Zhukov was instrumental in humanizing Zhukov’s public image in post-Soviet Russia.
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  305. Troyanovsky, Oleg A. Cherez Gody i Rasstoyaniya. Moscow: Vargrius, 1997.
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  307. Troyanovsky was a mid-ranking Soviet diplomat who interpreted for Zhukov at the Geneva Summit of July 1955, when he met President Eisenhower.
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  309. Zhukova, Maria. Marshal Zhukov—Moi Otets. Moscow: Sretenskogo Monastyriya, 2005.
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  311. The memoirs of Zhukov’s youngest daughter Maria, particularly valuable because she cites material from her father’s personal archive that did not fall into the hands of the Soviet authorities when he died.
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  313. Campaigns and Battles
  314.  
  315. Another way of studying Zhukov is via detailed accounts of the campaigns and battles in which he was centrally involved. Coox 1990 and Goldman 2012 deal with Zhukov’s first battle as a general at Khalkhin-Gol in 1939. While most historians would question Zhukov’s effectiveness as Chief of the General Staff in 1941, when the Red Army suffered stupendous defeats at the hands of the Germans, Fugate and Dvoretsky 2001 argues that what happened during the early months of the Soviet-German war was all part of a master plan by Zhukov and others. Glantz 2000, Showalter 2013, Tucker-Jones 2009, and Tissier 2008 are specialist accounts of key episodes in Zhukov’s wartime career; Beevor 1999, Nagorski 2007, and Ryan 1968 are popular histories of Moscow, Stalingrad, and Berlin that help to bring these great battles to life.
  316.  
  317. Beevor, Antony. Stalingrad. London: Penguin, 1999.
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  319. Best-selling popular history of the Stalingrad battle, notable for its emphasis on the role of the harsh discipline used in order to bolster the Red Army’s defense, as opposed to the heroics stressed by Soviet propaganda.
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  321. Coox, Alvin D. Nomonhan: Japan against Russia, 1939. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990.
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  323. Coox’s monumental study of the Khalkhin-Gol battle gives dues weight to the Soviet side of the Mongolian-Manchurian border war with Japan, including Zhukov’s role.
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  325. Fugate, Brian, and Lev Dvoretsky. Thunder on the Dnepr: Zhukov-Stalin and the Defeat of Hitler’s Blitzkrieg. Novato, CA: Presido, 2001.
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  327. The two authors argue that early Soviet defeats on the eastern front were part of a plan to draw the Germans into Russia and then destroy them. Intriguing, but lacks direct evidence of any such strategy.
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  329. Glantz, David. Zhukov’s Greatest Defeat: The Red Army’s Epic Disaster in Operation Mars, 1942. Shepperton, UK: Ian Allan, 2000.
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  331. A controversial book by Glantz that contests Zhukov’s account in which the failed operation Mars was just a diversionary operation in front of Moscow, designed to deter the Germans from redeploying troops south to bolster their flagging Stalingrad campaign. According to Glantz, Mars was Zhukov’s preferred operation because he saw the war as being won by the defeat of Army Group Centre.
  332. Find this resource:
  333. Glantz, David. After Stalingrad: The Red Army’s Winter Offensive, 1942–1943. Solihull: Helion, 2009.
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  335. Good account of Zhukov’s little-known role in Operation Polar Star—the January 1943 operation that partially lifted the German blockade of Leningrad.
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  337. Goldman, Stuart D. Nomonham 1939: The Red Army’s Victory that Shaped World War II. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 2012.
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  339. Short compared to Coox, but still substantial. Emphasizes that the Japanese defeat at Khalkhin-Gol encouraged them to head in the direction of Pearl Harbor. A little overreliant on Zhukov’s memoirs for the Soviet side of the battle.
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  341. Nagorski, David. The Greatest Battle: The Fight for Moscow, 1941–1942. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007.
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  343. A popular history by an American journalist and former Moscow correspondent during the battle that made Zhukov’s name as a great Soviet commander.
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  345. Ryan, Cornelius. The Last Battle. London: New English Library, 1968.
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  347. Treatment of the Berlin battle by the American historian whose The Longest Day (about D-Day) popularized the history-from-below battle books about the Second World War. In doing research for this book, Ryan talked to a number of Soviet generals, but he was not allowed to interview Zhukov, who was still in disgrace following his dismissal as defense minister in 1957.
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  349. Showalter, Dennis. Armor and Blood: The Battle of Kursk; The Turning Point of World War II. New York: Random House, 2013.
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  351. The most up-to-date study of the battle by a leading American military historian.
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  353. Tissier, Tony. Zhukov at the Oder: The Decisive Battle for Berlin. Stroud, UK: Sutton, 2008.
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  355. Deals with the battles on the approaches to Berlin in April 1945—where Zhukov experienced his greatest difficulties and casualties in the operation to take the German capital.
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  357. Tucker-Jones, Anthony. Stalin’s Revenge: Operation Bagration and the Annihilation of Army Group Centre. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword, 2009.
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  359. Detailed study of the operation—coordinated by Zhukov—that liberated Belorussia and brought the Red Army to the outskirts of Moscow.
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  361. Literary, Material, and Internet Sources
  362.  
  363. In Russia, there are many statutes, paintings, photographs, museums, and exhibitions devoted to Zhukov. The best-known monument is a large statue of Zhukov riding a horse, which was erected beside Red Square in Moscow in 1995 to mark the 50th anniversary of the end of the Second World War (Klykov 1995). Zhukov’s home village of Strelkovka (located about eighty miles southwest of Moscow and renamed in his honor) contains a replica of the wood cabin in which he was brought up. The town also hosts a museum dedicated to Zhukov that opened in 1995, State Museum of G.K. Zhukov. There are numerous depictions of Zhukov in Russian/Soviet literature. Three of the most interesting are Simonov 1961, a novel about the battle of Khalkhin-Gol in 1939; “On the Death of Zhukov,” a poem marking Zhukov’s death; and Solzhenitsyn 2011, a short story about Zhukov writing his memoirs. Zhukov’s campaigns and battles are frequently studied in military staff colleges. Four examples of papers by military personnel that are available online are Canuel 2009, Gilbody 2013, Goncharov 1999, and Kyker 1998.
  364.  
  365. Brodsky, Joseph. “On the Death of Zhukov.”
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  367. Composed in 1974, a poem by the exiled Soviet writer that questions the glorification of Zhukov in light of the many who died under his command.
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  369. Canuel, Commander Hugues. “Leadership at the Operational Level: Canadian Doctrine and a Soviet Case Study.” Canadian Military Journal, 2009.
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  371. A study by a Canadian military officer of Zhukov’s operational art.
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  373. Gilbody, John. “Marshal Georgy Zhukov.” Uploaded to Prezi by John Gilbody, 23 February 2013.
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  375. A presentation by a British army officer on Zhukov’s leadership style.
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  377. Goncharov, Lieutenant Colonel Vladislav A. Marshal Zhukov—Warrior, Commander, Citizen. Carlisle Barracks, PA: United States Army War College, 1999.
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  379. An overview by a Russian army officer of Zhukov’s role during the Second World War.
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  381. Klykov, Vyacheslav M. Georgy Zhukov. (1995). Sculpture adjacent to the Red Square erected in 1995 to commemorate the 50th Victory anniversary in the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945.
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  383. A statute of Zhukov riding a horse, sculpted by Vyacheslav M. Klykov in collaboration with architect U. Grigoriev. The statute was inspired by Zhukov’s taking salute on horseback during the Victory Parade in Red Square, June 1945. A particular influence on the design may have been a photograph of Zhukov riding through Red Square, by the famous Soviet photographer Yevgeny Khaldei.
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  385. Kyker, Commander Clayton B. The Genesis of an Operational Commander: Georgi K. Zhukov at Khalkhin Gol. Newport, RI: Naval War College, 1998.
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  387. A study by a US naval officer of Zhukov’s role in the battle of Khalkhin-Gol in 1939.
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  389. Simonov, Konstantin. Tovarishchi po Oruzhui. Moscow: Gosizdat, 1961.
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  391. Simonov’s novel about Khalkhin-Gol, which includes an anonymous “Commander” of the Soviet forces that could easily be confused with Zhukov.
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  393. Solzhenitsyn, Alexander. “Times of Crisis.” In Apricot Jam and Other Stories. By Alexander Solzhenitsyn, 231–284. Edinburgh: Canongate, 2011.
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  395. Solzhenitsyn published this story in 1995 after he returned to Russia from exile in the United States. It depicts Zhukov writing his memoirs and struggling to tell the truth about his relationship with Stalin.
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  397. State Museum of G.K. Zhukov.
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  399. The museum contains items of furniture and other personal memorabilia as well as documents, photographs, and works of art. Well worth a visit.
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  401.  
  402.  
  403.  
  404.  
  405.  
  406.  
  407. RVSSO-German War, 1941-45
  408.  
  409. Introduction
  410. The Russian-German War lasted from the German invasion of 22 June 1941 until 8 May 1945 and is often known by its Russian name as the “Great Fatherland (or ‘Patriotic’) War” (Velikaia Otechestvennaia voina). It was the largest military campaign ever fought, and the most costly in terms of human life. The outcome determined German defeat in World War II. Unlike many other campaigns of the war, it was primarily a land conflict, although an advanced one at a technical level. Another distinguishing feature was that one of the two major powers involved suffered prolonged occupation of much of its territory by the other, and so occupation policy and popular resistance to it (the “partisan” war) were significant dimensions. Related to this was the importance of ideology, which meant that many of the normal restraints of modern interstate warfare were ignored. This bibliography outlines major sources relating to the conduct of the war, and to the Soviet war effort; it also deals with the German war effort insofar as this was related to the fighting in Russia. Events before 22 June 1941, inter-Allied relations in 1941–1945 period, and the origins of the Cold War, although important topics in their own right, are beyond the scope of this outline.
  411. General Overviews
  412. Given the scale of the Russian-German conflict, writing a general overview has been a challenging task for historians. Any kind of comprehensive account requires collective authorship and a publication of great length and a decade or more of work; one-volume accounts are of necessity sketchy. Both types of book have been influenced by national perspectives and ideology.
  413. Historiography
  414. The ideological element of this conflict has figured heavily in the historiography of the war. The Communist government in Moscow controlled access to sources and directed history writing, with varying degrees of rigidity, until the late 1980s. Victory over Germany had become a means of legitimization of Soviet Communism, so blunders committed by the authorities were all but ignored, except during a period under Khrushchev (1956–1964) when historians were encouraged to criticize Stalin. Meanwhile, Western writing in the first decades after 1945 was conditioned by Cold War anticommunism, by the availability of captured documents generated within the Third Reich (and by the unavailability of Russian material), and by the influence of the memoirs of senior Wehrmacht officers. The development of West German writing can be traced in Müller and Ueberschär 1997, and the consequent impact on American and British perceptions is discussed in Smelser and Davies 2008. From the 1970s, much of West German historiography was devoted to healthy self-criticism. See especially German Occupation Policy and the Holocaust in the Soviet Union.
  415. Müller, Rolf-Dieter, and Gerd R. Ueberschär. Hitler’s War in the East, 1941–1945: A Critical Assessment. Oxford: Berghahn, 1997.
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  417. An extensive and invaluable review of the literature regarding the campaign, although with an emphasis on work in Germany.
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  419. Smelser, Ronald, and Edward J. Davies. The Myth of the Eastern Front: The Nazi-Soviet War in American Popular Culture. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
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  421. How history was influenced by Cold War attitudes and the nature of the German sources.
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  423. Official Histories
  424. Multivolume histories published in the Soviet period vary in value. The usefulness of the first two (Pospelov, et al. 1960–1964 and Grechko, et al. 1973–1982), is now limited. The latest version, Zolotarev 1988–1989, produced in the Gorbachev years, has a more objective interpretation. The German work (Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt 1990–2008) is an essential source. Ziemke 1968 and Ziemke 1987 were an American attempt to write an official history.
  425. Grechko, A. A., ed. Istoriia vtoroi mirovoi voiny 1939–1945. 12 vols. Moscow: Voenizdat, 1973–1982.
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  427. Detailed multivolume official history which takes in non-Russian theaters of World War II. In some respects more objective than its predecessor (i.e. Pospelov), but compiled in the time of the leadership of Leonid Brezhnev (1964–1982) and more ambivalent about Stalin.
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  429. Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt. Germany and the Second World War. 10 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1990–2008.
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  431. Translation of Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg (The German Reich in the Second World War), publication of which ran from 1979 to 2008. Deals with World War II as a whole. West Germany delayed producing an official history, but this allowed a more objective view. This series includes a variety of views.
  432. Pospelov, P. N., ed. Istoriia Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1941–1945. 6 vols. Moscow: Voenizdat, 1960–1964.
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  434. Detailed multivolume official history, which deals with the whole war, not just the theaters in which the Red Army was fighting. An improvement over the crudest Stalinist historigraphy, but arguably follows Khrushchev in excessive criticism of Stalin. Provides hitherto unavailable operational detail, but now of limited use.
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  436. Ziemke, Earl F. Stalingrad to Berlin: German Defeat in the East. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1968.
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  438. Based on German sources and has something of an official US Cold War orientation. For technical reasons the series was published in reverse chronological order, as this volume had most relevance to lessons relating to a defensive campaign against the Red Army. Clear discussion of complex operations, and outstanding maps.
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  440. Ziemke, Earl F. Moscow to Stalingrad: Decision in the East. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1987.
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  442. Has the strengths and weaknesses of Ziemke 1968. A projected volume on the beginning of the war was never published, but there is a useful if sketchy outline of events leading up to the Battle of Moscow in December 1941.
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  444. Zolotarev, V. A., and G. N. Sevast’ianov, eds. Velikaia Otechestvennaia voina, 1941–1945: Voenno-istoricheskie ocherki. 4 vols. Moscow: Nauka, 1998–1999.
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  446. Latest version of the “official” history. Articles by a number of Russian scholars, and more objective (though less comprehensive) than the two earlier multivolume official histories cited here, although it comes from the Russian military-history “establishment.” Contains some documents, but these are now available elsewhere.
  447. Find this resource:
  448. Nonofficial Studies
  449. British and American historians initially approached the history of the war from a Russian or a German perspective. English-language histories such as Seaton 1971 and those of Ziemke (Ziemke 1968 and Ziemke 1987, cited in Official Histories) were based on captured documents, German memoirs, and German interpretations. Werth 1964 was an important exception; the author had witnessed the war at first hand. Interesting Russian source materials became available in the late 1950s and early 1960s during the Khrushchev “thaw.” Erickson 1975 and Erickson 1983 were groundbreaking because they took Soviet sources seriously. Glantz and House 1995, Mawdsley 2005, Roberts 2006, and the articles in Stone 2010 are balanced surveys, although they owe more to Russian sources than German ones.
  450. Erickson, John. The Road to Stalingrad. New York: Harper & Row, 1975.
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  452. Comprehensive discussion, beautifully written. A work of enduring importance. Difficult to navigate through as an overall history, with documentation and bibliography that are difficult to use, a limited index, and sketchy maps; the bibliographical essay, however, is a valuable introduction to Soviet writing in the 1960s and early 1970s.
  453. Find this resource:
  454. Erickson, John. The Road to Berlin. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1983.
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  456. Second part of a major history (see Erickson 1975), beginning in the aftermath of Stalingrad. Comprehensive discussion, especially strong in use of Russian sources. Beautifully written, but difficult to navigate through; citations and bibliography are difficult to use, index is limited, and maps are sketchy. Substantial discussion of Soviet foreign policy.
  457. Find this resource:
  458. Glantz, David, and Jonathan M. House. When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995.
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  460. A clear and well-informed outline of the war, by two authors who have written exhaustively about various aspects of the campaign. Excellent maps.
  461. Find this resource:
  462. Mawdsley, Evan. Thunder in the East: The Nazi-Soviet War. London: Hodder Arnold, 2005.
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  464. Discusses both sides of the war, with extensive use of Soviet-published documents.
  465. Find this resource:
  466. Roberts, Geoffrey. Stalin’s Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006.
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  468. Comprehensive discussion, making use of newly available Russian archival sources. Emphasis on foreign policy.
  469. Find this resource:
  470. Seaton, Albert. The Russo-German War, 1941–1945. London: Arthur Barker, 1971.
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  472. A thorough operational narrative, based mainly on German sources.
  473. Find this resource:
  474. Stone, David R., ed. The Soviet Union at War, 1941–1945. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword, 2010.
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  476. A recent collection of articles by a number of leading specialists in the field.
  477. Find this resource:
  478. Werth, Alexander. Russia at War, 1941–1945. London: Barrie & Rockliff, 1964.
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  480. A classic account by a British journalist with a Russian background, and one who was broadly sympathetic to the Russian cause. A good outline of events and provides a sense of what life was like in the wartime Soviet Union.
  481. Find this resource:
  482. Documents
  483. Inevitably, collections of reprinted documents are selective, but they provide valuable information about motivation and perception and give a flavor of the times. Domarus 1997 and Stalin 1946 present a contrast of the two dictators. Acton and Stableford 2007 deals with Soviet history in general; Hill 2009 and Kudriashov 2010 relate specifically to the war effort in 1941–1945. Collections relating to particular operations or institutions are included in the appropriate sections.
  484. Acton, Edward, and Tom Stableford. The Soviet Union: A Documentary History. Vol. 2. Exeter, UK: University of Exeter Press, 2007.
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  486. The fullest collection in English of material from the Soviet period. Contains some useful documents from the war years.
  487. Find this resource:
  488. Domarus, Max, ed. Hitler: Speeches and Proclamations,1932–1945: The Chronicle of a Dictatorship. Vol. 3, 1941–1945. London: I. B. Tauris, 1997.
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  490. Hitler’s writings, organized on a day-by-day basis and with commentary. Originally published in two volumes in German by Domarus as Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen 1932–1945 (Neustadt an der Aisch, Germany: Schmidt, 1962). Invaluable for understanding the driving forces behind the German “war of annihilation.”
  491. Find this resource:
  492. Hill, Alexander. The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union, 1941–45: A Documentary Reader. London: Routledge, 2009.
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  494. The best collection in English of documents specifically relating to the war.
  495. Find this resource:
  496. Kudriashov, Sergei, ed. Voina: 1941–1945. Moscow: Vestnik APRF, 2010.
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  498. Invaluable new, large one-volume collection, published under the auspices of the Vestnik (Bulletin) of the Presidential Archive. Contains important new documents on many aspects of the Soviet war effort.
  499. Find this resource:
  500. Stalin, Joseph. On the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1946.
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  502. Translation of O Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine Sovetskogo Soiuza, one of the final versions of which is the fifth edition published in 1951. This collection contains Stalin’s published speeches and also press reports of some meetings with journalists. Stalin’s published wartime writings have to be used with caution, but they do give an indication of what the Soviet dictator wanted soldiers and civilians (and allies) to think at different stages of the war.
  503. Find this resource:
  504. Literary Accounts
  505. This section includes some literary works, and also first-person accounts by front-line troops (as opposed to memoirs by senior commanders). First-person accounts by Russian veterans have become more readily available in English since the end of the Soviet era; a good example is Gorbachevsky 2008. Sajer 1971 is the best-known German source, but its authenticity as a memoir is arguable. Malaparte 2000 is a fine description by an outsider. The best starting point for the study of fiction on the Russian side is Ellis 2011. Nekrasov 1962 and Grossman 1985 are important Russian novels.
  506. Ellis, Frank. The Damned and the Dead: The Eastern Front through the Eyes of Soviet and Russian Novelists. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2011.
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  508. Important discussion of common themes in a wide selection of Russian war novels.
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  510. Gorbachevsky, Boris. Through the Maelstrom: A Red Army Soldier’s War on the Eastern Front, 1942–1945. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2008.
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  512. A fine example of a post-Soviet memoir, this one by a man who served as a junior officer through three years of the war, notably in the terrible battles around Rzhev, west of Moscow. Full of detail about everyday life at the front.
  513. Find this resource:
  514. Grossman, Vasilii S. Life and Fate. London: Collins Harvill, 1985.
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  516. Grossman, a war correspondent, wrote this novel in 1959 as Zhizn’ i sud’ba (Life and fate). Publication was not allowed for most of the Soviet era, as it was critical of many aspects of life in Stalinist Russia and made too much of the Jewish tragedy. First published in the West (in Russian) in 1980, sixteen years after Grossman’s death; publication in the USSR followed eight years later. Tracks a range of figures through the war, with special emphasis on Stalingrad and the Holocaust. Often seen as the best work of fiction on the Russian experience in World War II.
  517. Find this resource:
  518. Malaparte, Curzio. The Volga Rises in Europe. Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2000.
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  520. First appeared in English in 1957 (London: Alvin Redmond). Published in Milan in 1943 as Il Volga nasce in Europa (Milan: Bompiani). An outstanding account, of substantial literary and historical value, by an Italian journalist who accompanied German troops in southern Russia in 1941 and then witnessed events on the Karelian front in 1942.
  521. Find this resource:
  522. Nekrasov, Viktor P. Front-Line Stalingrad. London: Harvill, 1962.
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  524. Published in the USSR in 1946 as the novella V okopakh Stalingrada (In the trenches of Stalingrad), and based on author’s experience as a front-line Red Army engineer. Nekrasov was a prominent author in the Soviet period and won the Stalin Prize, but he later went into exile abroad.
  525. Find this resource:
  526. Sajer, Guy. The Forgotten Soldier. London: Harper, 1971.
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  528. Included here as a warning because of its evergreen status (originally published as Le Soldat oublié in 1967 [Paris: Robert Laffont]). Purports to be the autobiography of a front-line Alsatian soldier in the Grossdeutschland Division, but it was written by the French comic-book author Guy Mouminoux (b. 1927) and is essentially a work of fiction.
  529. Find this resource:
  530. Red Army
  531. The Red Army, or RKKA (Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army), was the main Russian service involved in the war. The Air Force (VVS) was part of the Red Army. Space does not permit inclusion of material on the prewar Red Army, although both political purges and Industrialization in the 1930s had a major effect on the organization.
  532. Command
  533. Many Russian commanders were allowed to write memoirs, although in sanitized form. The most important are Zhukov 1971 and Vasilevskii 1981. Seaton 1976 remains the clearest account of the activities of Stalin himself, and many of the senior marshals and generals are described in Shukman 1993. An extraordinary range of command documents was made available in the series Russkii arkhiv: Velikaia Otechestvennaia.
  534. Russkii arkhiv: Velikaia Otechestvennaia. Moscow: Terra, 1993–2001.
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  536. “Velikaia Otechestvennaia” is a subseries of “Russkii arkhiv.” The documents published here are invaluable for understanding the Red Army and Soviet operations. Particularly important are the two books in Vol. 2 with orders from the People’s Commissariat of Defence, five books in Vol. 5 on the High Command (Stavka VGK), Vol. 6 on the Red Army’s political organs, four books in Vol. 12 on the General Staff, and Vol. 14 on Red Army rear services.
