2019-10-01 TOEFL: word roots, reading facts

Greg Malivuk
gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-surprising-reason-our-muscles-get-tired-christian-moro
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Word roots (list 2) - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
cert (certain, ascertain, certificate) = sure
chrom (monochrome, achromatic) = color
chron (chronological, anachronism, synchronize) = time
circum (circumscribe, circumspect, circumnavigate) = around
claim/clam (exclaim, proclamation, clamor) = yell (say loudly and forcefully)
clar (clarify, declare) = clear
cline (inclination, decline, recline) = lean
co (coworker, coeducational, coauthor) = together
          	col before L: (collaborate, colleague)
          	com before M, P, B: (communicate, composition, combine)
          	cor before R: (correlate, corroborate)
          	con before other consonants except H: (connect, convention, contemporary)
          	(co before vowels, H, and in new words like “copilot” and “coworker”)
cogni (cognizance, incognito) = know (sometimes “think”)
contra (contrast, contradict, controversy) = against (This is con+tra or tro. It’s the same “tr” that we see in “intro”, “retro”, “extra”.)
corp (corporation, corpse, incorporate) = body
cred (credible, credit, credulous) = believe
crypto (cryptography, cryptic, encrypt) = hide
de/di (decelerate, dethrone, decrease, divide, diverge) = down or apart
dem/demo (demographics, democracy, epidemic) = people
di (dilemma, dihedral) = two
dia (diameter, dialect) = across/between
dict (dictator, dictionary, contradict) = tell/say
domin (dominate, dominion, predominate) = master/control
don (donate, pardon) = give
duce/duct (introduction, deduct, conduct, educate, duke) = lead/take
dyna (dynamic, dynamite, dynasty) = movement/power
dys (dystopia, dyslexia) = bad (The opposite prefix is “eu”.)
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TOEFL: 4 sections, 4 hours, 120 points total, 30/section
1 reading: 3 or 4 passages, 54-72 minutes, 10 questions for each passage
2 listening: 5-7 listenings, 40-60 minutes, 2-3 conversations (5Q each), 3-4 lecture/discussions (6Q each)
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking: 4 tasks, 17 minutes, 1 indepedent, 3 integrated, 3m45s of speaking time
4 writing: 2 tasks, 55 minutes, 1 integrated (20m to write), 1 independent (30m to write)
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Reading Question Types:
- fact (According to the text, which of the following is true?)
- negative fact (Which of the following is NOT true?)
- vocabulary (Which word is closest in meaning to the highlighted word in the text?)
- paraphrase (Which sentence best expresses the essential meaning of the highlighted sentence?)
- purpose (Why does the author _____?) / method (How does the author _____?)
- inference (What can be inferred about _____? / What does the author imply about ____?)
- sentence insertion (Where does the new sentence fit best in the text?)
- summary (Choose the three sentences that express the most important ideas of the passage.)
- reference (What does the highlighted pronoun refer to?) [probably not on the test any more]
- categorize (Put the answer choices into the correct categories.) [probably not on the test]
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BREAK
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Fact Questions
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Cambridge p. 181-182 - Decide if each statement is true or false.
1 A T
  B F
  C T (“military risk” is a security threat)
  D T (There was “doubt as to the feasibility”, which means some people thought it wasn’t feasible.)
  E F
  F F
  G F (There was no tunnel made in 1930, so any sentence that attributes some characteristic to “the tunnel made in 1930” is false.)
  H T (The estimated cost was one thing that led to rejection, so it prohibited construction.)
2 A T
  B F (The animal was probably this size, but the fossils are only small pieces.)
  C F
  D T
  E T
  F F
  G T
  H T (The paragraph treats the “isolation” of the bones as synonymous to “separation”.)
	“The separation of these bones in marine whales…” -> There is separation in marine whales.
3 A T
  B F
  C F (It gives off a glue, not a scent.)
  D T
  E T
  F F (The paragraph only gives percentages for aphids and that percentage is for the hybrid, not the wild.)
  G T
  H T (“the hairs also trap beneficial insects” = the hairs harm insects that help the potato)
4 A F
  B T
  C T
  D F
  E F (The quality comes from the type of varnish, but not from its color, which can be different.)
  F T
  G F
  H T
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“The newly elected prime minister is involved in a scandal.”
- The noun clause tells us:
	1 The country has a prime minister.
	2 The prime minister is elected.
	3 There were recently elections.
	4 Those elections picked a new prime minister.
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Longman p. 51 - Take 4 minutes to answer the questions about Lake Baikal.
1 D
2 A (It’s the ninth largest, so there are 8 larger lakes.)
3 D
4 C
5 B
p. 52 - postage stamp
6 C (The first century was the years 1 to 100 AD.)
7 A (“in advance” means it was paid before sending)
8 D
9 B
10 C
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Homework: Cengage p. 35-42 - Answer the fact questions about these three passages. (Question 4 is a bit unclear.)