  537. Find this resource:
  538. Seaton, Albert. Stalin as Warlord. London: Batsford, 1976.
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  540. This remains one of the more perceptive discussions of Stalin’s role, by an expert on the eastern front fighting. Seaton was able to make use of Russian material published in the 1960s and early 1970s, although much more material has become available since then.
  541. Find this resource:
  542. Shukman, Harold, ed. Stalin’s Generals. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1993.
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  544. Detailed biographies of Red Army officers by a range of expert authors, including some Russians.
  545. Find this resource:
  546. Vasilevskii, A. M. A Lifelong Cause. Moscow: Progress, 1981.
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  548. After Zhukov, Marshal A. M. Vasilevskii was among the most important of Stalin’s advisors and commanders, and he headed the General Staff for most of the war. Translation of Delo vsei zhizni, which was published posthumously in 1975 (in two volumes) and has since been through various editions, the most recent published by Voenizdat in 2010.
  549. Find this resource:
  550. Zhukov, G. K. The Memoirs of Marshal Zhukov. London: Jonathan Cape, 1971.
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  552. Zhukov was Stalin’s most important general, but his historical record was affected by two falls from grace, one in the late 1940s and other in 1957. First published in Russian in 1969 after the fall of Khrushchev as Vospominaniia i razmyshleniia (Memoirs and reflections; Moscow: Agentstva Pechati Novosti). The 10th edition, published in three volumes by APN in 1990, restored many cuts made by censors. Like all memoirs this is self-serving, but it is still a valuable source.
  553. Find this resource:
  554. Organization and Losses
  555. The fullest source is Glantz 1998 (along with Glantz 2005), but Dunn 1994 also has useful detailed material from German sources, and Dunn 2006 is good on the mobilization machinery. Grylev 1963 is a basic source for Soviet order of battle, while Krivosheev 1997 is essential for losses and some other statistics. Invaluable on prisoners of war held by the Russians are Karner 2002 and Zolotarev 1999.
  556. Dunn, Walter S. Hitler’s Nemesis: The Red Army, 1930–1945. New York: Greenwood, 1994.
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  558. An insightful source, making heavy but careful use of German intelligence material.
  559. Find this resource:
  560. Dunn, Walter S. Stalin’s Keys to Victory: The Rebirth of the Red Army. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2006.
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  562. Not as fully documented as Dunn’s previous works, but includes important insights on Red Army mobilization.
  563. Find this resource:
  564. Glantz, David M. Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998.
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  566. Massive discussion of all aspects of Red Army formation. A fundamental source.
  567. Find this resource:
  568. Glantz, David M. Colossus Reborn: The Red Army at War, 1941–1943. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005.
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  570. Sequel to Glantz 1998 and a similarly important contribution.
  571. Find this resource:
  572. Grylev, A. N. Boevoi sostav Sovetskoi armii. 5 vols. Moscow: Voenno-nauchnoe Upravlenie General’nogo Shtaba, 1963.
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  574. A basic source for the order of battle of the Red Army, giving details, by army group, for each month of the war. Originally issued as a secret publication in 1963 by the Military History Section of the Soviet General Staff.
  575. Find this resource:
  576. Karner, Stefan. Arkhipelag GUPVI: Plen i internirovanie v Sovetskom Soiuze 1941–1956. Moscow: Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Gumanitarnyi Universitet, 2002.
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  578. In parallel with the more famous camp system for political prisoners and criminals, made famous by Solzhenitsyn in The GULAG Archipelago (1973), GUPVI was the Soviet organization responsible for running camps for prisoners of war and internees. Large numbers of Axis POWs remained in camps until 1955. This groundbreaking monograph provides details of Soviet policy and treatment.
  579. Find this resource:
  580. Krivosheev, G. F., ed. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century. London: Greenhill, 1997.
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  582. A unique collection dealing with losses of personnel and equipment. Russian versions, also compiled by the team led by Krivosheev, are Grif sekretnosti sniat (No longer top secret, 1993) and Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil: Statisticheskoe issledovanie (Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: Losses of the armed forces: A statistical study, 2001).
  583. Find this resource:
  584. Zolotarev, V. A., ed. Nemetskie voennoplennye v SSSR 1941–1955 gg.: Sbornik dokumentov. Russkii arkhiv: Velikaia Otechestvennaia 13.2. Moscow: Terra, 1999.
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  586. Treatment of German prisoners of war in Russia was for many years a forbidden topic, and this collection was a new departure.
  587. Find this resource:
  588. Motivation and Conduct
  589. Merridale 2005 is the best source on the experience of ordinary Soviet soldiers; Reese 2011 brings to the discussion a military background and a record of earlier work on the interwar Red Army. Many women took direct part in the fighting; these are now covered by Krylova 2010 and Pennington 2010.
  590. Krylova, Anna. Soviet Women in Combat: A History of Violence on the Eastern Front. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
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  592. A groundbreaking study of a very important subject; in contrast to the armies of other countries, women played an important combat role in the USSR.
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  594. Merridale, Catherine. Ivan’s War: The Red Army 1939–1945. London: Faber & Faber, 2005.
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  596. The standard account of the experience of front-line Red Army soldiers. An outstandingly perceptive work, based partly on interviews.
  597. Find this resource:
  598. Pennington, Reina. “Offensive Women: Women in Combat in the Red Army.” Journal of Military History 74.3 (2010): 775–820.
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  600. A survey of the activity of female combatants in the Soviet forces, showing their wide range of combat activity and the successful performance of this duty.
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  602. Reese, Roger R. Why Stalin’s Soldiers Fought: The Red Army’s Military Effectiveness in World War II. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2011.
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  604. An important study of a combat motivation, by a specialist who has written extensively about the prewar Red Army.
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  606. Soviet Internal Security and Intelligence
  607. The Soviet Union had elaborate and highly secret organizations that dealt with internal control and espionage in foreign countries; these had a number of organizational overlaps and are therefore dealt with together here. Parrish 1996 is still the best introduction to this complex subject. Khaustov 2006, Kondrashov 2010, and Stepashin 1995–2007 make available a selection of new documents.
  608. Khaustov, V. N., ed. Lubianka: Stalin i NKVD-NKGB-GUKR “Smersh,” 1939–mart 1946. Moscow: MF Demokratiia/Materik, 2006.
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  610. Collection of documents on internal security. Part of series covering Stalin’s use of the secret police and counterintelligence during his time in power. Deals with both intelligence about foreign countries and conditions in the Soviet Union.
  611. Find this resource:
  612. Kondrashov, V. V. Znat’ vse o protivnike: Voennye razvedki SSSR i fashistskoi Germanii v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny (istoricheskaia khronika). Moscow: Krasnaia Zvezda, 2010.
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  614. Soviet intelligence about the Germany, whether derived from spies, aerial reconnaissance, or radio intelligence and code breaking, has been poorly studied, except for the period immediately before 22 June 1941. This important survey contributes to filling this gap.
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  616. Parrish, Michael. The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939–1953. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996.
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  618. The “Great Terror” was a term Robert Conquest devised for the events of 1937–1938. This book covers the later Stalinist period, including World War II.
  619. Find this resource:
  620. Stepashin, Sergei V., ed. Organy gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti SSSR v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny: Sbornik dokumentov. 5 vols. Moscow: Kniga I Biznes, 1995–2007.
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  622. Unique collection of documents published under the auspices of the FSB and relating to intelligence, antisabotage operations, and the creation of the partisan movement. Vols. 2–5 are each divided into two parts. Vols. 1 and 2 cover 1941,Vol. 3 1942, Vol. 4 1943, and Vol. 5 1944.
  623. Find this resource:
  624. German Army
  625. Many sources, especially German ones, use the term Wehrmacht (“armed forces”) as shorthand for the Nazi-era German Army (Heer). This is misleading, especially where the Russian front and war crimes are being discussed; the German Navy and the Air Force (Luftwaffe) played a relatively small role in the Russian campaign and had limited contact with the occupied population. Another term that might be used is Ostheer (“Eastern army”), which was a name applied to Germany Army forces fighting in Russia. At an operational level, the distinction makes some sense, as until December 1941 Hitler was Commander in Chief of the Wehrmacht but not of the Army (commanded by Field Marshal von Brauchitsch).
  626. Command
  627. Documents relating to the top levels of the German forces can be found in Trevor-Roper 1964, Heiber and Glantz 2003, and Greiner and Schramm 1961–1979; Halder 1976 is a General Staff war diary from the period up to Stalingrad. Barnett 1989 and Hürter 2006 provide biographical material on the most senior generals. For structural problems—contrasted to the shortcomings of individuals—there is Megargee 2000.
  628. Barnett, Correlli, ed. Hitler’s Generals. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989.
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  630. A useful collection of articles, by various authors, on some of the most important German Army commanders.
  631. Find this resource:
  632. Greiner, Hellmuth, and Percy Ernst Schramm, eds. Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht (Wehrmachtführungsstab) 1940–1945. 4 vols. Frankfurt: Bernard & Graefe, 1961–1979.
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  634. The eastern front was initially run by the Army rather than the Wehrmacht (armed forces) high command; this is nevertheless a useful day-by-day outline of events, with some additional documents.
  635. Find this resource:
  636. Halder, Franz. The Halder Diaries: The Private War Journals of Colonel General Franz Halder. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1976.
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  638. Originally prepared from Halder’s shorthand notes for the Nuremberg trials. The fuller German version is Kriegstagebuch: Tägliche Aufzeichnungen des Chefs des Generalstabes des Heeres, 1939–1942 (3 vols., Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer: 1962–1964).
  639. Find this resource:
  640. Heiber, Helmut, and David Glantz, eds. Hitler’s Generals: Military Conferences, 1942–1945. New York: Enigma, 2003.
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  642. Translation, with additional notes, of Hitler’s Lagebesprechungen: Die Protokollfragmente seiner militärischen Konferenzen 1942–1945, which was prepared for its original publication in 1962 by Heiber. Covers the period from 1 December 1942 onward but with large gaps.
  643. Find this resource:
  644. Hürter, Johannes. Hitlers Heerführer: Die deutschen Oberbefehlshaber im Krieg gegen die Sowjetunion 1941/42. Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2006.
  645. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  646. A study of the collective backgrounds, attitudes, and conduct of the commanders of German field armies on the eastern front.
  647. Find this resource:
  648. Megargee, Geoffrey P. Inside Hitler’s High Command. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000.
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  650. Analysis of the structural and cultural shortcomings of the German high command. These shortcomings, as much as Hitler’s foolish interference, help to explain the defeat.
  651. Find this resource:
  652. Trevor-Roper, Hugh R., ed. Hitler’s War Directives, 1939–1945. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1964.
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  654. A basic source, giving the main Wehrmacht directives. The German version is Hitlers Weisungen für die Kriegführung 1939–1945: Dokumente des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht, edited by Walther Hubatsch (Frankfurt am Main: Bernard & Graefe,1962).
  655. Find this resource:
  656. Organization and Losses
  657. The bedrock of the German war effort was the ability to raise troops and replace losses. In the end the Third Reich could not match the human resources of the coalition that opposed it. Müller-Hillebrand 1954–1969 details the mobilization mechanism, while Overmans 1999 is now the main source on losses.
  658. Müller-Hillebrand, Burkhart. Das Heer, 1933–1945: Entwicklung des organisatorischen Aufbaues. 3 vols. Darmstadt: E. S. Mittler, 1954–1969.
  659. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  660. Fundamental work outlining the structure and mobilization of German Army, by a General Staff officer.
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  662. Overmans, Rüdiger. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1999.
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  664. Very important source, giving monthly breakdowns of losses based on sampling of German Army records, and demonstrating the relative importance of the Russian front.
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  666. Motivation and Conduct
  667. Although the German General Staff system provided a tested command system, also essential was the operation of units in the field and the coherence and motivation of front-line soldiers and noncommissioned officers. Van Creveld 1982 discusses the front-line command system, and Fritz 1995 gives insights into the psychology of the troops. Related material, including the complicity of the German rank and file in war crimes, is discussed in Bartov 1986, Schulte 1989, and Wette 2006. Case studies are provided in Shepherd 2004. See also German Occupation Policy and the Holocaust in the Soviet Union.
  668. Bartov, Omer. The Eastern Front, 1941–45: German Troops and the Barbarization of Warfare. New York: St. Martin’s, 1986.
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  670. Discusses how local conditions and German perceptions contributed to the end of normal restraints on military behavior.
  671. Find this resource:
  672. Fritz, Stephen G. Frontsoldaten: The German Soldier in World War II. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1995.
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  674. Study of life at the front for ordinary German soldiers.
  675. Find this resource:
  676. Schulte, Theo J. The German Army and Nazi Policies in Occupied Russia. Oxford: Berg, 1989.
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  678. One of the first works in English looking at Germany policy in detail.
  679. Find this resource:
  680. Shepherd, Ben. War in the Wild East: The German Army and Soviet Partisans. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004.
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  682. Important case studies of different German Army formations on occupation duty in central Russia, showing the effect of variations in leadership.
  683. Find this resource:
  684. van Creveld, Martin. Fighting Power. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982.
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  686. Attempts to explain the unique fighting power and resilience of the German Army, albeit mainly in contrast to American fighting personnel rather than Soviet personnel.
  687. Find this resource:
  688. Wette, Wolfram. The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006.
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  690. Collection of essays, originally published as Die Wehrmacht: Feindbilder, Vernichtungskrieg, Legenden (Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, 2002). Highly critical of the German Army and discusses and details its collective attitudes and involvement in war crimes.
  691. Find this resource:
  692. German Allies
  693. The German offensive in the Soviet Union in 1941–1942 relied on manpower provided by Italy and some smaller European states to cover the less active parts of the front. During the time of the Soviet counteroffensive in 1944, the attempts by these allies to change sides caused serious complications for Berlin. DiNardo 2005 provides a general study, while Cornelius 2011, Giurescu 2000, and Vehviläinen 2002 cover Hungary, Romania, and Finland, respectively.
  694. Cornelius, Deborah S. Hungary in World War II: Caught in the Cauldron. New York: Fordham University Press, 2011.
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  696. Provides a balanced and well-informed view of Hungary’s involvement, stressing the difficult position in which the Budapest government found itself.
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  698. DiNardo, Richard. Germany and the Axis Powers: From Coalition to Collapse. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005.
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  700. Traces the important role of the smaller allies that sent forces to the Russian front: Italy, Finland, Romania, and Hungary.
  701. Find this resource:
  702. Giurescu, Dinu C. Romania in the Second World War, 1939–1945. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 2000.
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  704. Concentrates on political, foreign policy, and military aspects.
  705. Find this resource:
  706. Vehviläinen, Olli. Finland in the Second World War: Between Germany and Russia. New York: Palgrave, 2002.
  707. DOI: 10.1057/9781403919748Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  708. Valuable synthesis of Finnish-language secondary sources on Germany’s most effective ally.
  709. Find this resource:
  710. Operation Barbarossa 1941
  711. The fighting in the second half of 1941 has attracted much attention from historians, partly thanks to the spectacular German victories (and war crimes), and partly because the war could perhaps have been decided in this period. A number of accounts relating to German strategy and war crimes are provided in Boog 1998.
  712. Boog, Horst, ed. Germany and the Second World War. Vol. 4, The Attack on the Soviet Union: Oxford: Clarendon, 1998.
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  714. Published in German as Der Angriff auf die Sowjetunion (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt,1983), Vol. 4 of Das Deutsche Reich und der der Zweite Weltkrieg. Part 1 is preparation for the German invasion, and Part 2 is the campaign through the late winter of 1941–1942. Chapters by Horst Boog, Jürgen Förster, Joachim Hoffmann, Ernst Klink, Rolf-Dieter Müller, and Gerd R. Ueberschär. The chapters reflect the views of the individual authors, and there are implied disagreements.
  715. Find this resource:
  716. Planning and Invasion
  717. Documents relating to the German plans are printed in Post 1995. The success of the surprise attack on 22 June 1941 raises some of the most important questions of the war. Why was the Soviet Union caught by surprise? Was Stalin planning a preemptive attack, as argued in Suvorov 2008? To what extent were war crimes an essential part of German planning? Gorodetsky 1999 and Mawdsley 2003 argue against the existence of a serious intent to mount a preemptive Soviet strike, relying on documents published in Naumov 1998. Further documentary material has now been made available in Gavrilov 2008. A range of discussion by specialists on the lead-up to war is included in Wegner 1997.
  718. Gavrilov, V. A., ed. Voenaia razvedka informiruet: Dokumenty Razvedupravleniia Krasnoi Armii. Ianvar’ 1939 – iun’ 1941. Moscow: MF Demokratiia, 2008.
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  720. Invaluable material, available in some cases for the first time, on what the Soviet high command knew on the eve of the German invasion.
  721. Find this resource:
  722. Gorodetsky, Gabriel. The Grand Delusion: Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999.
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  724. Thorough account of prewar diplomacy, stressing Stalin’s misunderstanding of German intentions. Based on archival documents released in the 1990s. Highly critical of Suvorov’s interpretation.
  725. Find this resource:
  726. Mawdsley, Evan. “Crossing the Rubicon: Soviet Plans for Offensive War in 1941.” International History Review 24.4 (2003): 818–865.
  727. DOI: 10.1080/07075332.2003.9641015Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  728. A discussion of the preventive war debate, based on published Russian archival sources. Details Soviet offensive war plans, but argues they were not put into practice.
  729. Find this resource:
  730. Naumov, V. P., ed. 1941 god. 2 vols. Moscow: MF Demokratiia, 1998.
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  732. Essential collection of documents on the state of the Red Army and its evaluation of the threat on the eve of the German attack.
  733. Find this resource:
  734. Post, Walter. Unternehmen Barbarossa: Deutsche und sowetische Angriffspläne 1940/41. Hamburg, Germany: Mittler, 1995.
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  736. Gives German translations of the Soviet war plans, published in the early 1990s. Also contains German General Staff planning documents going back to the summer of 1940.
  737. Find this resource:
  738. Suvorov, Victor. The Chief Culprit: Stalin’s Grand Design to Start World War II. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2008.
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  740. Suvorov (real name, V. B. Rezun), who defected to Britain from Soviet military intelligence in the 1970s, has written a number of controversial books and articles about 1941, involving Stalin’s plans to profit from a war between the “capitalist” powers, and specifically to mount a preemptive attack on Nazi Germany. The best known is Icebreaker (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1990); Chief Culprit is the most recent development of the argument.
  741. Find this resource:
  742. Wegner, Bernd, ed. From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939–1941. Oxford: Berghahn, 1997.
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  744. Collection of thirty-five essays on preparations for the 22 June 1941 invasion, as seen from both sides. Originally published as Zwei Wege nach Moskau: Vom Hitler-Stalin-Pakt bis zum “Unternehmen Barbarossa” (Munich: Piper, 1991).
  745. Find this resource:
  746. Early Battles
  747. This section deals with battles fought in the first months of the war, immediately after the initial invasion on 22 June 1941, and up until the start of Operation Typhoon against Moscow in October 1941. This is effectively dealt with in Megargee 2006. The early battles at Smolensk and Kiev are now well covered by Stahel 2009, Glantz 2010, and Stahel 2011. Van Creveld 1977 draws attention to the all-important supply factor.
  748. Glantz, David. Barbarossa Derailed: The Battle for Smolensk, 10 July–10 September 1941. Vol. 1, The German Advance, The Encirclement Battle, and the First and Second Soviet Counteroffensives, 10 July–24 August 1941. Solihull, UK: Helion, 2010.
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  750. Detailed discussion of the stalling of the campaign in western Russia in July–August 1941, which was arguably a critical turning point of the war.
  751. Find this resource:
  752. Megargee, Geoffrey P. War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 2006.
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  754. A recent introduction to the criminal planning of the invasion and the reasons for the failure of the military campaign.
  755. Find this resource:
  756. Stahel, David. Operation Barbarossa and Germany’s Defeat in the East. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
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  758. Detailed discussion of the stalling of the campaign in western Russia in July–August 1941, which was arguably a critical turning point of the war.
  759. Find this resource:
  760. Stahel, David. Kiev 1941: Hitler’s Battle for Supremacy in the East. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
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  762. Continues the argument in Stahel 2009 that what appeared to be a great triumph in the Kiev encirclement was actually a battle fought under difficult conditions for the German Army. Its leaders had underestimated the difficulty of the campaign and in any event were mainly interested in taking Moscow.
  763. Find this resource:
  764. van Creveld, Martin. Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
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  766. Contains an important chapter, “Russian Roulette,” on the logistical difficulties (or impossibilities) of the German 1941 campaign.
  767. Find this resource:
  768. Battle of Moscow
  769. The Battle of Moscow began with German Operation Typhoon, which was mounted in early October 1941 and was halted by a counteroffensive on 6 December. The best source for this, although not based on the latest Russian material, is Reinhardt 1992; for civilian aspects see Braithwaite 2006. Zolotarev 1997 provides excerpts from Soviet General Staff reports, as well as material about the two armies and their leaders. Throughout the winter of 1941–1942, and in the following year, there was heavy fighting in the area west of the Soviet capital, the later part of which is deal with in Glantz 1999.
  770. Braithwaite, Rodric. Moscow 1941: A City and People at War. London: Profile, 2006.
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  772. Excellent discussion of civilian and military aspects by a former British ambassador to Moscow, making use of newly available sources.
  773. Find this resource:
  774. Glantz, David. Zhukov’s Greatest Defeat: The Red Army’s Epic Disaster in Operation Mars, 1942. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999.
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  776. Argues convincingly that the Soviet high command attached as much importance to the battles fought west of Moscow (under Zhukov) in the autumn of 1942 as it did to Stalingrad.
  777. Find this resource:
  778. Reinhardt, Klaus. Moscow: The Turning Point. Oxford: Berg, 1992.
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  780. Important survey by a West German general, emphasizing poor German preparation for the 1941 campaign, and the decisiveness of the Battle of Moscow rather than the Battle of Stalingrad. Original German edition is Die Wende vor Moskau: Das Scheitern der Strategie Hitlers im Winter 1941/42 (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1972).
  781. Find this resource:
  782. Zolotarev, V. A., ed. Bitva pod Moskvoj: Sbornik dokumentov. Russkii arkhiv: Velikaia Otechestvennaia 4.1. Moscow: Terra, 1997.
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  784. Important collection of operational orders and reports from the Soviet high command.
  785. Find this resource:
  786. Siege of Leningrad
  787. The tragedy of the “blockade” has aroused profound interest, especially in the fate of as many as a million civilian victims. Salisbury 1969 includes insights based on visiting the city during the war. Barber and Dzeniskevich 2005 contains specialized articles on aspects of the siege; Glantz 2002 is the fullest military account.
  788. Barber, John, and A. R. Dzeniskevich, eds. Life and Death in Besieged Leningrad, 1941–1944, Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, 2005.
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  790. Collection of important articles by Western and Russian historians.
  791. Find this resource:
  792. Glantz, David M. The Battle for Leningrad, 1941–1944. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002.
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  794. The most detailed discussion of military operations.
  795. Find this resource:
  796. Salisbury, Harrison E. The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad. London: Pan, 1969.
  797. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  798. Classic and comprehensive account by an American journalist who visited Leningrad during the war. An early example of the more sympathetic American view of the Soviet war efforts.
  799. Find this resource:
  800. The 1942 German Offensives and the Battle of Stalingrad
  801. Hitler’s “second offensive” began in May 1942. The preliminary battle, at Kharkov, is covered in Glantz 2002. There is debate on whether Stalingrad was the turning point of the war; on this see Wette and Ueberschär 1992. The battle was undeniably the point at which the Russians gained the initiative, and it was the first time that a large German formation surrendered. Citino 2007 is valuable for the context, and Boog 2001 is essential reading. Kehrig 1974 and Samsonov 1989 are definitive accounts from the German and Soviet sides, respectively. Beevor 1998 is a popular English-language summary of Stalingrad, with Glantz and House 2009 providing both a highly detailed narrative of the battle and a fresh analysis of the importance of its various stages.
  802. Beevor, Antony. Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege: 1942–43. New York: Viking, 1998.
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  804. Better on the German than the Russian side, but a thorough, readable discussion.
  805. Find this resource:
  806. Boog, Horst, ed. Germany and the Second World War. Vol. 6, The Global War. Oxford: Clarendon, 2001.
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  808. Published as Der globale Krieg: Die Ausweitung zum Weltkrieg und der Wechsel der Initiative, 1941–1943 (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1990). Includes a book-length section (365 pp.) by Bernd Wegner, with a history of the campaign in the East from the spring of 1942 to the spring of 1943, including Stalingrad.
  809. Find this resource:
  810. Citino, Robert M. Death of the Wehrmacht: The German Campaigns of 1942. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007.
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  812. Discusses the structural problems of German Army organization and preparation.
  813. Find this resource:
  814. Glantz, David. Kharkov 1942: Anatomy of a Military Disaster through Soviet Eyes. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002.
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  816. The Red Army’s Kharkov offensive in May 1942 was an attempt to maintain the strategic initiative after successful attacks against the Germans since December 1941. The failure of the Kharkov offensive opened a wide gap in the defensive line in southern Russia and allowed the success of Hitler’s Operation Blue toward Stalingrad and the Caucasus. Provides the fullest details available on this important operation, which was downplayed by Russian historians in the Soviet era.
  817. Find this resource:
  818. Glantz, David M., and Jonathan M. House. The Stalingrad Trilogy. Vols. 1–2. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2009.
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  820. Two volumes were published in 2009: Vol. 1, To the Gates of Stalingrad: Soviet-German Combat Operations, April–August 1942, and Vol. 2, Armageddon in Stalingrad: September–November 1942. Both contain a very large amount of detail regarding order of battle and operations large and small. Many new and important comments on the development of this immense campaign.
  821. Find this resource:
  822. Kehrig, Manfred. Stalingrad: Analyse und Dokumentation einer Schlacht. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1974.
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  824. The fullest German operation account, which brought in many new sources.
  825. Find this resource:
  826. Samsonov, A. M. Stalingradskaia bitva. 4th ed. Moscow: Nauka, 1989.
  827. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  828. The standard Russian history, originally published in 1960.
  829. Find this resource:
  830. Wette, W., and G. R. Ueberschär. Stalingrad: Mythos und Wirklichkeit einer Schlacht. Frankfurt: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1992.
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  832. Important discussion of the place of Stalingrad in the history of the Eastern campaign.
  833. Find this resource:
  834. Battle of Kursk and the Red Army Pursuit
  835. Citino 2011 and Frieser 2007 put the German situation in 1943 into a general strategic context. Glantz and House 1999 and Bergstrom 2007 provide details of the great battle at Kursk, where the Russians won the greatest tank battle of the war. Zamulin 2011 and Zetterling and Frankson 2000 show the high cost paid by the Russian for their victory. Kursk was followed by battles fought across the Ukraine, the best known of which was the partial encirclement west of the Dnepr River at Korsun-Shevchenkovskii in January and February 1944; the fullest treatment of this action in English is Zetterling and Frankson 2008.
  836. Bergstrom, Christer. Kursk: The Air Battle, July 1943. Hersham, UK: Classic Publications, 2007.
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  838. The most detailed operational account in English of any of the major eastern front air battles. Based on German and Russian archival sources
  839. Find this resource:
  840. Citino, Robert M. The Wehrmacht Retreats: Fighting a Lost War. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2011.
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  842. Covers all fronts of the European war, and puts in context the temporary recovery after Stalingrad, the defeats at Kursk, and the resulting headlong retreat.
  843. Find this resource:
  844. Frieser, Karl-Heinz, ed. Das Deutsche Reich und der der Zweite Weltkrieg. Vol. 8, Die Ostfront 1943/44 Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2007.
  845. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  846. This volume of Germany and the Second World War (see Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt 1990–2008, cited under Official Histories) is not yet available in English. Articles by Bernd Wegner, Karl-Heinz Frieser, Klaus Schönherr, and Krisztián Ungváry cover the eastern front from the Battle of Kursk to the end of 1944.
  847. Find this resource:
  848. Glantz, David M., and Jonathan M. House. The Battle of Kursk. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999.
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  850. Full-scale treatment of the battle, with a detailed operational narrative.
  851. Find this resource:
  852. Zamulin, Valeriy. Demolishing the Myth: The Tank Battle at Prokhorovka, July 1943—An Operational Narrative. Translated by Stuart Britton. Solihull, UK: Helion, 2011.
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  854. Detailed discussion by a Russian historian of the most dramatic aspects of the Kursk battle, showing the high level of Soviet losses.
  855. Find this resource:
  856. Zetterling, Niklas, and Anders Frankson. Kursk 1943: A Statistical Analysis. London: Frank Cass, 2000.
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  858. A reevaluation of the battle, based mainly on German archives. Outlines the comparatively light losses suffered by German forces in the Battle of Kursk itself.
  859. Find this resource:
  860. Zetterling, Niklas, and Anders Frankson. The Korsun Pocket: The Encirclement and Breakout of a German Army in the East, 1944. Havertown, PA: Casemate, 2008.
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  862. Detailed treatment of a German action during the Ukrainian retreat that almost turned into another Stalingrad.
  863. Find this resource:
  864. Operation Bagration and the Battles of 1944
  865. Surprisingly, the successful Soviet advance in the western part of European Russia and in eastern Europe has received only limited treatment from historians. An advance across the Ukraine was followed by the destruction of German Army Group Centre in Belorussia in June 1944 (Operation Bagration) and the rapid entry of the Red Army into Poland and the Balkans. For the strategic background see Frieser 2007. The great battle in Belorussia is described in Dunn 2000, Glantz 2007, and Niepold 1987. The political aspects of this advance are dealt with in Eastern Europe and Germany.
  866. Dunn, Walter S. Soviet Blitzkrieg: The Battle for White Russia, 1944. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2000.
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  868. Important discussion, with a good grasp of the Soviet side but relying heavily on German sources.
  869. Find this resource:
  870. Frieser, Karl-Heinz, ed. Das Deutsche Reich und der der Zweite Weltkrieg. Vol. 8, Die Ostfront 1943/44. Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2007.
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  872. In the original German-language version of the multivolume Germany and the Second World War (see also Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt 1990–2008, cited under Official Histories). This volume not yet available in English. Articles by Bernd Wegner, Karl-Heinz Frieser, Klaus Schönherr, and Krisztián Ungváry cover the eastern front from the Battle of Kursk to the end of 1944.
  873. Find this resource:
  874. Glantz, David M. Red Storm over the Balkans: The Failed Soviet Invasion of Romania, Spring 1944. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007.
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  876. Another groundbreaking work by Glantz, assessing another of the largely ignored setbacks in Soviet operations. The invasion of Romania was only carried through in the late summer of 1944, after the government in Bucharest had changed sides.
  877. Find this resource:
  878. Niepold, Gerd. The Battle for White Russia: The Destruction of Army Group Centre, June 1944. London: Brassey’s, 1987.
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  880. Fullest treatment of this episode in English; told largely from the German side.
  881. Find this resource:
  882. Red Army Offensive in Poland, Germany, and Hungary in 1945
  883. The fighting in Poland and Germany, especially the Vistula-Oder Operation and the Battle of Berlin, was some of the heaviest of the war, although the outcome was never in doubt. Müller 2008 provides the full strategic context, while Duffy 1991 is a thoughtful account of the Soviet advance into Germany proper. The final battle for Berlin is dealt with in Beevor 2002. The political aspects of this advance are dealt with in Eastern Europe and Germany.
  884. Beevor, Antony. Berlin: The Downfall 1945. London: Viking, 2002.
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  886. A detailed popular narrative of the final battles, using both German and Russian sources, a sequel to his account of Stalingrad.
  887. Find this resource:
  888. Duffy, Christopher. Red Storm on the Reich: The Russian March on Germany, 1945. London: Routledge, 1991.
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  890. Good overview of operations in East Prussia and other parts of Germany, convincingly explaining the delay in capturing Berlin.
  891. Find this resource:
  892. Müller, Rolf-Dieter, ed. Das Deutsche Reich und der der Zweite Weltkrieg. Vol. 10, Der Zusammenbruch des Deutschen Reiches 1945. Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2008.
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  894. This volume is not yet available in English. Vol. 10.1 contains long articles by John Zimmerman on the campaign in Germany and by Manfred Zeidler on Red Army occupation policy. Vol. 10.2 contains articles by Andreas Kunz and Rolf-Dieter Müller on the Wehrmacht collapse, on the fate of German POWs (by Rüdiger Overmanns) and on deportations of Germans (by Michael Schwartz).
  895. Find this resource:
  896. German Occupation Policy and the Holocaust in the Soviet Union
  897. This is one of the most researched aspects of the Russian campaign, significant both as part of the Wehrmacht war guilt controversy and as a basic factor underlying the German failure. An important element of the story is how the initial plans for economic exploitation and political terror developed before 22 June 1941 and involved both the Nazi leadership and the German Army; on this see Kay 2006. The pioneering study Dallin 1957 was based on German documents. German material has been published in Müller 1980 and Reemtsma 2002. A specialist study of the German mass murder of the Jews in Russia is Dobroszycki and Gurock 1993. The mistreatment of Soviet POWs, which also involved millions of deaths, is in Streit 1997.
  898. Dallin, Alexander. German Rule in Russia, 1941–1945: A Study of Occupation Policies. London: Macmillan, 1957.
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  900. The first full-scale study in English, based heavily on German sources. A second edition was published in 1981.
  901. Find this resource:
  902. Dobroszycki, Lucjan, and Jeffrey S. Gurock, eds. The Holocaust in the Soviet Union: Studies and Sources on the Destruction of the Jews in the Nazi-Occupied Territories of the USSR, 1941–1945. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993.
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  904. Most studies of the Holocaust concentrate on central and western Europe. The full-scale genocide began in the western USSR in the summer of 1941, although it took a different form from what developed later. Soviet-era sources did not single out the suffering of the Jews; recent German discussions make much of the Wehrmacht’s complicity in the genocide.
  905. Find this resource:
  906. Kay, Alex J. Exploitation, Resettlement, Mass Murder: Political and Economic Planning for German Occupation Policy in the Soviet Union, 1940–1941. New York: Berghahn, 2006.
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  908. The background to German policy, stressing the political and economic objectives that made a “winning hearts and minds” policy impossible of the Third Reich.
  909. Find this resource:
  910. Müller, Norbert, ed. Deutsche Besatzungspolitik in der UdSSR 1941–1944: Dokumente. Cologne: Pahl-Rugenstein, 1980.
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  912. A useful collection of documents dealing with several levels of occupation policy.
  913. Find this resource:
  914. Reemtsma, J. P., ed. Verbrechen der Wehrmacht: Dimensionen des Vernichtungskrieges 1941–1944. Hamburg, Germany: Hamburger Edition, 2002.
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  916. Lavishly illustrated collection of materials, much relating to events in Russia. Based on an exhibition held in Germany, which aroused controversy owing to its criticism of the wartime German armed forces and to some minor technical errors.
  917. Find this resource:
  918. Streit, Christian. Keine Kameraden: Die Wehrmacht und die sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen 1941–1945. 3d ed. Bonn, Germany: J. H. W. Dietz, 1997.
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  920. First published in 1978 (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt). The main title comes from the prewar German decision that the normal laws of war would not apply to the Red Army. There is still no adequate treatment of this important subject in English.
  921. Find this resource:
  922. Soviet Partisan Movement
  923. The USSR had a conventional war effort, but at the same time a large part of European Russia was occupied by the Germans. This and the nature of the Marxist-Leninist state meant that the resistance movement in Russia was different from that in other parts of occupied Europe. Armstrong 1964 is the pioneering study, followed by Grenkevich and Glantz 1999, and more originally by Slepyan 2006. Hill 2005 is an indispensible local study. The documents in Zolotarev 1999 are invaluable. See also Statiev 2010 (cited under USSR Borderlands).
  924. Armstrong, John A., ed. Soviet Partisans in World War II. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964.
  925. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  926. Aspects of partisan warfare; prepared mainly using German documents.
  927. Find this resource:
  928. Grenkevich, Leonid D., and David Glantz. The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–1944: A Critical Historiographical Analysis. London: Frank Cass, 1999.
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  930. Essentially a summary of the movement, based mostly on Russian sources.
  931. Find this resource:
  932. Hill, Alexander. The War behind the Eastern Front: The Soviet Partisan Movement in North-West Russia 1941–44. London: Frank Cass, 2005.
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  934. Excellent local study, well informed on both the German and Russian side.
  935. Find this resource:
  936. Slepyan, Kenneth. Stalin’s Guerrillas: Soviet Partisans in World War II. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006.
  937. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  938. The best current general treatment, showing the change of Soviet policy toward mass resistance and looking at partisans as a social phenomenon.
  939. Find this resource:
  940. Zolotarev, V. A., ed. Partizanskoe dvizhenie v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny 1941–1945 gg: Dokumenty i materialy. Russkii arkhiv: Velikaia Otechestvennaia 9. Moscow: Terra, 1999.
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  942. Important collection of documents on the planning and conduct of the Soviet partisan movement, in a large Russian series.
  943. Find this resource:
  944. Soviet Occupation Policy
  945. Less systematically studied than German occupation policy has been the policy of the Soviet government and the Red Army in those territories occupied (or reoccupied) in 1943–1945.
  946. USSR Borderlands
  947. The reconquest of the western borderlands involved the reincorporation of large regions inhabited by non-Russians; some of these regions had been annexed to the USSR only in 1939–1940 following the Nazi-Soviet pact. These included Ukraine, Belorussia, and the Baltic states. The documents in Estonian International Commission 2006 are a valuable case study. In some places a significant amount of popular armed resistance was encountered in the form of guerrilla groups, as detailed in Statiev 2010. On the role of traditional Russian nationalism as a consolidating factor, see Miner 2003.
  948. Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes against Humanity. Estonia 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes against Humanity. Tallinn: Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes against Humanity, 2006.
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  950. Massive (1,337 pp.) collection of documents. Although Estonia was small in terms of geography and population and there was little ethnic Estonian resistance to the Germans, this is a valuable case study, taking in the forced annexation by the USSR in 1940, invasion and occupation by the Germans in 1941–1944, and “liberation” in 1944.
  951. Find this resource:
  952. Miner, Steven Merritt. Stalin’s Holy War: Religion, Nationalism, and Alliance Politics, 1941–1945. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
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  954. Moscow’s “lenient” policy to the Russian Orthodox Church in the war years and its relationship to the spread of Soviet control to non-Orthodox areas on the Russian borderlands.
  955. Find this resource:
  956. Statiev, Alexander. The Soviet Counterinsurgency in the Western Borderlands. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  957. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511730399Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  958. Sheds new light on conflict in Ukraine, Belorussia, and Baltic states, as Red Army and internal security troops struggled to reestablish control among competing guerrilla groups.
  959. Find this resource:
  960. Eastern Europe and Germany
  961. Soviet policy beyond the 1941 borders of the USSR was more complex than in the borderlands. In the short term, the Red Army advance led to conflict with local forces that were fearful of, and hostile to, the Red Army. One extreme example was the Warsaw uprising, covered by Davies 2003; the conventional fighting in Hungary is dealt with in Ungváry 2003. Valuable documents on Soviet policy can be found in Volokitina 1997, Volokitina 1999, and Zolotarev 2000. Events in Germany are covered in Naimark 1995, with documents in Kynin and Laufer 1996–2000.
  962. Davies, Norman. Rising ’44: The Battle for Warsaw. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 2003.
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  964. The Warsaw uprising in August 1944 and the Soviet response to it are still contentious. This is told by Davies largely from the Polish point of view, but his work reflects a good understanding of Soviet military strategy.
  965. Find this resource:
  966. Kynin, G. P., and I. Laufer, eds. SSSR i germanskii vopros, 1941–1949: Dokumenty iz Arkhiva vneshnei politiki Rossiiskoi Federatsii. 3 vols. Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye Otnoshneiia, 1996–2000.
  967. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  968. Important documents on aspects of Soviet policy toward the main enemy.
  969. Find this resource:
  970. Naimark, Norman M. The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.
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  972. Major study of Soviet occupation, with some material on the early period, including extensive misconduct toward German women.
  973. Find this resource:
  974. Ungváry, Krisztián. Battle for Budapest: 100 Days in World War II. London: I. B. Tauris, 2003.
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  976. First full account from the Hungarian perspective, using German and Hungarian sources. Hitler mounted his last major counteroffensive in Hungary.
  977. Find this resource:
  978. Volokitina, T. V., ed. Vostochnaia Evropa v dokumentakh rossiiskikh arkhivov, 1944–1953 gg. Vol. 1, 1944–1948. Moscow-Novosibirsk: Sibirskii Khronograph, 1997.
  979. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  980. Important collection of archive documents relating to Soviet policy toward the countries of eastern Europe.
  981. Find this resource:
  982. Volokitina, T. V., ed. Sovetskii faktor v Vostochnoi Evrope 1944–1953: Dokumenty. 2 vols. Moscow: Rosspen, 1999.
  983. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  984. Important collection of archive documents relating to Soviet policy toward the countries of eastern Europe.
  985. Find this resource:
  986. Zolotarev, V. A., ed. Krasnaia Armiia v stranakh Tsentral’noi, Severnoi Evropy i na Balkanakh: Dokumenty i materialy: 1944–1945. Russkii arkhiv: Velikaia Otechestvennaia 3.2. Moscow: Terra, 2000.
  987. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  988. Valuable collection of documents on Red Army conduct in occupied territory, in a very large multivolume publication of documents.
  989. Find this resource:
  990. German Home Front
  991. This is a large topic that would require its own bibliography; German efforts went beyond the war with Russia. However, it is useful to suggest some background sources. Echternkamp 2008, Kroener 2000, and Tooze 2006 represent important discussions of the wartime mobilization of the economy and society of the Third Reich and also discuss related policy in the occupied parts of Europe. Kershaw 2000 and Evans 2008 are now the standard starting point for the background of Hitler’s Germany.
  992. Echternkamp, Jörg, ed. Germany and the Second World War. Vol. 9.1, German Wartime Society 1939–1945: Politicization, Disintegration, and the Struggle for Survival. Oxford: Clarendon, 2008.
  993. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  994. Published in two installments as Die Deutsche Kriegsgesellschaft 1939 bis 1945 (Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2004–2005). Covers various aspects of German policy, including use of forced labor and treatment of POWs. Vol. 9.2 was not yet available in English as of 2011.
  995. Find this resource:
  996. Evans, Richard. The Third Reich at War: How the Nazis Led Germany from Conquest to Disaster. London: Allen Lane, 2008.
  997. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  998. Final part of a trilogy on Nazi Germany. An essential survey.
  999. Find this resource:
  1000. Kershaw, Ian. Hitler 1936–45: Nemesis. London: Allen Lane, 2000.
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  1002. Masterful treatment of the overall German leadership, including many insights on the eastern front. Second part of a two-volume work.
  1003. Find this resource:
  1004. Kroener, Bernhard R., ed. Germany and the Second World War. Vol. 5, Organization and Mobilization of the German Sphere of Power. Oxford: Clarendon, 2000.
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  1006. Published in two installments in German in 1999, covering 1939–1941 and 1942–1945. Hans Umbreit deals with occupation policy, Rolf-Dieter Müller the German war economy, and Bernard Kroener manpower.
  1007. Find this resource:
  1008. Tooze, Adam. The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy. London: Allen Lane, 2006.
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  1010. Now a standard work on the war economy. Useful for discussion of ideological aspects of economic policy.
  1011. Find this resource:
  1012. Soviet Home Front
  1013. The Soviet home front is still much less understood than that of Germany in the same period. Barber and Harrison 1991 is the first brief general study, but the source base has improved greatly since the 1990s. Stone 2000 provides insights into a political and economic system that developed in the decade before the war; Weiner 2001 looks at important cultural aspects.
  1014. Barber, John, and Mark Harrison. The Soviet Home Front, 1941–1945: A Social and Economic History of the USSR in World War II. Harlow, UK: Longman, 1991.
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  1016. Pioneering study on varying aspects of Soviet life behind the front lines.
  1017. Find this resource:
  1018. Stone, David R. Hammer and Rifle: The Militarization of the Soviet Union, 1926–1933. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000.
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  1020. Provides the background to the militarized Soviet system dating back to the first Five-Year Plans, which allowed the survival and then victory of the USSR.
  1021. Find this resource:
  1022. Weiner, Amir. Making Sense of War: The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.
  1023. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1024. Makes conclusions about the impact of the war on the USSR, based on a case study of the Vinnitsa region of western Ukraine.
  1025. Find this resource:
  1026. Living Conditions
  1027. Information on everyday life in wartime Russia has become more available since the end of the Soviet period, but the problem still lacks a full-scale study. There are a number of relevant articles in Thurston and Bonwetsch 2000. Livshin and Orlov 2003 is a fascinating collection of documents on social conditions and popular attitudes, and Merridale 2000 reaches important conclusions based on interviews. Kucherenko 2011 covers the neglected subject of Soviet children. Forced labor played an important part in the Soviet war economy; see Bacon 1994.
  1028. Bacon, Edwin. The Gulag at War: Stalin’s Forced Labour System in the Light of the Archives. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1994.
  1029. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1030. Forced labor in the Soviet prison-camp system, the Gulag, was important for providing labor for construction of factories and infrastructure in unsettled areas. It was both a means of social control and a major source of mortality for Soviet citizens in the war years.
  1031. Find this resource:
  1032. Kucherenko, Olga. Little Soldiers: How Soviet Children Went to War, 1941–1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
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  1034. First study of an important theme, one with long-term consequences.
  1035. Find this resource:
  1036. Livshin, A. Ia., and I. B. Orlov, eds. Sovetskaia povsednevnost’ i massovoe soznanie: 1939–1945. Moscow: Rosspen, 2003.
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  1038. Unique collection of documents and statistics showing popular response to wartime hardships.
  1039. Find this resource:
  1040. Merridale, Catherine. Night of Stone: Death and Memory in Russia. London: Granta, 2000.
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  1042. Powerful discussion of the tragedy of the people of the Soviet Union during and after the war.
  1043. Find this resource:
  1044. Thurston, Robert W., and Bernd Bonwetsch, eds. The People’s War: Responses to World War II in the Soviet Union. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000.
  1045. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1046. Articles by a number of specialists on various aspects of the Soviet home front, making use of new sources.
  1047. Find this resource:
  1048. War Economy
  1049. One fundamental German mistake was underestimating the development of the Soviet economy in the 1930s and the extent of war production in the prewar years. The Germans also underestimated the degree of social control and popular support, which blocked the expected collapse of the Communist system. Harrison 1996 is still the fullest technical study; Sapir 1997 is a shorter but perceptive survey. Beaumont 1980 and van Tuyll 1989 outline the role of Western economic aid. Moskoff 1990 details how the critical challenge of ensuring the food supply was met. Samuelson 2011 will, it is hoped, be the first of a number of studies of local conditions.
  1050. Beaumont, Joan. Comrades in Arms: British Aid to Russia, 1941–1945. London: Davis-Poynter, 1980.
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  1052. British supply to Russia was significant, especially in the earlier part of the war. This remains the fullest study.
  1053. Find this resource:
  1054. Harrison, Mark. Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defence Burden, 1940–1945. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
  1055. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511523625Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1056. Fullest overall account, showing how the Soviet government reacted to the strains of war production.
  1057. Find this resource:
  1058. Moskoff, William. The Bread of Affliction: The Food Supply in the USSR during World War II. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
  1059. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1060. Study of a critical economic sector.
  1061. Find this resource:
  1062. Samuelson, Lennart. Tankograd: The Formation of a Soviet Company Town, Cheliabinsk, 1900s–1950s. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
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  1064. Archive-based study by an expert on prewar military-economic mobilization.
  1065. Find this resource:
  1066. Sapir, Jacques. “The Economics of War in the Soviet Union during World War II.” In Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison. Edited by Ian Kershaw and Moshe Lewin, 208–237. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
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  1068. Useful and perceptive short introduction to how the Russians were able effectively to mobilize their economy for war.
  1069. Find this resource:
  1070. van Tuyll, Hubert B.. Feeding the Bear: American Aid to the Soviet Union, 1941–1945. New York: Greenwood, 1989.
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  1072. Lend-lease was important both for provision of military equipment to the Red Army and for support for the Russian standard of living.
  1073. Find this resource:
  1074.  
  1075.  
  1076. STAL1NGRAD
  1077.  
  1078. Introduction
  1079. The battle of Stalingrad was part of the strategic conflict that occurred in the southwestern Soviet Union in 1942–1943. One of the largest and longest battles in history, it encompassed both maneuver and static warfare, steppe and urban fighting, and summer and winter conditions. It began with Operation Blau (Blue), the German summer offensive in 1942, aimed at capturing the oilfields in the Caucasus region, and it ended with massive Soviet counteroffensives in November, culminating in the surrender of the German 6th Army in February 1943. Casualty figures range from 1 to 2 million civilian and military deaths. These events were a turning point in the war—some say, the turning point. After Stalingrad, Germany never regained the strategic initiative. Stalingrad (now called Volgograd) was not, in fact, Germany’s primary objective when it first planned Operation Blau, but a secondary objective designed to protect the flank of the forces engaged in the Caucasus and to prevent Soviet reinforcements. It achieved primary importance, largely because of the symbolism of its name, by the late summer of 1942. After a fighting retreat across the steppe from the Don River to the Volga, the Red Army made a stand at Stalingrad, as directed by Stalin’s Order No. 227, often referred to as “Not a Step Back.” The German attack on the city began in late August with massive Luftwaffe bombing, turning the buildings and extensive industrial facilities to rubble. Fighting degenerated into urban warfare, with the Red Army desperately holding its bridgeheads and the Wehrmacht equally desperately trying to take control of the entire city. The 62nd Army was sent just enough reinforcement to prevent a collapse, while the Soviets channeled their main effort into building forces for the counteroffensive. Operation Uranus, launched on 19 November 1942, was a major success, easily blowing through the Axis forces on the German flanks and leaving the 6th Army encircled and trapped. Subsequent Soviet operations reduced the “ring” and forced the surrender of an entire German army, and its field marshal commander, for the first time in history. The battle of Stalingrad has achieved mythic proportions, eclipsing the massive operations that preceded it (Operation Blue) and those that ended it (operations Uranus and Saturn). Popular histories in particular have tended to focus on the dramatic urban warfare phase, neglecting the much larger operations that occurred before and after. Many of the best works are available only in Russian or German.
  1080. World War II Histories
  1081. The battle of Stalingrad cannot be understood outside the broader context of World War II, so a necessary first step in research is to read two or three good general histories of the war, especially the war on the Eastern Front. Erickson 1984 is the foundation on which all other works in English are built, and this and its companion volume Erickson 1983 (see General Overviews) are must-reads for anyone researching this topic in depth. Bellamy 2007 is the best overall history of the war and an excellent introduction to the war on the Eastern Front in broad context. Overy 1997 should be read for its analysis. Mawdsley 2007 is the best source, with a stronger military focus especially at the strategic level, and focuses solely on the Eastern Front, as does Glantz and House 1995, the best single volume that emphasizes details of military operations at the operational level. Dunn 1994 is the best source for understanding the wartime transformation of the Red Army in economic and institutional contexts. The essays in Stone 2010 bring fresh perspectives based on recent research to a variety of war-related topics. Boog 2001 presents the best of recent German scholarship.
  1082. Bellamy, Chris. Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007.
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  1084. Excellent survey of the war as a whole, with an emphasis on military aspects and a more extensive discussion of the first two years than of the latter half of the war. Incorporates recently available Russian sources and fresh interpretations; useful for researchers at all levels.
  1085. Find this resource:
  1086. Boog, Horst. Germany and the Second World War. Vol. 6, The Global War. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  1087. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1088. Justifiably called “monumental,” this series, edited by the Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (Research Institute for Military History), is the best to date on its topic. This volume includes coverage of Stalingrad. Extensive citations and maps.
  1089. Find this resource:
  1090. Dunn, Walter S. Hitler’s Nemesis: The Red Army, 1930–1945. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994.
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  1092. Essential economic and institutional history. Excellent coverage of the immediate prewar reforms, details on Red Army rifle divisions, tank and artillery forces and their increasing emphasis at the expense of infantry, and the Red Army’s replacement system. Argues, controversially, that after 1943, Stalin no longer needed a second front to defeat Germany.
  1093. Find this resource:
  1094. Erickson, John. The Road to Stalingrad: Stalin’s War with Germany. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1984.
  1095. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1096. Continued in The Road to Berlin: Continuing the History of Stalin’s War with Germany (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1983). This classic set continues to offer much to readers willing to delve deeply into Soviet military operations. Erickson set the standard for astute analysis of Soviet sources and accurate and balanced description of Soviet military activities. The preface is a guide to using sources that every researcher should read. Best for graduate students and above.
  1097. Find this resource:
  1098. Glantz, David M., and Jonathan M. House. When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995.
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  1100. The best overview of military operations. A single, accessible book, focusing on the transformation of the Red Army from a “stumbling colossus” to a strategically savvy, well-organized, and combat-capable force. Excellent appendix on archival sources, and no serious researcher should fail at least to skim the extensive, substantive notes.
  1101. Find this resource:
  1102. Mawdsley, Evan. Thunder in the East: The Nazi-Soviet War 1941–1945. London: Hodder Arnold, 2007.
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  1104. A broader overview than Glantz and House 1995, incorporating diplomatic and economic aspects of the war, and adding material from another decade’s worth of Soviet archival materials. Accessible and nicely structured to keep readers on track. A glossary, chronology, and other supporting appendices are useful. More appreciative of Zhukov’s abilities than is Glantz.
  1105. Find this resource:
  1106. Overy, Richard. Russia’s War. New York: Penguin, 1997.
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  1108. Although not based on Russian sources, Overy’s work is a masterpiece of objectivity, insight, and brevity. Focuses on key historiographical issues, the brutality of the war, and effects on civilian populations. Overy emphasizes the continued use of terror and repression by the Soviet state.
  1109. Find this resource:
  1110. Stone, David R., ed. The Soviet Union at War, 1941–1945. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword, 2010.
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  1112. New collection of essays, including Mark Harrison on industry and the economy; Reina Pennington on women’s roles, both military and civilian; and several essays focused on effects on civilians, nationalities, and the rural population. Many essays refer to Stalingrad.
  1113. Find this resource:
  1114. General Overviews
  1115. There is still no single-volume scholarly overview of this key event, which unfortunately has left the field to popular writers (see Popular Histories). Samsonov 1989 is the best single source in Russian, while Kehrig 1974 merits the same ranking among German publications. Boll and Safrian 2000 presents some of the latest German historical thinking, translated into English. Citino 2007 covers the Stalingrad and Caucasus campaigns with a focus on the Germans; the author’s footnotes offer useful bibliographic comments. Erickson’s two-volume set (Erickson 1983 and Erickson 1984) is the classic study of the Soviet side; one must read both volumes (the end of the first, the beginning of the second). Wegner 1990 provides an article-length overview, as does Hayward 1995, a succinct analysis of Germany’s strategic imperatives.
  1116. Boll, Bernd, and Hans Safrian. “On the Way to Stalingrad: The 6th Army in 1941–42.” In War of Extermination: The German Military in World War II, 1941–1944. Edited by Hannes Heer and Klaus Naumann, 237–271. New York: Berghahn, 2000.
  1117. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1118. Addresses the way in which the 6th Army has been characterized as a victim in the Stalingrad tragedy; establishes the full context of events.
  1119. Find this resource:
  1120. Citino, Robert Michael. Death of the Wehrmacht: The German Campaigns of 1942. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007.
  1121. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1122. Argues that a German obsession with operations and tactics led to a neglect of strategic concerns, not the least of which was logistics. This tradition led the Wehrmacht to pursue only one solution to the failure of Blitzkrieg in 1941: launch another one in 1942. The refusal of the Red Army to cooperate in being encircled caused the failure of Operation Blau.
  1123. Find this resource:
  1124. Erickson, John. The Road to Berlin: Continuing the History of Stalin’s War with Germany. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1983.
  1125. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1126. The second volume, completing Erickson 1984. Outstanding bibliography and essay on sources, which in themselves make the book worth buying. Erickson set the standard for astute analysis of Soviet sources and accurate and balanced description of Soviet military activities. The preface is a guide to using sources that every researcher should read. Best for graduate students and above.
  1127. Find this resource:
  1128. Erickson, John. The Road to Stalingrad: Stalin’s War with Germany. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1984.
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  1130. Erickson’s keen insight and analysis are the foundation to understanding Soviet military institutions. The focus is on the events of the war, but prewar preparation and high-level decision making are given appropriate emphasis. All researchers must read this set before turning to works that incorporate most recently available sources. The lack of standard footnotes is mostly alleviated by the outstanding 97-page “Sources and References” section. Continued in Erickson 1983.
  1131. Find this resource:
  1132. Hayward, Joel. “Hitler’s Quest for Oil: The Impact of Economic Considerations on Military Strategy, 1941–42.” Journal of Strategic Studies 18.4 (1995): 94–135.
  1133. DOI: 10.1080/01402399508437621Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1134. Concise and important analysis of the strategic considerations that led to the German offensive in southern Russia, and thereby to Stalingrad.
  1135. Find this resource:
  1136. Kehrig, Manfred. Stalingrad: Analyse und Dokumentation einer Schlacht. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1974.
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  1138. Considered to be the best work by a German historian on the battle of Stalingrad; authoritative and still relevant. Includes dozens of crucial documents. It unfortunately has never been translated into English.
  1139. Find this resource:
  1140. Samsonov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich. Stalingradskaia bitva. 4th rev. ed. Moscow: Nauka, 1989.
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  1142. Originally published in 1960 and often reprinted, this is still the best Russian-language operational history, and the one used by all academic historians. Samsonov is a model of what Soviet-era historians were able to achieve with archival sources and the careful use of memoirs. Translated into German and Italian, but never into English.
  1143. Find this resource:
  1144. Wegner, Bernd. “The Road to Defeat: The German Campaigns in Russia 1941–43.” Journal of Strategic Studies 13.1 (1990): 105–127.
  1145. DOI: 10.1080/01402399008437403Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1146. A handy article-length overview of the German point of view, by a respected scholar.
  1147. Find this resource:
  1148. Popular Histories
  1149. Stalingrad has attracted dozens of popular writers, many of whom do not have the language skills to work directly in Russian and/or German sources. The products of their work are often based in unsystematic research and translated materials, used uncritically, and they rarely cite their sources adequately, making verification impossible. Few are experts in Soviet or German history, yet they rarely avail themselves of recent scholarly work, and their interpretations often lack context or cultural understanding. Thus, these books often perpetuate myths, hagiography, and misperceptions. At the same time, the best of these authors write in a compelling and engaging way that causes unwary readers to confuse entertainment with authority; such is the case with Beevor 1998, Craig 2001, and Hoyt 1999. Roberts 2002 is a cut above the others in overall accuracy, as the author is a scholar; his work is listed here because of its lack of proper citation. Jones 2007 is an essential corrective to the narrative popular histories; he offers persuasive evidence that the Red Army at Stalingrad was characterized as much by strong morale and cohesion as by desperation, and its leaders, though ruthless, were also innovative and created a powerful rapport with soldiers. Hamilton 2011 covers Italian soldiers at Stalingrad.
  1150. Beevor, Antony. Stalingrad, the Fateful Siege: 1942–1943. New York: Viking, 1998.
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  1152. Beevor cites only direct quotations, virtually all taken from his own interviews or work in the NKVD archives. He does not cite sources for actual military operations, which all seem to be taken from the works of Erickson and Glantz.
  1153. Find this resource:
  1154. Craig, William. Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad. New York: Penguin, 2001.
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  1156. A well-balanced and highly readable popular account of the battle, based on numerous interviews with veterans from both sides. An excellent example of “history from below,” giving the soldiers’ point of view. Good photos and maps, bibliography, chapter notes, index. Originally published in 1973.
  1157. Find this resource:
  1158. Hamilton, Hope. Sacrifice on the Steppe: The Italian Alpine Corps in the Stalingrad Campaign, 1942–1943. Philadelphia: Casemate, 2011.
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  1160. An account of one Italian unit, based largely on interviews, memoirs, and letters. Although lacking strategic or tactical context, the individual stories and experiences offer insight into the neglected allies of Germany. This corps comprised 60,000 of the quarter-million Italian soldiers in the Italian 8th Army.
  1161. Find this resource:
  1162. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer. 199 Days: The Battle for Stalingrad. New York: Tor, 1999.
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  1164. Not drawn from archival sources, as the publisher suggests, but a rehash of very good secondary sources. Mostly from the German point of view; some excellent detail and strong narrative.
  1165. Find this resource:
  1166. Jones, Michael K. Stalingrad: How the Red Army Survived the German Onslaught. Philadelphia: Casemate, 2007.
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  1168. Compelling study based on newly accessed documents and interviews—but, maddeningly, does not cite sources except in the briefest of chapter notes. Corrects many myths and misinterpretations propagated in popular works such as Beevor 1998. Excellent coverage of command relationships and developing Red Army capabilities under the most harrowing of circumstances. Jones’s approach is that of a “battle psychologist” with a focus on leadership and morale.
  1169. Find this resource:
  1170. Roberts, Geoffrey. Victory at Stalingrad: The Battle That Changed History. London: Longman, 2002.
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  1172. A useful introductory overview of the battle. Better than most syntheses thanks to the author’s academic credentials and use of Russian-language sources. Good maps. Indicates sources for most of his material in a general way. The best book for undergraduate classroom use.
  1173. Find this resource:
  1174. Journalistic Accounts
  1175. Journalists, particularly war correspondents who were on the scene, provide some of the most important sources of information. Most focus on the city fighting. Soviet journalists were more prolific. Schröter 1958 and Werth 2001 are in some ways counterparts, both being contemporary accounts by journalists who were in Germany and Russia, respectively, during the battle. Kerr 1978 was also written by someone who was in country at the time. Sevruk and Vasilevskii 1970 includes essays by journalists and military leaders alike. Grossman 2005 introduces the reader to the work of the most important Soviet war correspondent.
  1176. Grossman, Vasilii Semenovich. A Writer at War: Vasily Grossman with the Red Army, 1941–1945. Translated by Antony Beevor and Luba Vinogradova. New York: Pantheon, 2005.
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  1178. An excellent edited compilation of some of Grossman’s wartime essays and diaries. Part 2, “The Year of Stalingrad,” pp. 110–212, focuses on Stalingrad. Includes descriptions of various soldiers and their achievements, for example, the top-scoring 62nd Army sniper, Anatolii Chekhov. Unique for Grossman’s discussion of deserters. Much of the material is previously published, but the weaving of Grossman’s varied writings with editorial comment makes this a useful resource.
  1179. Find this resource:
  1180. Kerr, Walter Boardman. The Secret of Stalingrad. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1978.
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  1182. A well-written popular account. Kerr was a reporter for the New York Herald Tribune who was in Russia in 1942. To research this book, he made five trips to the Soviet Union during 1967–1972, visiting Moscow and Volgograd. Readable maps, good photos, bibliography, and index.
  1183. Find this resource:
  1184. Schröter, Heinz. Stalingrad. New York: Dutton, 1958.
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  1186. An account by a German war correspondent who was with the 6th Army at Stalingrad. Schröter is generally considered a German apologist. The first version of the book was written as a report for Goebbels, but never published. As in many such accounts, the interesting material is marred by inaccuracies and unidentified sources.
  1187. Find this resource:
  1188. Sevruk, Vladimir, and Aleksandr Mikhailovich Vasilevskii. Moscow-Stalingrad 1941/1942: Recollections, Stories, Reports. Moscow: Progress, 1970.
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  1190. Translated essays by marshals Vasilevskii, Zhukov, and Rokossovskii, as well as contributions by journalists such as Konstantin Simonov, make this a useful collection. Includes an essay by Vassily Grossman on Gurtev’s Siberians at Stalingrad.
  1191. Find this resource:
  1192. Werth, Alexander. The Year of Stalingrad: A Historical Record and a Study of Russian Mentality, Methods and Policy. Safety Harbor, FL: Simon, 2001.
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  1194. Written by one of the outstanding war journalists who reported from Russia, this study combines material from Werth’s wartime diaries and notes with commentary written shortly after the war. Establishes the cultural context of the battle. Excellent observations of the Soviet people, what they knew during the battle, their moods and motivations. Much of this material was incorporated into Werth’s 1964 Russia at War. Originally published in 1946.
  1195. Find this resource:
  1196. Operational Histories
  1197. Operational histories provide essential detail on military actions, soundly based in archival and documentary sources, but they usually omit the human aspect of warfare and the broad strategic context. They are rarely “a good read” but are vital references. Comparing these works with popular histories can reveal many errors in the latter regarding unit placements, actions, and numbers. Glantz and House’s two-volume set (Glantz and House 2009a and Glantz and House 2009b) are the most in-depth studies of the battle to date, and essential for anyone researching actual military operations. Mark 2003 and Mark 2007 provide almost blow-by-blow coverage of German units in Stalingrad, but with little analysis and no context. Raus 2002 and Sadarananda 1990 both focus on German attempts to relieve the encircled 6th Army. Rokossovskii 1965 still holds up as an operational history by a key Soviet general. Dunn 2006 is an essential source that explains how the Soviets raised new divisions. Seydlitz 1977 offers the German perspective.
  1198. Dunn, Walter S. Stalin’s Keys to Victory: The Rebirth of the Red Army. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2006.
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  1200. Analyzes the formation and deployment of new divisions and brigades. A significant weakness is the lack of citation; the author says that an extensive database of some nine thousand units is the basis for the study. Even so, the chapter on Stalingrad is extremely useful, charting the increase in troops and weapons that enabled the defense to hold on and the counteroffensive to succeed.
  1201. Find this resource:
  1202. Glantz, David M., and Jonathan M. House. The Stalingrad Trilogy. Vol. 1, To the Gates of Stalingrad: Soviet-German Combat Operations, April-August 1942. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2009a.
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  1204. Takes battle history to a new level of exhaustive study. Argues that in the summer of 1942, the Germans were forced into a “stop-and-start method of conducting offensive operations”; the Soviets did not simply retreat but fought hard to stall the German army, which drained German resources so that it would be nearly impossible for them to prevail at Stalingrad. Continued in Glantz and House 2009b.
  1205. Find this resource:
  1206. Glantz, David M., and Jonathan M. House. The Stalingrad Trilogy. Vol. 2, Armageddon in Stalingrad: September-November 1942. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2009b.
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  1208. Places the battle in the context of the broader war and the urban fighting in the context of the campaign. Layers upon layers of information are presented: maps, orders of battle, biographies. No previous work matches, or even approaches, the accuracy, detail, and fresh interpretation, and the trilogy is rightly described as magisterial. Continued from Glantz and House 2009a.
  1209. Find this resource:
  1210. Mark, Jason. Death of the Leaping Horseman: 24. Panzer-Division in Stalingrad. Sydney, Australia: Leaping Horseman, 2003.
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  1212. Based on documents, unit histories, and firsthand reports, this day-by-day operational history recreates the fighting of one German division. Weaves a wide variety of primary sources into a chronological account. Photos, maps, biographies, and other extensive supporting materials make this a valuable resource. However, analysis and interpretation are lacking, and the author does not discriminate between the critical and the trivial.
  1213. Find this resource:
  1214. Mark, Jason. Island of Fire: The Battle for the Barrikady Gun Factory in Stalingrad, November 1942–February 1943. Sydney. Australia: Leaping Horseman, 2007.
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  1216. Based on German and Soviet archival materials, this day-by-day operational history recreates the fighting in the Barrikady Factory in painstaking detail at the divisional level.
  1217. Find this resource:
  1218. Raus, Erhard. Panzers on the Eastern Front: General Erhard Raus and His Panzer Divisions in Russia, 1941–1945. Edited by Peter Tsouras. London: Stackpole, 2002.
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  1220. Operational history of the German effort to relieve Stalingrad. Raus was commander of the 6th Panzer Division.
  1221. Find this resource:
  1222. Rokossovskii, Konstantin Konstantinovich, ed. Velikaia pobeda na Volge. Moscow: Voenizdat, 1965.
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  1224. Outstanding source that still tallies closely with recently available archival materials, since it was based on those materials. Critical of the senior leadership, including Stalin and the Stavka. Good maps.
  1225. Find this resource:
  1226. Sadarananda, Dana V. Beyond Stalingrad: Manstein and the Operations of Army Group Don. New York: Praeger, 1990.
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  1228. Covers the German attempt to relieve the 6th Army at Stalingrad; pro-Manstein bias.
  1229. Find this resource:
  1230. Seydlitz, Walther von. Stalingrad, Konflikt und Konsequenz: Erinnerungen. Oldenburg, Germany: Stalling, 1977.
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  1232. Still available only in German, this is a firsthand account of the battle from a key German general.
  1233. Find this resource:
  1234. Anthologies and Bibliographies
  1235. There are few anthologies devoted strictly to the battle of Stalingrad; the best have come from Germany, of which Wette, et al. 1992 is an excellent example. Muller and Ueberschar 2002 is one of the few formal bibliographies that is both current and has good coverage of Stalingrad. Wieder and Einsiedel 1995 (cited under German) includes an excellent examination of sources on Stalingrad, as does Roberts 2002 (cited under Popular Histories). Abalikhina 1994 is an example of a number of conference proceedings published in post-Soviet Russia. Erickson and Erickson 2005 includes two important essays on the battle.
  1236. Abalikhina, B. S. Stalingradskaia bitva: materialy nauchnykh konferentsii, proshedshikh v Moskve i Volgograde k 50-letiiu srazheniia. Volgograd: ST “Vale,” 1994.
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  1238. Interesting collection of articles that illustrates the newly critical tone of Russian historical analysis in the post-Soviet era. Based on a conference commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of the battle.
  1239. Find this resource:
  1240. Erickson, Mark, and Ljubica Erickson, eds. Russia: War, Peace and Diplomacy—Essays in Honour of John Erickson. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005.
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  1242. Although not devoted solely to Stalingrad, this collection includes relevant essays by Antony Beevor (“Stalingrad and Researching the Experience of War”) and Reina Pennington (“Women and the Battle of Stalingrad”), and several other essays mention the battle.
  1243. Find this resource:
  1244. Muller, Rolf-Dieter, and Gerd R. Ueberschar, eds. Hitler’s War in the East, 1941–1945: A Critical Assessment. 2d rev. ed. New York: Berghahn, 2002.
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  1246. Crucial; lists some 200 publications on Stalingrad.
  1247. Find this resource:
  1248. Wette, Wolfram, Gerd R. Ueberschär, and Sabine R. Arnold, eds. Stalingrad: Mythos und Wirklichkeit einer Schlacht. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1992.
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  1250. Excellent collection of articles by the editors, Manfred Kehrig, and others. Some articles focus on memory, others on Soviet and German historiography of the battle.
  1251. Find this resource:
  1252. Documents
  1253. Published documents make archival resources readily available and are a key resource. German documents have been available for years, but only a few Soviet documents had been published until glasnost and the post-Soviet era. Since then, a steady flow, if not quite a flood, has appeared. Pagonii 2000 is the most important source to date of Soviet documents; Samsonov, et al. 1968 (with the same title) was a key collection of documents released during the Soviet era. Zhilin 2002 also published hundreds of key documents. Rotundo 1989 is an essential primary source in English. Hill 2009 is the best collection for use in the classroom. Captured German and Related Records is the major resource for German materials outside the archives in Freiburg.
  1254. Captured German and Related Records on Microform in the National Archives. College Park, MD: National Archives.
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  1256. The National Archives holds more than 70,000 rolls of microfilm reproducing captured German and related records.
  1257. Find this resource:
  1258. Hill, Alexander. The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union, 1941–45: A Documentary Reader. New York: Routledge, 2009.
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  1260. A useful, selective collection of primary sources, especially for teaching purposes. The chapter on Stalingrad includes the infamous Order 227 and reports by NKVD blocking detachments.
  1261. Find this resource:
  1262. Pagonii, Ia. F. Stalingradskaia epopeia: Materialy NKVD SSSR i voennoi tsenzury is Tsentral’nogo arkhiva FSB RF. Moscow: Zvonnitsa-MG, 2000.
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  1264. An absolutely essential source that includes many NKVD reports on the mood of Soviet soldiers and civilians during the battle. Also includes diaries and letters of both Soviet and German soldiers, intelligence messages, interrogation reports, and military memorandums. Of particular interest are data on executions for cowardice and desertion; the figures given here (fewer than 2,000) are considerably lower than the often cited number of 13,500.
  1265. Find this resource:
  1266. Rotundo, Louis, ed. The Battle for Stalingrad: The 1943 Soviet General Staff Study. Washington, DC: Pergamon-Brassey’s, 1989.
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  1268. Essential document for the study of the battle of Stalingrad. One of a series of studies produced by the Soviet General Staff during the war. English translation of unpublished 1943 manuscript, designed to analyze combat experiences and derive lessons learned for the military leadership.
  1269. Find this resource:
  1270. Samsonov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich, Vitol’d Kazimirovich Pechorkin, and M. V. Zakharov. Stalingradskaia epopeia. Moscow: Nauka, 1968.
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  1272. Collection of documents and memoirs of senior commanders, including M. I. Kazakov on Operation Saturn, M. M. Popov on the 5th Shock Army, and others.
  1273. Find this resource:
  1274. Zhilin, V. A., ed. Stalingradskaia bitva: khronika, fakty, liudi. 2 vols. Moscow: Olma-Press, 2002.
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  1276. One of the best of the wave of Russian-language Great Patriotic War studies published in post-Soviet Russia. Zhilin, a retired general, edited this collection of archival materials, including operational reports, directives of the Supreme Command, Sovinformburo reports, and captured German documents.
  1277. Find this resource:
  1278. Leaders and Leadership
  1279. The memoirs of German generals, especially those of Manstein 2004 (cited under German), have been widely published and studied in English. The memoirs of Soviet commanders have also been available in English but have received much less attention because of Cold War skepticism. The test of time has shown that both sets suffered primarily by sins of omission, with the Germans ignoring military actions against civilians and emphasizing Hitler’s influence on strategy over their own, and the Soviets ignoring some of their failures and, in particular, casualties.
  1280. German
  1281. Görlitz 1974 covers Paulus; Manstein and Seydlitz wrote their own memoirs (see Manstein 2004 and Seydlitz 1977; the latter is cited under Operational Histories). Barnett 2003 covers most senior German officers who were involved at Stalingrad, while Wieder and Einsiedel 1995 (cited under German) includes chapters on Paulus, Manstein, and Seydlitz. Megargee 2000 sets the context and is necessary background for reading about any German senior officer.
  1282. Barnett, Correlli. Hitler’s Generals. New York: Grove, 2003.
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  1284. Paulus is profiled, as is Kleist. Originally published in 1989.
  1285. Find this resource:
  1286. Görlitz, Walter. Paulus and Stalingrad: A Life of Field-Marshal Friedrich Paulus, with Notes, Correspondence and Documents from His Papers. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1974.
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  1288. An authorized biography, still considered one of the best works on Paulus, who never wrote his own memoir. Includes many useful documents. Originally published in German as “Ich stehe hier auf Befehl!” Lebensweg des Generalfeldmarschalls Friedrich Paulus (Frankfurt am Main: Verlag für Wehrwesen Bernard & Graefe, 1960).
  1289. Find this resource:
  1290. Manstein, Erich von. Lost Victories. Edited and translated by Anthony G. Powell. St. Paul, MN: Zenith, 2004.
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  1292. Originally published in 1958, this controversial memoir has been the subject of much criticism. It has been highly influential on most English-language histories, though scholars have pointed out its many errors (mostly those of omission). This memoir is one of the key sources of the “good soldiers in a bad war” view of the Wehrmacht.
  1293. Find this resource:
  1294. Megargee, Geoffrey. Inside Hitler’s High Command. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000.
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  1296. This groundbreaking book argues that the senior military leadership was as responsible for military failures as was Hitler. Particularly useful as a corrective to the memoirs of German generals regarding Stalingrad.
  1297. Find this resource:
  1298. Soviet
  1299. All researchers should begin with the memoirs of Marshal Zhukov (see Zhukov and Salisbury 2002). Chuikov 1963 and Rokossovskii 1985 stand the test of time and correspond well to newly available archival materials; Chuikov is one of the most direct and compelling memoirs. Eremenko 1971 is often at odds with the work of contemporaries, such as Vasilevskii 1981, regarding responsibilities and decision making. Rodimtsev 1973 is an important view from a division commander. Shukman 1993 offers biographical portraits of twenty-five key leaders, written by top scholars. Druzhinin 1970 offers a selection of essays by senior officers.
  1300. Chuikov, V. I. The Beginning of the Road. Translated by Harold Silver. London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1963.
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  1302. Several of Chuikov’s works have been translated into English; this is one of the best. The original Russian Nachalo puti is best read in the 1959 “thaw” era version, which was less edited than later reprintings. This translation was based on the 1962 version. Focuses on Chuikov’s early days as commander of the 62nd Army at the battle of Stalingrad. Interesting coverage of the roles of military women.
  1303. Find this resource:
  1304. Druzhinin, B. V., ed. Two Hundred Days of Fire: Accounts by Participants and Witnesses of the Battle of Stalingrad. Moscow: Progress, 1970.
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  1306. Excellent collection of essays, including contributions by important commanders such as Vasilevskii, Voronov, Eremenko, Batov, and Rodimtsev. English translation of Dvesti ognennykh dnei (1968).
  1307. Find this resource:
  1308. Eremenko, A. I. Stalingrad. Moscow: Nauka, 1971.
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  1310. Never translated into English, Marshal Eremenko’s memoir provides the view of the commander of the Stalingrad front. Published in the Khrushchev era, there is an emphasis on both the author’s and Khrushchev’s role in the battle that is disputed by most other military leaders who published in the post-Khrushchev time frame.
  1311. Find this resource:
  1312. Rodimtsev, Aleksandr Il’ich. Gvardeitsy stoiali nasmert’: O 13-i gvardeiskoi strelkovoi divizii. 2d ed. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo DOSAAF, 1973.
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  1314. Originally published in 1969, this is Rodimtsev’s account of the 13th Guard Rifle Division, one of the key units of the 62nd Army.
  1315. Find this resource:
  1316. Rokossovskii, Konstantin Konstantinovich. A Soldier’s Duty. Moscow: Progress, 1985.
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  1318. Originally published in Russian in 1962 and often reprinted. Important discussion of the counteroffensive operations at Stalingrad.
  1319. Find this resource:
  1320. Shukman, Harold, ed. Stalin’s Generals. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1993.
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  1322. Essential reading on the Soviet high command. Includes portraits of many key leaders who were involved with the fighting at Stalingrad, including Chuikov, Novikov, Rokossovskii, Vasilevskii, and Zhukov. In the absence of English-language translations of memoirs or full-length biographies of most key leaders, this is indispensable.
  1323. Find this resource:
  1324. Vasilevskii, Aleksandr Mikhailovich. A Lifelong Cause. Moscow: Progress, 1981.
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  1326. The memoir of the well-respected marshal of the Soviet Union. As the new chief of the General Staff, Vasilevskii together with Zhukov planned Operation Uranus, and Vasilevskii was on scene during the counteroffensive. His version of the events at Kotelnikovo, when he diverted the 2nd Army from the assault on the Stalingrad pocket, is criticized by Rokossovskii and Eremenko. English translation of Delo vsei zhizni (Moscow: Politizdat, 1974).
  1327. Find this resource:
  1328. Zhukov, Georgi Konstantinovich, and Harrison Evans Salisbury. Marshal Zhukov’s Greatest Battles. New York: Cooper Square Press, 2002.
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  1330. This translation includes a portion of Zhukov’s memoirs published in various sources up to 1969, including an article on Stalingrad. Controversial assertions and contradictions to Chuikov and Rokossovskii. Some of Zhukov’s memoirs are available in Russian online.
  1331. Find this resource:
  1332. Memoirs
  1333. Bastable 2006 is an outstanding, rare example of a work that tries to balance both German and Russian firsthand accounts.
  1334. Bastable, Jonathan. Voices from Stalingrad. Cincinnati, OH: David & Charles, 2006.
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  1336. An outstanding compilation of both German and Soviet firsthand accounts. The author speaks both languages and served as a journalist in Russia. His eccentric system of citation makes it possible to track down the source of most of the information, which includes archival documents from the Volgograd Panorama Museum and the Bundesarchiv at Freiburg.
  1337. Find this resource:
  1338. German
  1339. Holl 2005, Wieder and Einsiedel 1995, and Wüster 2007 are outstanding examples of what can be done with a careful translation and editing job. Sajer 1990 is an example of how a memoir that is not carefully checked against documentary sources can become the target of severe criticism; the collection of letters offered in Schneider and Gullans 1974 shares the same notoriety. Koschorrek 2002 is one of the better examples.
  1340. Holl, Adelbert. An Infantryman in Stalingrad: From 24 September 1942 to 2 February 1943. Translated and edited by Jason D. Mark and Neil Page. Sydney, Australia: Leaping Horseman, 2005.
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  1342. Leutnant Holl gives the perspective of a junior infantry officer in Stalingrad. Supported by photos, maps, and some forty documents. English translation of Als Infanterist in Stalingrad: Bericht (Erlangen: Müller, 1978).
  1343. Find this resource:
  1344. Koschorrek, Gunter K. Blood Red Snow: The Memoirs of a German Soldier on the Eastern Front. London: Greenhill, 2002.
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  1346. A vivid memoir written fifty years after the war, based on a wartime diary by a German machine gunner who fought at the battle of Stalingrad.
  1347. Find this resource:
  1348. Sajer, Guy. The Forgotten Soldier: Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 1990.
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  1350. An engrossing and controversial memoir by a Frenchman enlisted in the SS Grossdeutschland Division, marred by apparent exaggeration and sensationalism.
  1351. Find this resource:
  1352. Schneider, Franz, and Charles B. Gullans, eds. Last Letters from Stalingrad. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1974.
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  1354. A highly dramatic and controversial book, purportedly the last letters written by German soldiers in Stalingrad. Heinz Schröter, a journalist who wrote a book on Stalingrad (see Schröter 1958 in Journalistic Accounts), is thought to be the actual author. Some defend the forgery as an accurate reconstruction of the thoughts and feelings of the soldiers known to Schröter. First published in 1954.
  1355. Find this resource:
  1356. Wieder, Joachim, and Heinrich Einsiedel. Stalingrad: Memories and Reassessments. Translated by H. Bogler. London: Arms and Armour, 1995.
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  1358. This memoir of a Stalingrad veteran combines his own memoir with assessments of Paulus, Manstein, and Seydlitz. This work is distinguished by its critical analysis, citations, and reviews of the literature.
  1359. Find this resource:
  1360. Wüster, Wigand. An Artilleryman in Stalingrad: Memoirs of a Participant in the Battle. Translated by Torben Laursen, Jason D. Mark and Harald Steinmüller. Sydney, Australia: Leaping Horseman, 2007.
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  1362. Narrative supported with extensive photos and several maps. Wüster was a young officer; this readable memoir recounts his experiences from August 1942 through his capture and captivity.
  1363. Find this resource:
  1364. Soviet
  1365. A number of Russian-language Internet sites that include memoir material have sprung up, of which I Remember/Ia pomniu is the best. Abdulin 2004 and Kobylyanskiy 2008 are just two examples of the dozens of memoirs that include something about Stalingrad. Lemport 1991 is notable for its humor about frontline life. Zaitsev, et al. 2009 (cited under Snipers) is important as the memoir of one of the most mythologized Red Army soldiers of the war.
  1366. Abdulin, Mansur. Red Road from Stalingrad: Recollections of a Soviet Infantryman. Edited by Artem Drabkin. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Military, 2004.
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  1368. Abdulin, a Siberian-born Tatar, has produced a highly readable account of one soldier’s mostly post-Stalingrad experiences, including the battle of Kursk. Discusses unit cohesion and the daily life of the soldier in somewhat more detail than most memoirs. Excellent for use in teaching. If you read only one memoir, start here.
  1369. Find this resource:
  1370. I Remember/Ia pomniu.
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  1372. This outstanding site collects interviews and memoirs by Soviet women and men who participated in the war; all branches and types of service are represented. The Russian-language site is more extensive, but some entries are available in translation on the English-language site. A search on “Stalingrad” will bring up the relevant interviews (four times as many, including women, on the Russian site).
  1373. Find this resource:
  1374. Kobylyanskiy, Isaak. From Stalingrad to Pillau: A Red Army Artillery Officer Remembers the Great Patriotic War. Edited by Stuart Britton. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2008.
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  1376. Memoir of an artillery officer in the 2nd Guards Army. Topics include his experiences as a Jew in the Red Army, perceptions of the enemy, attitudes toward political officers, unauthorized retreats, and rape.
  1377. Find this resource:
  1378. Lemport, Vladimir. “A Lousy Story.” MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History 3.2 (1991): 86–91.
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  1380. A survivor of the Stalingrad front recalls some of the hardships of frontline life; humorous.
  1381. Find this resource:
  1382. Italian
  1383. Few memoirs of Axis allies from Stalingrad have been translated into English; Corti 1997 is one exception.
  1384. Corti, Eugenio. Few Returned: Twenty-Eight Days on the Russian Front, Winter 1942–1943. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997.
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  1386. A memoir by a young Italian artillery officer, first published in 1947 and now translated into English. A good depiction of conditions for Germany’s allies, though it is not particularly well written.
  1387. Find this resource:
  1388. Aviation
  1389. The extensive attention devoted to ground combat at Stalingrad has not been matched by equal study of aviation. Most overviews, such as those of Glantz, ignore aviation altogether. These works reveal the complex and critical role played by aviation in both armies throughout the battle. Most German air-unit war diaries were destroyed in 1945, which has hindered the writing of unit histories; such is not the case in the Soviet Union. Most Soviet air armies produced unit histories, as did a number of lower-level units; Boikov 1984 and Skomorokhov 1973 are examples. Hardesty 1982 is the best source in English for an overview of Soviet Air Force operations, and includes extensive discussion of Stalingrad; Muller 1992 is its counterpart for the Luftwaffe. Hayward 1998 is the best and practically the only source in English on German aviation operations during the battle; however, the Soviet side of the story as Hayward tells it is not based in Russian materials, and readers must turn to Hardesty or Bergström instead. Bergström 2007 provides an in-depth examination of the role of aviation at the tactical and operational level. Corum 2008 and Corum and Muller 1998 are works that focus on the Luftwaffe, with important sections on the Stalingrad campaign.
  1390. Bergström, Christer. Stalingrad—The Air Battle: 1942 through January 1943. Hinckley, UK: Midland-Ian Allen, 2007.
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  1392. This extensively researched book is the first in English to focus on the role of military aviation at Stalingrad. The Soviet Air Force was at first overwhelmed in both quantity and quality, but by the end of the battle prevailed over the Luftwaffe in both regards. Concisely covers key units and aircraft, leadership, aerial resupply, Lend-Lease, and more. Essential corrective to other works that generally overlook air operations. Lacks strategic context.
  1393. Find this resource:
  1394. Boikov, P. M. No glavnykh napravleniiakh: Boivoi put’ 10-i gvardeiskoi istrebitel’noi aviatsionnoi Stalingradskoi Krasnozanmennoi, orden Suvorova II stepeni divizii. Moscow: Voenizdat, 1984.
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  1396. Combat record of the 10th Guards Stalingrad Red Banner, Order of Suvorov II, class Fighter Aviation Division, a unit that received a special designation for its work at Stalingrad.
  1397. Find this resource:
  1398. Corum, James S. Wolfram von Richthofen: Master of the German Air War. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2008.
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  1400. The first scholarly biography of Richthofen, backed by solid research and set into the context of the broader history of the Luftwaffe. As commander of 4th Luftflotte, Richthofen was a key figure during the Stalingrad campaign.
  1401. Find this resource:
  1402. Corum, James S., and Richard Muller, eds. The Luftwaffe’s Way of War: German Air Force Doctrine, 1911–1945. Baltimore: Nautical & Aviation, 1998.
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  1404. Excellent collection of key German documents, with extremely useful commentaries by the editors.
  1405. Find this resource:
  1406. Hardesty, Von. Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power, 1941–1945. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982.
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  1408. Although written before the opening of the archives, this book stands the test of time. Its exhaustive research and accessible style make it the standard work on the Soviet Air Force. One chapter focuses on Stalingrad.
  1409. Find this resource:
  1410. Hayward, Joel S. A. Stopped at Stalingrad: The Luftwaffe and Hitler’s Defeat in the East, 1942–43. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998.
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  1412. Outstanding study of aviation operations during the battle of Stalingrad, especially those of Richthofen’s 4th Air Fleet. Sets the strategic context. Extensively researched and a pleasure to read. Contradicts Soviet assessment that 40,000 people died in the 23 August 1942 bombing of Stalingrad; Hayward believes 25,000 is more realistic. Excellent maps.
  1413. Find this resource:
  1414. Muller, Richard. The German Air War in Russia. Baltimore: Nautical & Aviation, 1992.
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  1416. The best overall book on the Luftwaffe in World War II, this book provides the strategic context for the Luftwaffe’s actions at Stalingrad.
  1417. Find this resource:
  1418. Skomorokhov, N. M. 17’Aia vozdushnaia armiia v boiakh ot Stalingrada do Veny: Voenno-istoricheskii ocherk o boevom puti 17-i vozdushnoi armii g gody VOV. Moscow: Voenizdat, 1973.
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  1420. This history of the 17th Air Army in battles from Stalingrad to Vienna is typical of Soviet official histories—detailed and surprisingly frank about most operational problems, though ignoring political issues such as penal units.
  1421. Find this resource:
  1422. Snipers
  1423. Of all the events at Stalingrad, the Soviet sniper movement has received the most attention. Vasilii Zaitsev has received the most attention, although he was not the highest-scoring sniper. The “sniper duel” between Zaitsev and an unknown German sniper (one of many sniper duels) has achieved mythical proportion. The myth originated in the Soviet press and has been perpetuated in many works since. Zaitsev and Okrent 2010 recounts the story of a sniper duel with an anonymous German. Other sources have attributed a name and status to the German sniper that cannot be verified in any contemporary source; the idea that a top German sniper was sent to specifically take on Zaitsev appears to have no foundation in reality. Craig 2001 (cited under Popular Histories) and Robbins 1999 are sources that exaggerate the duel; the film Enemy at the Gates (cited under Film) took the myth to new levels. Jones 2007 (cited under Popular Histories) devotes a full chapter to the sniper movement and is a powerful corrective to the myth by setting the actual context of “sniperism” and by highlighting the activities of lesser known snipers. The role of women snipers has also been portrayed in wildly varying ways. Enemy at the Gates depicts women snipers as incompetent and hysterical, and they never actually fire a weapon. Beevor 1998 (cited under Popular Histories) ignores them altogether. Craig and Robbins are more accurate on this point. Pennington 2005 is the best source for documented information on this topic.
  1424. Pennington, Reina. “Women and the Battle of Stalingrad.” In Russia: War, Peace and Diplomacy—Essays in Honour of John Erickson. Edited by Mark Erickson and Ljubica Erickson, 169–211. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005.
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  1426. Includes a detailed discussion of the role of female snipers at Stalingrad; in particular, the truth about Tania Chernova, Zaitsev’s pupil, is discussed. A necessary corrective for the portrayals of Chernova and other women snipers in most of the sources discussed above.
  1427. Find this resource:
  1428. Robbins, David L. War of the Rats. New York: Bantam, 1999.
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  1430. Robbins went to Russia and interviewed veterans, including sniper Vasilii Zaitsev. This novel centers around the apocryphal sniper duel between Zaitsev and a German sniper.
  1431. Find this resource:
  1432. Zaitsev, Vasily Grigorevich, and Neil Okrent. Notes of a Russian Sniper: Vassili Zaitsev and the Battle of Stalingrad. Translated by David Givens, Peter Kornakov, and Konstatin Kornakov; edited by Neil Okrent. London: Frontline, 2010.
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  1434. At last Zaitsev’s memoir has been translated. Zaitsev became famous for his activities at the battle of Stalingrad, including the possibly apocryphal “sniper duel.” Uncritical and practical description of his training and how he conducted his sniper school; a useful antidote for the film Enemy at the Gates (cited under Film).
  1435. Find this resource:
  1436. Women
  1437. Soviet women, as civilians and soldiers, were extensively involved throughout all phases of this battle. It was not an all-male event, as it is usually depicted. Thousands of women—up to 60,000 military women and several thousand civilians—participated in the battle from start to finish. Women in the Red Army served as pilots, snipers, scouts, interrogators, anti-aircraft crews, communications and medical personnel, and even tank drivers. Women’s participation is mentioned in most Soviet sources; Chuikov 1963 (cited under Leaders and Leadership) devotes an entire chapter, “Women in the Defense of Stalingrad,” to women’s role in the battle, and they are mentioned in the memoirs of Eremenko, Rodimtsev, and others (see Eremenko 1971 and Rodimtsev 1973, both cited under Soviet). Ovchinnikova 1987 focuses solely on women’s combat roles, while Pennington 2005 examines all women’s roles in the battle. Murmantseva 1974 is the best Russian source, while Zarubina 1958 is a useful early work. War of the Century (cited under Film) includes a chilling interview with a female NKVD interrogator and women civilian survivors.
  1438. Murmantseva, Vera Semenova. Sovetskie zhenshchiny v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941–1945. Moscow: Mysl’, 1974.
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  1440. Murmantseva, a noted academic author on military women, notes that “entire units and subunits of women took part in the battles for Stalingrad: anti-air divisions, aviation regiments, communications subunits. Women fought at the walls of the tractor factory, the Red October metallurgical factory, at Mamaev Kurgan, and on the streets of the city.” This classic work sets the context of women’s participation in the war, with a great deal of discussion of Stalingrad.
  1441. Find this resource:
  1442. Ovchinnikova, L. P. Zhenshchiny v soldatskikh shineliakh. Volgograd: Nizhne-Volzhskoe, 1987.
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  1444. Rare Russian book that chronicles some of the women who fought during the battle of Stalingrad.
  1445. Find this resource:
  1446. Pennington, Reina. “Women and the Battle of Stalingrad.” In Russia: War, Peace and Diplomacy—Essays in Honour of John Erickson. Edited by Mark Erickson and Ljubica Erickson, 169–211. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005.
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  1448. In-depth study by an academic scholar of the varied roles played by Soviet women, both civilian and military. Thoroughly researched and based on a wide variety of cited sources.
  1449. Find this resource:
  1450. Zarubina, Anastasiia Dmitrievna. Zhenshchiny na zashchite Stalingrada. Stalingrad: Stalingradskoe knizhnoe izdatel’stvo, 1958.
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  1452. A short book that covers women’s roles.
  1453. Find this resource:
  1454. Fiction
  1455. As with journalism, Russian-language fiction on Stalingrad seems to exceed that in German and English, which is largely popular and not recommended for use by historians. A few highly regarded Soviet writers, most veterans or journalists, produced works that are rightly regarded as classics, and despite their publication in the Soviet Union, they are frank about the fighting conditions of the Red Army. Alekseev 2000, Grossman 1985, Grossman 2010, Nekrasov 1962, and Simonov 1945 are examples of the best of Soviet fiction. Gerlach 2002 is the best of German fiction on the topic, as is Robbins 1999 for English, despite some shortcomings in the realm of historical accuracy.
  1456. Alekseev, Mikhail. Moi Stalingrad: Roman. Moscow: Druzhba Narodov, 2000.
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  1458. Alekseev is a well-known editor, writer, and Stalingrad veteran, who has become known for advocating that Volgograd be renamed Stalingrad once more to honor the thousands who died there. His novel focuses on the experiences of the Soviet soldier.
  1459. Find this resource:
  1460. Gerlach, Heinrich. The Forsaken Army. Translated by Richard Graves. London: Cassell, 2002.
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  1462. First published in 1957, this “documentary novel” written by a Stalingrad veteran has been described as objective, instructive, shattering, and “meticulously accurate.” The focus is on the human experience of German soldiers.
  1463. Find this resource:
  1464. Grossman, Vasilii Semenovich. The Road: Stories, Journalism, and Essays. Translated by Robert Chandler, Elizabeth Chandler and Olga Mukovnikova. New York: New York Review of Books, 2010.
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  1466. This annotated collection of Grossman’s fiction and journalism includes the title story about a mule at Stalingrad.
  1467. Find this resource:
  1468. Grossman, Vasily. Life and Fate. Translated by Robert Chandler. London: Collins Harvill, 1985.
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  1470. One of the most perceptive and powerful novels about Stalingrad, and an excellent translation. The focus is not on the battle as much as the effects of the battle on several individuals and their families. Banned in the Soviet Union for its explicit comparison of Nazi and Soviet political tyranny, the book was first published in Switzerland in 1980 and not until 1988 in the Soviet Union.
  1471. Find this resource:
  1472. Nekrasov, Viktor. Front-Line Stalingrad. London: Harvill, 1962.
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  1474. Considered a classic, honest work about the battle from the Soviet point of view.
  1475. Find this resource:
  1476. Robbins, David L. War of the Rats. New York: Bantam, 1999.
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  1478. Part of a trilogy on the Eastern Front, this book focuses on the urban warfare at Stalingrad, especially the work of snipers. Written from a Russian point of view.
  1479. Find this resource:
  1480. Simonov, Konstantin. Days and Nights. Translated by Joseph Barnes. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1945.
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  1482. A favorite of many Russians, and considered one of the most realistic portrayals of events at Stalingrad, written by a war correspondent who was there.
  1483. Find this resource:
  1484. Film
  1485. War of the Century (Rees 2005) is the best documentary and the first any researcher should watch; veterans from both sides talk frankly about their actions during the war. Russia’s War: Blood Upon the Snow (Overy 2009) is not up to the quality of War of the Century, but can be used to supplement it. Stalingrad: Der Angriff, der Kessel, der Untergang (Dehnhardt, et al. 2003) is distinguished only by some footage shot during the conflict. Battlefield Detectives: Stalingrad (Wright 2006 is useful for its detailed analysis of a few aspects of the battle, such as the physical destruction of the city and how weapons worked in winter. The three main cinematic efforts differ widely, and none gets it quite right. All completely lack strategic context. Enemy at the Gates (Annaud 2001) is a misleading and highly inaccurate film, especially in terms of military tactics. The two German films do a better job of realistic portrayal of military events but are controversial for their political tone. Hunde, wollt ihr ewig leben (Wisbar 1959) takes the “good soldier in a bad war” approach. Stalingrad: Der Angriff, der Kessel, der Untergang is the best in its portrayal of tactical-level fighting, but its “good men in a bad army” tone is seen today as inaccurate. It is also the best film for combat action; it still shows mostly “good soldiers” but, unlike Hunde, these lose their devotion to duty. None of the films tackles the issue of war crimes in a serious way, or the issue of “Where are the Nazis?” Hunde shows the Nazis at Hitler’s headquarters; in Stalingrad, only a few officers are Nazis; in Enemy, the entire Wehrmacht are faceless Nazis.
  1486. Annaud, Jean Jacques, dir. Enemy at the Gates. DVD. Hollywood, CA: Paramount, 2001.
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  1488. The film gets the look and feel of the city and the soldiers right, but everything else wrong. It does not reflect events from the book of the same title. The historical characters depicted in it do a disservice to the actual human beings. Its portrayal of both the Red Army and the Wehrmacht, especially in terms of combat, is just plain wrong.
  1489. Find this resource:
  1490. Dehnhardt, Sebastian, Manfred Oldenburg, Christian Deick, and Jörg Müllner, dirs. Stalingrad: Der Angriff, der Kessel, der Untergang. DVD. Cologne: German United Distributors, 2003.
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  1492. Three-part TV documentary series, originally aired in Germany and Russia, that attempts a balanced portrayal of both sides of the battle. Notable for being filmed on location in Russia, it also includes contemporary and archival footage.
  1493. Find this resource:
  1494. Overy, Richard, dir. Russia’s War: Blood Upon the Snow, 1997. DVD. London: Entertainment One, 2009.
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  1496. Part 3 of this series focuses on Stalingrad, using eyewitness interviews, archival photography, and other materials. Not up to the quality of War of the Century.
  1497. Find this resource:
  1498. Rees, Laurence, prod. War of the Century, 1999. DVD. London: BBC Video, 2005.
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  1500. Hands down, this television series is the best documentary on the Eastern Front, primarily for its interviews with veterans of both armies, subtitled but undubbed, allowing the viewer to hear the exact words in the original languages. Compelling and frank. One episode focuses on the battle of Stalingrad, and offers useful correctives to the nature of the fighting, the river crossing, life in the sewers, the experiences of children trapped in the city, and women’s roles.
  1501. Find this resource:
  1502. Vilsmaier, Joseph, dir. Stalingrad, 1992. DVD. Munich: Bavaria Film, 1998.
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  1504. Overall, the best Stalingrad film in terms of its depiction of combat, with realistic scenes of urban fighting, engagements in the sewer system, and winter warfare during the Soviet counteroffensive. Controversial for its portrayal of the moral disintegration of its soldiers, hastened when they are forced to shoot civilians, and the decision of some to desert. The second German film about the battle of Stalingrad (Wisbar 1959 was the first).
  1505. Find this resource:
  1506. Wisbar, Frank, dir. Hunde, wollt ihr ewig leben. Hamburg: Deutsche Film Hansa, 1959.
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  1508. This early German film (Dogs, do you want to live forever?) is generally considered to be frank and realistic for its time in its portrayal of poor morale and the real hardships on the front. Tells the story of a German officer serving as an advisor to a Romanian unit and focuses on the Soviet encirclement of Axis forces. The Wehrmacht is seen as doing its job, betrayed by Hitler to its doom. The first German film about the battle of Stalingrad.
  1509. Find this resource:
  1510. Wright, David. Battlefield Detectives: Stalingrad. DVD. New York: New Video Group, 2006.
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  1512. Episode from the History Channel’s “forensic documentary television series.” Uses structural forensics to analyze how buildings were destroyed; shows how the Red Army adapted to winter using improved weapons lubrication.
  1513. Find this resource:
  1514. Photographs
  1515. Photographic collections are very useful for their visual impact but often lack adequate commentary and analysis. Drabkin 2010, Einsiedel and Archiv für Kunst und Geschichte 1985, Mark 2008, and Walsh 2000 are all valuable. Drabkin and Mark stand out for the quality of their commentary and attempts at historical accuracy.
  1516. Drabkin, Artem. The Red Army at War: Images of War: Rare Photographs from Wartime Archives. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Military, 2010.
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  1518. Excellent collection of 200 photos of daily life, organized topically. Chapters include “Training,” “Entertainment,” “Food,” “Sleeping,” “Personal Hygiene,” “Women at the Front,” and several combat-related subjects.
  1519. Find this resource:
  1520. Einsiedel, Heinrich, and Archiv für Kunst und Geschichte. The Onslaught: The German Drive to Stalingrad, Documented in 150 Unpublished Colour Photographs from the German Archive for Art and History. Translated by Arnold J. Pomeraus. New York: W. W. Norton, 1985.
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  1522. A typical collection of photographs. Introduction by well-known British historian Max Hastings and commentary by a German war journalist.
  1523. Find this resource:
  1524. Mark, Jason. Angriff: The German Attack on Stalingrad in Photos. Sydney, Australia: Leaping Horseman, 2008.
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  1526. Seven hundred photos from the German perspective, many from private collections taken by soldiers rather than combat photographers. The editor has attempted to research and caption every photo with more accuracy than is often the case in such collections. Notable for the attempt to identify the precise location of each image, linked to a map. Organized chronologically.
  1527. Find this resource:
  1528. Walsh, Stephen. Stalingrad 1942–1943: The Infernal Cauldron. London: Simon & Schuster, 2000.
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  1530. A brief overview of the battle by a Sandhurst lecturer; its main value is in its photographs.
  1531. Find this resource:
  1532.  
  1533.  
  1534.  
  1535.  
  1536.  
  1537. KVRSK
  1538. Introduction
  1539. The failed German offensive against the Kursk bulge in the summer of 1943 has two principal claims to fame. On the one hand, it is a candidate for the title of “turning point,” in World War II, because it represents both the first instance in which German mechanized forces failed to penetrate prepared enemy defenses operationally—and therefore were unable to launch a Blitzkrieg-style exploitation—as well as the last full-scale German offensive on the so-called “Eastern Front.” On the other, Kursk has entered into popular legend as the greatest tank battle of all time, involving thousands of armored vehicles maneuvering in an unmatched swirl of destruction. As this bibliography should make clear, however, this latter claim is the subject of much revisionist historiography. In particular, recent studies have demonstrated conclusively that the famous encounter at Prokhorovka on July 12, while certainly involving rather large mechanized forces, was neither as massive nor as decisive as earlier accounts portrayed it. Nor can one evaluate this confrontation solely in terms of the German offensive, which had clearly failed by mid-July. Instead, Operation Citadel must be considered in the context of Operations KUTUZOV and RUMIANTSEV, the twin Soviet counteroffensives against Orel and Khar’kov, which eliminated all German territorial gains while demonstrating the resiliency of the Red Army. To date, the most formidable obstacle to writing a balanced history of the battle of Kursk has been the unavailability of the German Ninth Army’s Kriegstagebuch, which the Red Army captured during the war and remains in Russian hands. The author of this article gratefully acknowledges the assistance of David M. Glantz throughout this bibliography, and especially in the section on Russian/Soviet Overviews.
  1540. General Overviews
  1541. Kursk attracts an endless stream of studies, both popular and scholarly, many of which repeat earlier accounts. Glantz and House 1999 attempts to counterbalance traditional German accounts with a more detailed look at the Soviet side, while Zetterling and Frankson 2000 (cited under British and Other Overviews) pioneers a more accurate study of daily strengths, both armor and personnel, that became the basis for most subsequent analyses. The most comprehensive of these works are Zamulin 2012 and Zamulin 2013 (both cited under Russian/Soviet Overviews). As the former curator of the Kursk museum, Zamulin has detailed the battle in the southern half of the Kursk bulge and at Prokhorovka and is now preparing, based on the German Ninth Army’s captured Kriegstagebuch, a new study on the fighting in the northern half of the bulge. Numerous overview entries, notably Citino 2012 (cited under American Overviews), Töppel 2002, and Töppel 2009 (both cited under German Overviews) offer the reader introductions to the evolving historiography of Kursk.
  1542. American Overviews
  1543. Although early American studies of Kursk generally follow the German interpretation of events, more recent studies, beginning with Glantz and House 1999, provide a fresh, more Soviet-oriented view. Glantz 1986 is a first attempt to compare that view with surviving German participants, while Glantz 2005 provides even more detail to reconstruct the battle from both sides. Citino 2012 does the equivalent job of placing Kursk within the larger trends of German warfighting, and both Clark 2011 and Dunn 1997 supplement our understanding of the Soviet context for the battle.
  1544. Citino, Robert M. The Wehrmacht Retreats: Fighting a Lost War, 1943. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2012.
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  1546. In the course of discussing the entire European war in 1943, Citino not only deftly summarizes Kursk but provides an excellent introduction to the historiographical reasons for Soviet and Western distortions.
  1547. Find this resource:
  1548. Clark, Lloyd. The Battle of the Tanks: Kursk 1943. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2011.
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  1550. In addition to consulting primary documents from both sides, Clark interviewed fifty-six survivors of both the German and Soviet forces. The focus of this book is more on the social and political context and less on the actual conduct of the struggle.
  1551. Find this resource:
  1552. Dunn, Walter S., Jr. Kursk: Hitler’s Gamble, 1943. Westport, CT, and London: Praeger, 1997.
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  1554. Dunn contends that the German failure to penetrate Soviet defenses was evident even on the third day of the offensive. Thus, he believes that the Allied invasion of Sicily only provided an excuse for Hitler’s justifiable decision to terminate the offensive. As is his wont, Dunn emphasizes materiel factors.
  1555. Find this resource:
  1556. Glantz, David M. From the Vistula to the Oder: Soviet Offensive Operations, October 1944–March 1945. In Art of War Symposium, 1986. Carlisle, PA: US Army War College, 1986.
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  1558. Pages 215–366 in the 1991 edition describe the battles around Belgorod and Khar’kov during Operation RUMIANTSEV. Republished London: Frank Cass, 1991.
  1559. Find this resource:
  1560. Glantz, David M. Atlas of the Battle of Kursk (July–August 1943). Carlisle, PA: Self-published, 2005.
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  1562. Daily maps of the evolution of the struggle, providing the first detailed depiction of tactical positions on both sides.
  1563. Find this resource:
  1564. Glantz, David M., and Jonathan M. House. The Battle of Kursk. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999.
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  1566. This operational account provides immense detail concerning both order of battle and the course of the struggle. At the time it appeared, the Glantz and House study was the first major Western history to reassess the scale and significance of the Prokhorovka encounter.
  1567. Find this resource:
  1568. Showalter, Dennis. Armor and Blood: The Battle of Kursk, the Turning Point of World War II. New York: Random House, 2013.
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  1570. Showalter attempts to sift the various accounts and interpretations to understand the battle without engaging in the “war porn” (p. xiii) of heroism or horror. He contends that, although the Soviet defense was still unsophisticated, Kursk marks the crossover in terms of the capacities of each force and the strategic initiative.
  1571. Find this resource:
  1572. British and Other Overviews
  1573. Kursk arouses interest in many different minds for different reasons; this section is only a sample. These studies range from Speight 2011, which attempts to apply the Lanchester equations to the battle, to Zetterling and Frankson 2000, which establishes a baseline of the number of armored vehicles actually present; these figures have become the basis for most recent studies of the battle, such as Healy 2008 and Healy 2012. Piekalkiewicz 1987 predates these figures but nonetheless provides an excellent reconstruction from the German side, particularly concerning the development of new armored vehicles. Nipe 1996 offers one of the first sophisticated reassessments of the battle in the context of the 1943 campaign; Lopez 2008 illustrates how this and other revisionist ideas have permeated our understanding of the battle even in non-English studies.
  1574. English, John A. “Of the Grey Coat Coming: A Historiographical Exploration of English-Language Sources on Soviet Army Operations.” Military Affairs 54.4 (October 1988): 185–191.
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  1576. One of the foremost tactical historians in the world surveys information available prior to the revisionism about Kursk and other operations.
  1577. Find this resource:
  1578. Healy, Mark. Zitadelle: The German Offensive Against the Kursk Salient, 5–17 July 1943. Stroud, UK: History Press, 2008.
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  1580. The 2008 version, which is significantly longer than the 2012 book by the same author, emphasizes the strategic context, development of new German weapons, and other aspects leading to the battle. Its German focus makes it a useful balance if read in conjunction with Glantz and House 1999.
  1581. Find this resource:
  1582. Healy, Mark. Kursk 1943. Stroud, UK: History Press, 2012.
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  1584. The author uses Zetterling and Frankson’s tank figures to minimize the extent of German losses, although concluding that, after Kursk, Germany no longer had the ability to win in the east. It contains numerous odd and clumsy phrases.
  1585. Find this resource:
  1586. Lopez, Jean. Koursk: Les quarante jours qui ont ruiné la Wehrmacht (5 juillet–20 août 1943). Paris: Economica, 2008.
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  1588. The author argues that, on the northern front, General Model had no skill in maneuver warfare, and that Rokossovsky was simply a more effective commander. In the south, Lopez reflects the revisionist arguments of those such as George Nipe that Vatutin mis-employed the 1st Tank Army and that the SS won a tactical victory at Prokhorovka.
  1589. Find this resource:
  1590. Nipe, George M., Jr. Decision in the Ukraine: German Panzer Operations on the Eastern Front, Summer 1943. Winnipeg, Canada: J. J. Fedorowicz, 1996.
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  1592. Using SS records extensively, Nipe reviews the entire 1943 campaign. While asserting that the Germans won tactically, he was one of the first to downgrade the numerical size of battles around Prokhorovka (See Nipe 2011, cited under Prokhorovka Engagement.) Republished Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2012.
  1593. Find this resource:
  1594. Piekalkiewicz, Janusz. Operation “Citadel”: Kursk and Orel: The Greatest Tank Battle of the Second World War. Translated by Michaela Nierhaus. Novato, CA: Presidio, 1987.
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  1596. Piekalkiewicz’s account, told primarily from the German viewpoint, is especially informative concerning the design problems of the new generation of German armor, including the Panther, Tiger, and Elephant.
  1597. Find this resource:
  1598. Speight, L. R. “Within-Campaign Analysis: A Statistical Evaluation of the Battle of Kursk.” Military Operations Research 11.2 (2011): 41–62.
  1599. DOI: 10.5711/1082598316241Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1600. The author attempts to apply Lanchester multivariate analysis to casualty data on the battle. He concludes that the Lanchester equations are not predictive when applied to overall casualties, because the structural details of the campaign, such as the prevalence of mines, are more important than overall force comparisons.
  1601. Find this resource:
  1602. Zetterling, Niklas, and Anders Frankson. Kursk 1943: A Statistical Analysis. London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 2000.
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  1604. The authors pioneered the use of detailed German archival records as well as Soviet publications to determine the actual strengths of the two sides. Their revised armor counts have become basic to Soviet and Western analyses of the battle. They conclude that a shortage of infantry battalions to protect the flanks was a major restriction for the Germans.
  1605. Find this resource:
  1606. German Overviews
  1607. German scholarly studies, especially Frieser, et al. 2007, have made major contributions to the historiography of the battle by introducing new archival records discovered since the demise of East Germany. Töppel 2002 and Töppel 2009 are excellent starting points for anyone interested in understanding how the historiography has changed.
  1608. Frieser, Karl-Heinz, Klaus Schmider, Klaus Schönherr, Gerhard Schreiber, Krisztián Ungváry, and Bernd Wegner. Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, Band 8: Dis Ostfront, 1943/44: Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten. Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2007.
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  1610. Pages 81–208 offer the German official history of Kursk. This includes detailed comparisons of orders of battle and a sophisticated discussion of what Frieser terms “the Myth of Prohorovka” (pp. 119–139), which includes the groundbreaking work of V. N. Zamulin. Frieser also analyzes the classic questions such as Hitler’s decision to halt the offensive.
  1611. Find this resource:
  1612. Töppel, Roman. “Legendenbildung in der Geschichtsschreibung—Die Schlacht bei Kursk.” Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift 61 (2002): 369–401.
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  1614. Another excellent historiographic survey. Töppel contends that the image of Kursk as one of the turning points of the war is an artificial product of Cold War historiography. Instead, he argues that the steady drain of years of conflict, rather than any one battle, was responsible for the decline of German combat power.
  1615. Find this resource:
  1616. Töppel, Roman. “Kursk—Mythen und Wirklichheit einer Schlacht.” Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 57.3 (July 2009): 349–394.
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  1618. The author uses newer figures to discuss the extent of armor (both tanks and self-propelled guns) on both sides, and absolves Hitler of having chosen the site of this offensive. Töppel also attempts to place the battle into perspective in relation to other German projected operations.
  1619. Find this resource:
  1620. Russian/Soviet Overviews
  1621. The end of the Soviet Union and partial opening of its archives have enabled Russian historians to rewrite our understanding of the entire war. Foremost among the Russian historians of Kursk are A. V. Isaev (Isaev 2008), who provides a sophisticated analysis of the entire campaign, and V. I. Zamulin. Zamulin 2012 and Zamulin 2013 present the most important reassessment of the true nature of the battle from the Soviet side. Gončarov 2006, by contrast, gives the reader the benefit of the original Marxist analysis of the battle, updated with more accurate statistics. Zhilin 2003; Zamulin 2012; and Zamulin 2013 together provide a useful compilation of actual Soviet orders and documents from the battle.
  1622. Gončarov, Vladislav. Bitva pod kurskom: Ot oborony k nastupleniiu. Moscow: AST, 2006.
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  1624. “The battle of Kursk: From defense to the offensive.” A modern edition of the Red Army General Staff’s multi-volume secret study, originally prepared in 1946–1947. Indispensable for its candor and accurate statistics.
  1625. Find this resource:
  1626. Isaev, Aleksei Valer’evich. 1943-i: Ot tragedii Khar’kova do Kurskogo proryva. Moscow: Veche, 2008.
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  1628. “1943: From the Kharkov tragedy to the breakthrough at Kursk.” As the title suggests, this study surveys accurately the entire 1943 campaign using Russian, German, and English language sources, including newer calculations of armor involved. However, it largely passes over the importance of the Central Front’s February and March offensive toward the Desna River, Orel, and Smolensk.
  1629. Find this resource:
  1630. Koltunov, G., and B. G. Solov’ev. Kurskaia bitva. Moscow: Voenizdat, 1970.
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  1632. “The Battle of Kursk.” Issued in two editions, this was the standard Soviet account of the battle during the Cold War.
  1633. Find this resource:
  1634. Morozov, M. E. Velikaia Otechestvennaia voina 1941–1945 gg. Kampanii i strategicheskie operatsii v tsifrakh v 2 tomakh, Tom II. Moscow: Glavarkhiv goroda Moskvy, 2010.
  1635. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1636. “The Great Patriotic War 1941–1945: Campaigns and strategic operations in numbers in 2 volumes, Vol. II.” This recent statistical study of all of the Red Army’s operations in the eight wartime campaigns includes the combat strengths of all major formations, making correlation of force comparisons more realistic.
  1637. Find this resource:
  1638. Ognennaia duga. Moscow: “Evonnitsa-MG,” 2013.
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  1640. “The fiery bulge.” The Russian Federation’s Institute for Military History produced this thorough study. It includes surveys of Operations CITADEL, KUTUZOV, and RUMIANTSEV, biographies of major Red Army commanders, and orders of battle and recently released statistical information.
  1641. Find this resource:
  1642. Zamulin, Valerii Nikolaevich. “The Battle of Kursk: New Findings.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 25.3 (2012): 409–417.
  1643. DOI: 10.1080/13518046.2012.705660Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1644. This article is highly critical of the way that both Moscow and the Voronezh Front committed armored reserves prior to and at Prokhorovka. See Zamulin’s superb book-length analysis of this encounter in Prokhorovka Engagement.
  1645. Find this resource:
  1646. Zamulin, Valerii Nikolaevich. Sryv operatsii “Tsitade”: Kurskaia bitva—grif sekretnosti sniat. Moscow: “Eksmo” “Iauza,” 2013.
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  1648. “The disruption of Operation ‘Citadel’: The battle of Kursk—the secret classification removed.” This volume include massive numbers of recently released documents, together with careful analysis of the fighting in the southern half of the Kursk bulge.
  1649. Find this resource:
  1650. Zhilin, V. A., et al., eds. Kurskaia bitva: Khronika, fakty, liudi. Moscow: Olma-Press, 2003.
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  1652. “The battle of Kursk: Chronicles, facts, and people in 2 books.” This detailed documentary study includes daily operational summaries prepared by the Red Army General Staff and German OKH and OKW, newspaper releases, and statistics related to the entire battle.
  1653. Find this resource:
  1654. Popular Versions of the Battle
  1655. Regardless of their accuracy or level of detail, popularized accounts have historiographic significance because they form public perceptions of the battle and thereby influence its place in history. Jukes 1968 and McTaggart 1993 represent the common public perception of Kursk, characterizing uncritically it as the greatest tank battle in history. Porter 2011a and Porter 2011b demonstrate the value that a very specialized popular interest can bring in terms of detailed organization and equipment of an organization on each side. Rudel 1958 has been read by so many members of the general public that it has helped to define a very narrow, pro-German view of Kursk and indeed of the entire “eastern front,” contributing to a misunderstanding of the Soviet military.
  1656. Fowler, Will. Kursk: The Vital 24 Hours. Staplehurst, Kent: Spellmount, 2005.
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  1658. In contrast to many popular studies of the battle, this book is well researched and expresses a healthy skepticism about the mythic scale of battle. Fowler includes a chapter on air operations as well, although the work is told more from the German than from the Soviet viewpoint.
  1659. Find this resource:
  1660. Jukes, Geoffrey. Kursk: The Clash of Armour. New York: Ballantine, 1968.
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  1662. This classic account, primarily from the German perspective, is now largely dated.
  1663. Find this resource:
  1664. McTaggart, Pat. “World’s Greatest Tank Duel.” World War II Magazine 8.2 (July 1993): 30–37.
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  1666. As the title of the article and the journal indicate, this is a popularized but very competent summary of Kursk, focusing on the traditional, pro-Soviet version of Prokhorovka. The author concludes, appropriately, that once the offensive was delayed the Germans should never have launched it.
  1667. Find this resource:
  1668. Porter, David. Visual Battle Guide: Das Reich at Kursk 12 July 1943. London: Amber Books, 2011a.
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  1670. This lavishly illustrated book provides enormous details, including the organization and equipment of almost every subordinate unit of the two organizations involved. In the case of 2nd SS Division Das Reich, for example, the author gives daily strengths of available armored vehicles and manpower losses, using sources such as Zetterling and Frankson 2000 (cited under British and Other Overviews).
  1671. Find this resource:
  1672. Porter, David. Visual Battle Guide: Fifth Guards Tank Army at Kursk. London: Amber Books, 2011b.
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  1674. As a companion to his study of 2nd SS Division, Porter gives the reader almost equal, absorbing detail about its opponent, Rotmistrov’s 5th Tank Army.
  1675. Find this resource:
  1676. Rudel, Hans-Ulrich. Stuka Pilot. Translated by Lynton Hudson. New York: Ballantine, 1958.
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  1678. Rudel’s oft-quoted account of using an experimental Ju-87G against Soviet tanks at Kursk actually occupies only five pages (84–88) of this book. However, it has heavily influenced a mistaken belief in the efficacy of Luftwaffe anti-armor attacks in the campaign. Numerous re-printings.
  1679. Find this resource:
  1680. Photographic Studies
  1681. In addition to their value in helping us visualize the nature of war, photographic studies often include useful details about units and weaponry. Lodieu 2007 is a typical example of such studies. Spezzano 2003 (for the German side) and Zamulin 2014 (for the Soviet) provide much rarer photographs and supplemental detail on the battle.
  1682. Lodieu, Didier. III. Pz. Korps at Kursk: The Part Played by 6. Pz. Div., 7. Pz., 19. Pz. Div. and S. Pz. Abt. 503 during Operation “Zitadelle” (Citadel). Translated by Alan McKay. Paris: Histoire et Collections, 2007.
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  1684. Although presented in “coffee table” format, this study offers considerable information, including combat news and propaganda reports, about the spearhead of Army Detachment Kempf.
  1685. Find this resource:
  1686. Spezzano, Remy. Waffen-SS: 1943 Kursk. Archives Series 3. Southbury, CT: RZM Imports, 2003.
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  1688. This is a collection of combat photos, with brief texts, from the SS divisions Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler and Totenkopf.
  1689. Find this resource:
  1690. Zamulin, Valerii Nikolaevich. The Battle of Kursk 1943: The View through the Camera Lens. Edited and translated by Stuart Britton. Solihull, UK: Helion, 2014.
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  1692. Alongside captured German combat photography, perhaps the foremost recent historian of the battle presents rare images taken by Soviet war correspondents.
  1693. Find this resource:
  1694. Formation of the Kursk Bulge
  1695. In the aftermath of the Red Army’s encirclement of Stalingrad in November 1942, Stalin and his commanders attempted to widen this success into a strategic offensive along most of the front. After successful offensives in the Voronezh and eastern Donbas regions during January, the Stavka expanded attacks into the central and western Donbas and Khar’kov regions in early February. The strategic offensive culminated in late February with an additional drive toward the Desna River, Orel, and Smolensk by General K. K. Rokossovsky’s Central Front. In a brilliant series of maneuvers, Field Marshal Erich von Manstein defeated these offensives during February–March 1943, ending the Soviet strategic effort and setting the stage for the Kursk bulge by creating the southern shoulder around Khar’kov. Official Soviet histories generally ignored the various attacks in the Donbas and Khar’kov regions known collectively as the Voronezh-Kastornoe strategic offensive, as well as the Central Front’s failed offensive. However, the demise of the USSR opened some of the archival records of these offensives. Glantz 1996, Glantz 2005, and Glantz 2009 all provide overlapping views of these preliminary operations, enabling us to understand the Soviet viewpoint of how the Kursk bulge developed. Bundesverband der Soldaten der ehemaligen Waffen-SS 1976, Ose 1987, and especially Sadarananda 1990 focus on Manstein’s operational excellence during this period. As he has done in so many other cases, Zolotarev (Zolotarev 1997a and Zolotarev 1997b) provides a rich level of Soviet documents and orders from this period.
  1696. Bundesverband der Soldaten der ehemaligen Waffen-SS. Befehl des Gewissens: Charkow Winter 1943. Osnabruck: Munin-Verlag GmbH, 1976.
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  1698. A detailed study of SS Panzer Corps’ operations in the Khar’kov region in February and March 1943, together with German archival maps and documents.
  1699. Find this resource:
  1700. Glantz, David M. “Prelude to Kursk: Soviet Strategic Operations, February-March 1943.” In Gezeitenwechsel im Zweiten Weltkrieg? Die Schlachten von Char’kov und Kursk im Frühjahr und Sommer 1943 in operativer Anlage, Verlauf und politischer Bedeutung. Edited by Roland G. Förster. Vorträge zur Militärgeschichte, Band 15. Hamburg: E. S. Mittler, 1996.
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  1702. This article was originally presented at a symposium sponsored by the German Military History Institute at Nürnburg in 1993.
  1703. Find this resource:
  1704. Glantz, David M. “The Red Army’s Donbas Offensive (February–March 1942 [sic 1943]) Revisited: A Documentary Essay.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 18.3 (2005): 369–503.
  1705. DOI: 10.1080/13518040590969776Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1706. Selected Soviet operational orders, primarily at front level, for the time period.
  1707. Find this resource:
  1708. Glantz, David M. After Stalingrad: The Red Army’s Winter Offensive 1942–1943. Solihull, UK: Helion, 2009.
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  1710. This exposes the full scope of Red Army offensives in the Donbas and Khar’kov regions and details the Central Front’s efforts to capture Orel, and, in conjunction with the Western and Briansk Fronts, the Smolensk region.
  1711. Find this resource:
  1712. Ose, Dieter, ed. Manstein’s Gegenangriff Fruhjahr 1943. Bonn: Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr, March 1987.
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  1714. This anthology contains papers presented by Colonel David Glantz and retired generals Graf von Kielmansegg and Ferdinand von Senger und Etterlin on Manstein’s counteroffensive in the Donbas and Khar’kov regions at a symposium held at the German Führungsakademie in Hamburg on 6 September 1986.
  1715. Find this resource:
  1716. Sadarananda, Dana M. Beyond Stalingrad: Manstein and the Operations of Army Group Don. New York: Praeger, 1990.
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  1718. Based on a doctoral dissertation, this version emphasizes “the genius of Manstein” throughout the late winter campaign.
  1719. Find this resource:
  1720. Zolotarev, V. A., et al., eds. Russkii arkhiv: Velikaia Otechestvennaia: Preliudiia Kurskoi bitvy: Dokumenty i materialy 6 dekabria 1942 g.–25 aprelia 1943 g. T 15 (4–3). Moscow: Terra, 1997a.
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  1722. “The Russian archives: The Great Patriotic: Prelude to the battle of Kursk: Documents and materials 6 December 1942–25 April 1943. Vol. 15 (4–3).” This book, the last in Zolotarev’s series of operational studies, includes most of the documents associated with the offensives the Stavka mandated in February and March 1943.
  1723. Find this resource:
  1724. Zolotarev, V. A., et al., eds. Russkii arkhiv: Velikaia Otechestvennaia: Kurskaia bitva: Dokumenty i materialy 27 marta–23 avgusta 1943 g. T 15 (4–4). Moscow: Terra, 1997b.
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  1726. “The Russian archives: The Great Patriotic: The battle of Kursk: Documents and materials 27 March–23 August 1943. Vol. 15 (4–4).” As the title suggests, Zolotarev has transformed our knowledge of the Soviet-German conflict by publishing extensive archival documents.
  1727. Find this resource:
  1728. German Viewpoints/Memoirs
  1729. As in so many other aspects of the Soviet-German conflict, German accounts dominated the historiography of Kursk for three decades after the war. Although numerous accounts at the tactical level acknowledged the unlikelihood of German success in the battle, Manstein 1958 often held sway, arguing that, at Kursk as well as elsewhere, Hitler’s interference prevented victory. More recently, historians who viewed the battle from the German side, such as Newton and Manstein’s biographer Stein, have provided a wealth of arguments to cast the field marshal’s optimistic version into question. (See Newton 2002 and Stein 2007, both cited under Secondary Studies from the German Viewpoint.)
  1730. Primary German Memoirs
  1731. Guderian 1952 is one of the earliest critiques of the German claims to success at Kursk, while Mellenthin 1956 helps form Western conceptions of the tactical level of the battle. Manstein 1958 presents his own, biased explanation for the failure on the southern flank without offering significant additional detail. Other Germans, who served at lower levels, have fleshed out our understanding of their side in the battle. Memoirs by these men include Engelmann 1980, John 1993, and Raus and Newton 2003.
  1732. Engelmann, Joachim. Die größte Panzerschlacht im Osten 1943. Friedberg, BRD: Podzun-Pallas-Verlag, 1980.
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  1734. The author was an officer in the battle. His account provides unusual information such as the planned tactical objectives and exploitation routes for units of Army Group South.
  1735. Find this resource:
  1736. Guderian, Heinz. Panzer Leader. Translated by Constantine Fitzgibbon. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1952.
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  1738. Guderian consistently criticized the Kursk offensive (pp. 302–312), perhaps because it wreaked havoc with his efforts to rebuild German mechanized formations. This is the source (pp. 308–309) for the conversation in which Hitler allegedly expressed grave doubts about the attack.
  1739. Find this resource:
  1740. John, Antonius. Kursk’43. Szenen einer Entscheidungschlacht. Bonn: H&H Konzpet Verlag, 1993.
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  1742. The author was a veteran of the battle on the northern flank. He suggests that, prior to the battle, German officials spoke openly of the coming attack as if seeking to attract and trap more Soviet troops in the bulge (pp. 24–27).
  1743. Find this resource:
  1744. Manstein, Erich von. Lost Victories. Translated by Anthony G. Powell. Chicago: Henry Regnery Co., 1958.
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  1746. Manstein is the foremost exponent of the effort to blame the amateur Hitler for all German failures in the war with the Soviets. He is particularly critical of both delays in starting the operation and Hitler’s decision to halt the offensive at a point where (incorrectly) Manstein still believed he could win.
  1747. Find this resource:
  1748. Mellenthin, Friedrich W. von. Panzer Battles: A Study of the Employment of Armor in the Second World War. Translated by H. Betzler. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956.
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  1750. General von Mellenthin’s memoirs were enormously influential in forming Western perceptions of Soviet warfare. At Kursk, he was chief of staff of XXXXVIII Panzer Corps, on the left flank of II SS Panzer Corps in the southern penetration. He originated the concept of a Panzergloche (pp. 231–232), using Tigers as a shell to protect the more numerous Panzer III and IV vehicles.
  1751. Find this resource:
  1752. Raus, Edward, and Stephen H. Newton, comp and trans. Panzer Operations: The Eastern Front Memoir of General Raus, 1941–1945. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo, 2003.
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  1754. At the time of Kursk, Raus commanded XI Corps in Army Detachment Kempf, on the extreme right wing of Manstein’s southern penetration. Pages 194–212 recount this corps in the battle, including the Soviets creating a bridge across the Donets by deliberately sinking T-34 tanks.
  1755. Find this resource:
  1756. Secondary Studies from the German Viewpoint
  1757. A combination of the accessibility of sources and a fascination with the German armed forces has produced a number of useful secondary accounts of Kursk as seen by the attackers. In particular, Newton 2002 provides a wealth of different accounts from the Wehrmacht. Spaeter 1995 and Stadler 1980 allow the reader to look in more detail at the actions of individual German units, although inevitably this kind of narrow focus may distort the results. By contrast, Klink 1966 places Kursk within the problems of the “Eastern Front” in 1943, while Kurowski 2003 uses diaries and interviews to create a coherent view of the role of German tactical commanders in the battle. Finally, Stein 2007 provides an acerbic counterpoint to those participants and historians who excuse or ignore German errors.
  1758. Innocenti, Claudio R. “Operation Citadel (Kursk).” Cavalry and Armor Journal 123.3 (July–September 2014): 32–38.
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  1760. The author focuses on the German techniques of combined arms breaching, which he credits with considerable success despite their ultimate failure.
  1761. Find this resource:
  1762. Klink, Ernst. Das Gesetz des Handelns: Die Operation “Zitadelle” 1943. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1966.
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  1764. An excellent account that places the German participation fully into context, including such issues as priorities for receiving scarce weapons and replacements, as well as the extensive German anti-partisan sweeps prior to the offensive. The map collection inside the back cover is particularly detailed and useful.
  1765. Find this resource:
  1766. Kurowski, Franz. Operation “Zitadelle,” July 1943: The Decisive Battle of World War II. Translated by Fred Steinhardt. Winnipeg, Canada: J. J. Fedorowicz, 2003.
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  1768. Although the author consulted basic Soviet sources such as Zhukov’s memoirs, this well-written study is primarily from the German viewpoint. The author interviewed and obtained diaries or other documents from a variety of senior German leaders, including Lemelsen, Manstein, Rendulic, Nehring, and Manteuffel.
  1769. Find this resource:
  1770. Mitcham, Samuel W., Jr. Blitzkrieg No Longer: The German Wehrmacht in Battle, 1943. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2010.
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  1772. This is a well-written overview of the challenges facing Germany in 1943. Kursk and its consequences compose Chapters 7 and 8, offering little more than the traditional summary. However, the author does place matters in a larger context concerning the conflicting strategic demands upon the German armed forces.
  1773. Find this resource:
  1774. Newton, Stephen H., ed and trans. Kursk: The German View: Eyewitness Reports of Operation Citadel by the German Commanders. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo, 2002.
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  1776. Newton has assembled various German commanders’ accounts of the battle. Most of these accounts originated in the post-1945 US Army project to record the views of captured German generals, but the result is remarkably coherent and useful, with ample explanatory notes by the editor.
  1777. Find this resource:
  1778. Spaeter, Helmuth. The History of the Panzerkorps Grossdeutschland. Vol. II. Translated by David Johnston. Winnipeg, Canada: J. J. Fedorowicz, 1995.
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  1780. Unit history of the largest German mechanized division involved in the Kursk battle, controlling most of the new Panther tanks.
  1781. Find this resource:
  1782. Stadler, Silvester. Die Offensive gegen Kursk 1943: II. SS-Panzerkorps als Stosskeil im Grosskampf. Osnabruck, FRG: Munin Verlag GmbH, 1980.
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  1784. This comprehensive account of SS Panzer Corps’ role in the battle contains numerous archival maps and documents.
  1785. Find this resource:
  1786. Stein, Marcel. Field Marshal von Manstein: The Janus Head, a Portrait. Solihull, UK: Helion, 2007.
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  1788. Stein is a scathing critic of Manstein, and his account of Kursk (pp. 171–212) is no exception. This extensive analysis of the battle includes a detailed summary of the German historiography on the battle.
  1789. Find this resource:
  1790. Soviet Viewpoint/Memoirs
  1791. If traditional German historiography has argued over the chances of German success, the equivalent Soviet studies, both classified and unclassified, were for many decades united in depicting Kursk as a great success, with heavy losses but few mistakes, for the Red Army. If anything, these Soviet accounts consciously or unconsciously exaggerate the German strengths in order to make their triumph appear greater. Zolotarev 1997a and Zolotarev 1997b (both cited under Formation of the Kursk Bulge) and Zhilin 2003 (cited under Russian/Soviet Overviews) have given historians belated access to Soviet documents at the time, although even some of these were less than accurate (see section on Prokhorovka Engagement.)
  1792. Russian Language Sources from the Soviet Viewpoint
  1793. This section includes both primary and secondary Russian-language sources that view Kursk exclusively from the Soviet viewpoint. Koltunov 1980 began the effort to provide accurate force ratios for the battle. In general, however, these accounts, especially Simbolikov 1950; Bel’diev, et al. 1982; and Koltunov 1980, were inhibited both by political considerations and by the conventional wisdom that the Red Army had performed superbly throughout the campaign. Despite this bias, these accounts still provide considerable information that is unavailable in German-oriented versions. Rokossovsky 2000 gives the reader an unexpurgated version of the author’s 1985 memoirs, and is therefore quite valuable concerning Kursk and other operations.
  1794. Bel’diev, Petr Mikhailovich, and S. M. Filippov. Kurskaia bitva: Vospominaniia, stati. Voronezh: Tsentralno-Chernozemnoe Knizhnoe izdva, 1982.
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  1796. “The Battle of Kursk: memoirs, articles.” As the title suggests, this is a collection of brief narratives, some previously published elsewhere, by Soviet participants.
  1797. Find this resource:
  1798. Iminov, V. T. Organizatsiia i vedenie oborony v bitve pod Kurskom na primere 13-i armii tsentral’nogo fronta (iiul’1943 g.). Moscow: Voroshilov General Staff Academy, 1979.
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  1800. “The organization and conduct of the defense in the Battle of Kursk based on the example of Central Front’s 13th Army (July 1943).” Published just prior to the beginning of President Mikhail Gorbachev’s Glasnost (openness) policy, this presents the traditional pro-Soviet version of the victory at Kursk, including Prokhorovka.
  1801. Find this resource:
  1802. Koltunov, G. “Kurskaia bitva v tsifrakh (Period kontranastupleniia).” Voenno-istoricheskii zhurnal 7 (July 1980): 58–68.
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  1804. “The Battle of Kursk in figures (the period of the counteroffensive).” Koltunov was one of the pioneers of more accurate force comparisons for the battle; despite the title, this article includes the earlier Soviet defensive phase.
  1805. Find this resource:
  1806. Rokossovsky, Konstantin K. Soldatskii dolg. Moscow: Golos, 2000.
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  1808. This is the unexpurgated version of A Soldier’s Duty. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1985. The generally frank recollections of the commander of the Soviet Central Front, on the northern face of the Kursk bulge, especially the 2000 version that treats Zhukov more critically.
  1809. Find this resource:
  1810. Simbolikov, V. N. Kurskaia bitva, 1943 [The Battle of Kursk, 1943]. Moscow: Voroshilov General Staff Academy, 1950.
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  1812. Like most traditional Soviet accounts, this analysis exaggerates German numerical strengths.
  1813. Find this resource:
  1814. English Language Studies from the Soviet Viewpoint
  1815. For the convenience of researchers, this section includes both Soviet-sponsored English accounts, such as Parotkin 1974 and Solov’ev 1979, based on Soviet memoirs, and Western accounts that tend to be more balanced. Studies such as Glantz 1986 and Zaitsev and Derkach 2005 offer tactical details on various aspects of Red Army operations. Shukman 1993 is an excellent group biography of the senior Soviet commanders involved in the war. By contrast, Merridale 2006 attempts to reconstruct the experience of the ordinary rank and file in the Red Army.
  1816. Glantz, David M. “Soviet Defensive Tactics at Kursk, July 1943.” Combat Studies Institute Report No. 11. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute, 1986.
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  1818. Diagrams of typical defensive dispositions.
  1819. Find this resource:
  1820. Glantz, David M. “Soviet Military Strategy during the Second Period of War (November 1942–December 1943: A Reappraisal.” Journal of Military History 60.1 (January 1996): 115–150.
  1821. DOI: 10.2307/2944451Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1822. A well-documented account of Moscow’s strategic thinking prior to, during, and after Kursk.
  1823. Find this resource:
  1824. Merridale, Catherine. Ivan’s War: Life and Death in the Red Army, 1939–1945. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006.
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  1826. Professor Merridale used letters, diaries, NKVD records, and more than 200 interviews in an effort to reconstruct the experiences of lower-ranking Soviet soldiers. Pages 202–225 focus on those experiences at Kursk, ranging from tank crews to medics.
  1827. Find this resource:
  1828. Orenstein, Harold S., trans. “The Battle of Kursk: The Defensive Battle for the Kursk Bridgehead, 5–15 July 1943.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 6.4 (December 1993): 656–700.
  1829. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1830. An extract from the Collection of Materials on the Study of War Experience (Sbornik materialov po izucheniiu opyta voiny) Vol. II (March–April 1944.) The first article describes the official version of Voronezh Front’s defense on the southern shoulder.
  1831. Find this resource:
  1832. Orenstein, Harold S., trans. “The Battle of Kursk (Continued): Tank Forces in Defense of the Kursk Bridgehead.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 7.1 (March 1994): 82–118.
  1833. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1834. This continuation of the Red Army General Staff analysis includes detailed defensive techniques, focusing on anti-tank strongpoints.
  1835. Find this resource:
  1836. Parotkin, Ivan V., ed. The Battle of Kursk. Translated by G. P. Ivanov-Mumjiev. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1974.
  1837. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1838. A Soviet-era anthology of essays by the major Soviet participants, including Konev, Rokossovsky, Moskalenko. Although these articles address all aspects of the Soviet fight, they generally repeat the official version in which the Red Army skillfully defeated the Germans. For the original version see, I. V. Parotkin, ed. Kurskaia bitva. Moscow: Nauka, 1970.
  1839. Find this resource:
  1840. Roberts, Geoffrey. Stalin’s General: The Life of Georgy Zhukov. New York: Random House, 2012.
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  1842. Roberts’s favorable biography of Stalin’s deputy supreme commander discusses Kursk (pp. 184–193), including Zhukov’s efforts to restore his own role in the battle after Khrushchev suppressed it from official histories.
  1843. Find this resource:
  1844. Shukman, Harold, ed. Stalin’s Generals. New York: Grove, 1993.
  1845. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1846. This account includes useful chapters on Novikov, Vatutin, Vasilevsky, and Rokossovsky, each of whom was instrumental in the Kursk campaign.
  1847. Find this resource:
  1848. Solov’ev, Boris Grigorevich. The Battle on the Kursk Salient: The Crushing of Operation Citadel. Moscow: Novosti, 1979.
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  1850. This slim volume was written to emphasize the overwhelming Soviet role in defeating Germany. The author therefore repeats the largest possible figures concerning the battle, and interprets all events from the point of view of the USSR helping the allies. It is even more one-sided than the same author’s 1970 study (see Koltunov and Solov’ev 1970, cited under Russian/Soviet Overviews.)
  1851. Find this resource:
  1852. Zaitsev, B. G., and V. N. Derkach. “Engineer Support in the Defensive Battle of Soviet Troops at the Battle of Kursk.” Voennaia mysl’ 14.4 (2005): 212–214.
  1853. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1854. A standard, Marxist military analysis published in the Soviet General Staff’s house journal, Military Thought, filled with statistics about the organization and density of defenses. The article asserts that this battle became the model for subsequent Soviet methods of absorbing armored attack, including mobile obstacle detachments.
  1855. Find this resource:
  1856. Intelligence and Deception Aspects
  1857. In addition to overwhelming advantages in soldiers and weapons, the Soviets possessed a considerable advantage in terms of intelligence prior to the battle. Soviet partisans and long-range reconnaissance patrols provided a much more detailed understanding of the German rear area than the equivalent German intelligence, which was unaware of the true depth of their opponent’s defenses and manpower, as indicated by Eldridge 1989. Elder 1989 and Glantz 1989 provide different levels of detail concerning Soviet deception efforts. Glantz 1988 and Glantz 1989 represent two explanations of Soviet intelligence in 1943, with the latter being far more exhaustive. Mulligan 1987 is a useful critique of the legends concerning Soviet espionage within the German high command. Caircross 1997 makes a sensational, but undoubtedly exaggerated, claim that the author gave British signals intelligence information to Soviet intelligence prior to Kursk.
  1858. Caircross, John. The Enigma Spy: The Story of the Man Who Changed the Course of World War Two. London: Century, Random House, 1997.
  1859. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1860. This is the autobiography, published posthumously, of a Scottish scholar who was accused of being part of the infamous Cambridge spy ring. As the title suggests, some have claimed that Caircross materially aided the Soviets by passing them Ultra signals intelligence prior to the battle of Kursk. However, even the author concedes that Soviet intelligence received similar information from other sources.
  1861. Find this resource:
  1862. Elder, James E. The Operational Implications of Deception at the Battle of Kursk. Master’s monograph. Fort Leavenworth, KS: US Army Command and General Staff College, 1989.
  1863. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1864. A general overview of Soviet deception.
  1865. Find this resource:
  1866. Eldridge, Justin L. C. The Role of German Intelligence in the Planning and Conduct of Operation Citadel. Master’s monograph. Fort Leavenworth, KS: US Army Command and General Staff College, 1989.
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  1868. As the title indicates, this is a summary of the often-inadequate German intelligence concerning the Soviet defenses at Kursk.
  1869. Find this resource:
  1870. Glantz, David M. “Soviet Operational Intelligence in the Kursk Operation (July 1943).” Soviet Army Studies Office Report, 1988.
  1871. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1872. Glantz argues that German intelligence was unaware of Soviet defenses and forces in the depths of the Kursk region, failing to identify ten field armies. By contrast, Soviet intelligence provided reliable information so that Red commanders could plan both their defense and the follow-on operations after Kursk.
  1873. Find this resource:
  1874. Glantz, David M. Soviet Military Deception in the Second World War. London: Frank Cass, 1989.
  1875. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1876. Details specific deceptive measures the Soviets employed at Kursk (pp. 146–181).
  1877. Find this resource:
  1878. Glantz, David M. Soviet Military Intelligence in War. London: Frank Cass, 1990.
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  1880. An expansion of Glantz’s essay (Glantz 1988) with far greater detail concerning Kursk on pp. 172–283.
  1881. Find this resource:
  1882. Mulligan, Timothy P. “Spies, Cyphers, and ‘Zitadelle’: Intelligence and the Battle of Kursk, 1943.” Journal of Contemporary History 22.2 (April 1987): 235–260.
  1883. DOI: 10.1177/002200948702200203Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1884. The author compares the accuracy of Soviet human intelligence sources (Lucy) to British signals intelligence (Ultra) and concludes that the latter, while more accurate, was unable to provide more than a general warning. He suggests that tactical signals intelligence was more valuable, especially with regard to the Soviet counteroffensives.
  1885. Find this resource:
  1886. Air Aspects
  1887. While accounts of ground combat focus on the role of the new generation of German tanks, the Luftwaffe used primarily obsolescent aircraft. The one, perhaps exaggerated, exception was the first battlefield use, in small numbers, of the Ju-87G, armed with 30mm automatic cannon for use against Soviet armor. As argued by Muller 1992, even this weapon was limited both by shortages of aviation gasoline and by an increasingly competent and aggressive Red Air Force. Hardesty and Grinberg 2012 gives an updated view of how the Red Air Force developed throughout the war, an often-overlooked part of the story of Soviet victories. Hallion 1989 devotes a chapter to Kursk as part of a broader study of battlefield air support. Bergström 2007 is perhaps the most exhaustive study of the air battle at Kursk itself. Plocher 1967 and Kozhevnikov 1983 offer the official views of German and Soviet air commanders, respectively. Lucchesi 2007 provides little that is new in the understanding of this topic, but this work illustrates the worldwide fascination with Kursk in all its aspects.
  1888. Bergström, Christer. Kursk: The Air Battle: July 1943. Hersham, UK: Classic, 2007.
  1889. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1890. This rare study includes an extensive Russian and German language bibliography of its subject, as part of the author’s four-part study of the German-Soviet air struggle. He may over-emphasize the influence of air on the ground campaign, but overall this is an excellent work.
  1891. Find this resource:
  1892. Dalecky, William J. Battlefield Air Interdiction at the Battle of Kursk-1943. Master’s thesis. Fort Leavenworth, KS: US Army Command and General Staff College, 1980.
  1893. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1894. As the title suggests, this is an attempt to analyze the effects of airpower near but not at the line of contact, which was much more common than genuine close air support.
  1895. Find this resource:
  1896. Hallion, Richard P. Strike from the Sky: The History of Battlefield Air Attack, 1911–1945. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1989.
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  1898. The discussion of Kursk (pp. 245–260) includes a balanced account of air operations, including the report that German forward air controller vehicles could not keep pace with the newer heavy armor in the battle.
  1899. Find this resource:
  1900. Hardesty, Van, and Ilya Grinberg. Red Phoenix Rising: The Soviet Air Force in World War II. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2012.
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  1902. This superb revised edition of Hardesty’s classic discusses the air battle over Kursk (pp. 223–275), including the Red air order of battle. The authors assert that the Red Air Force practiced and improved its air-ground cooperation procedures during the battle, laying the foundation for later operations.
  1903. Find this resource:
  1904. Kozhevnikov, Mikhail Nikolaevich. The Command and Staff of the Soviet Army Air Force in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945. US Air Force Soviet Military Thought Series, No. 17. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1983.
  1905. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1906. The official, institutional account of Soviet air efforts at Kursk (pp. 125–143), including highly optimistic figures of German aircraft destroyed. Original published Moscow: Nauka, 1977.
  1907. Find this resource:
  1908. Lucchesi, Claudio. Kursk, 1943: Grandes Batalhas Aereas. Sao Paulo, Brazil: C & R Editorial, 2007.
  1909. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1910. A short survey of the employment of air power at Kursk by a Brazilian aviation historian.
  1911. Find this resource:
  1912. Muller, Richard R. The German Air War in Russia. Baltimore: Nautical and Aviation Publishers, 1992.
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  1914. Muller places Luftwaffe support of ground operations into context, describing German operational attacks on the Gorki tank plants and other targets prior to the battle itself. He argues convincingly that concentration on the Ju-87G has given an exaggerated view of the very limited German air capability against Soviet armor.
  1915. Find this resource:
  1916. Plocher, Hermann. The German Air Force against Russia, 1943. New York: Arno, 1967.
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  1918. Originally written for the US government after the war, this account provides considerable detail about the German air fleets involved at Kursk. Plocher commanded 1st Flieger Division on the northern face of the Kursk bulge. See especially pages 77–83 concerning the fuel and other limitations on German air efforts.
  1919. Find this resource:
  1920. Prokhorovka Engagement
  1921. The encounter around Prokhorovka is the basis for the contention that Kursk was the largest single tank engagement in history. As such, this engagement is the center of much of the revisionist arguments, which contend that Lieutenant General P. A. Rotmistrov, the commander of 5th Guards Tank Army, embroidered and exaggerated the nature of this clash in order to explain the horrendous casualties suffered by his tank corps. In particular, Zamulin 2011 and Zamulin 2012 argue that this tank army, like 1st Tank Army earlier in the battle, was so badly handled that only two of Rotmistrov’s subordinate corps arrived at Prokhorovka on schedule, resulting in heavy losses and a tactical victory for the fragmented SS forces they met on 12 July. Zamulin’s two works contend that this 12 July counterattack was part of a larger, and equally uncoordinated, attempt to encircle all of II SS Panzer Corps.
  1922. Armstrong, Richard N. Red Army Tank Commanders: The Armored Guards. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military/Aviation History, 1994.
  1923. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1924. In his excellent biography of six tank commanders, Armstrong provides considerable detail on the employment of M. E. Katukov’s 1st Tank Army (pp. 57–63), A. G. Rodin’s 2nd Tank Army (pp. 123–125), and P. A. Rotmistrov’s 5th Guards Tank Army (pp. 346–359). Although the author criticizes the employment of 1st and 2nd Tank Armies, he follows Rotmistrov’s account of Prokhorovka.
  1925. Find this resource:
  1926. Crow, Charles L. Operational Level Analysis of Soviet Armored Formations in the Deliberate Defense in the Battle of Kursk, 1943. Master’s thesis. Fort Leavenworth, KS: US Army Command and General Staff College, 1985.
  1927. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1928. A discussion of the commitment and employment of the tank armies; of limited utility.
  1929. Find this resource:
  1930. Lopukhovsky, Lev. Prokhorovka bez grifa sekretnosti. Moscow: Eksmo, 2005.
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  1932. “Prokorovka without the secret classification.” A sound and detailed account of the engagement based on newly released archival materials, generally following Zamulin’s argument about the botched and limited nature of the battle at Prokhorovka.
  1933. Find this resource:
  1934. Nipe, George M. Blood, Steel, and Myth: The II. SS-Panzer-Korps and the Road to Prochorowka, July 1943. Stamford, CT: RZM, 2011.
  1935. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1936. Nipe provides the German side of the revisionist approach to Prokhorovka, calculating that II SS Panzer Corps had only 232 operational tanks on 12 July, and lost no more than 54. This book includes numerous illustrations and details about tactical combat on the German side.
  1937. Find this resource:
  1938. Rotmistrov, P. A. Stal’naia gvardiia. Moscow: Voenizdat, 1984.
  1939. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1940. “The steel guards.” The commander of 5th Guards Tank Army describes the role his tank army played in this famous battle (pp. 162–231). Beginning shortly after the battle, Rotmistrov’s accounts have formed the accepted wisdom about Prokhorovka.
  1941. Find this resource:
  1942. Schrank, David. Thunder at Prokhorovka: A Combat History of Operation Citadel, Kursk, July 1943. Solihull, UK: Helion, 2014.
  1943. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1944. A carefully researched integration of various recent studies of the battle.
  1945. Find this resource:
  1946. Zamulin, Valerii Nikolaevich. Demolishing the Myth: The Tank Battle of Prokhorovka, Kursk, July 1943: An Operational Narrative. Translated and edited by Stuart Britton. Solihull, UK: Helion, 2011.
  1947. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1948. The most significant recent work on Kursk. The author reconstructs events on the southern face of the Kursk bulge, and liberally criticizes most Soviet commanders. Zamulin not only argues against the mythical battle of 12 July, but also contends that the encounter was part of a botched counterattack driven from Moscow.
  1949. Find this resource:
  1950. Zamulin, Valerii Nikolaevich. “Prokorovka: The Origins and Evolution of a Myth.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 25.4 (2012): 582–595.
  1951. DOI: 10.1080/13518046.2012.730391Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1952. Zamulin attributes the exaggerated numbers of tanks involved to both Soviet intelligence failures and Rotmistrov’s desire to portray his heavy losses in the best possible light.
  1953. Find this resource:
  1954. Soviet Counteroffensives (Operations KUTUZOV and RUMIANTSEV)
  1955. While the Germans still strove in vain to penetrate the deep defenses around Kursk, on 12 July a Soviet counter-offensive (Operation KUTUZOV) struck against the reciprocal Orel Bulge, held by the German Second Panzer and Ninth Armies just north of Kursk. This attack forced the Germans to evacuate the area and abandon even the limited gains made on the northern shoulder of Kursk. More ominously for the Germans, the forces on the southern shoulder, which had apparently suffered serious losses during Manstein’s offensive, launched their own counteroffensive (Operation RUMIANTSEV) on 3 August, less than three weeks after the German offensive ceased. Again, the Red Army erased any German gains at Kursk and moved on to retake Khar’kov in early August. Bukeikhanov 2013 covers both of these operations thoroughly, while Pierce 1987 gives a brief overview of the effects of KUTUZOV and RUMIANTSEV on the overall Kursk campaign. Bagramian 1963 and Sandalov 1963 are heavily influenced by Soviet official historiography, but nonetheless provide contemporary accounts of KUTUZOV. Shchekotikhin 2009 and Shein 2007 are two excellent examples of how recent Russian historians have re-examined the forgotten Soviet counteroffensive in the north.
  1956. Bagramian, Ivan Khristoforovich. “Flangovy udar 11-i gvardeiskoi armii.” Voenno-istoricheskii zhurnal 7 (July 1963): 83–95.
  1957. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1958. “The flank attack of 11th Guards Army.” Bagramian commanded 11th Guards Army, the principal force in Operation KUTUZOV.
  1959. Find this resource:
  1960. Bukeikhanov, Petr. Kurskaia bitva: Nastuplenie: Operatsiia “Kutuzov,” Operatsiia “Polkovodets Rumiantsev” Iiul’–avgust 1943. Moscow: Tsentropoligraf, 2013.
  1961. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1962. “The battle of Kursk: Counteroffensive: Operation “Kutuzov,” and Operation “Commander Rumiantsev” July–August 1943.” This is the most thorough study to date on Operations KUTUZOV and RUMIANTSEV.
  1963. Find this resource:
  1964. Pierce, Kerry K. Kursk: A Study in Operational Art. Master’s monograph. Fort Leavenworth, KS: US Army Command and General Staff College, 1987.
  1965. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1966. Considers the role of the counteroffensives in the campaign.
  1967. Find this resource:
  1968. Sandalov, L. “Brianskii front v orlovskoi operatsii.” Voenno-istoricheskii zhurnal 8 (August 1963): 62–72.
  1969. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1970. “The Briansk Front in the Orel operation.” For its time (during the Khrushchev era), this was a frank discussion of KUTUZOV.
  1971. Find this resource:
  1972. Shchekotikhin, Egor. Krupneishee tankovoe srazhenie Velikoi Otechestvennoi: Bitva za Orel. Moscow: Eksmo, 2009.
  1973. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1974. “The largest tank battle of the Great Patriotic [War]: The battle for Orel.” A very detailed and accurate account of Operation KUTUZOV, particularly the roles played by Soviet 3rd Guards, 4th, and 2nd Tank Armies.
  1975. Find this resource:
  1976. Shein, Dmitrii. Tanki vedet Rybalko: Boevoi put’ 3-i Gvardeiskoi tankovoi armii. Moscow: Eksmo, 2007.
  1977. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1978. “Rybalko leads tanks.” This large-format book contains an excellent documentary treatment of 3rd Guards Tank Army’s performance in the Orel offensive (pp. 95–131).
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