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- Greg Malivuk
- gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
- http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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- word roots (list 3) - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root
- ego (egocentric, egotistical, egomania) = self
- endo (endotherm, endocrine) = inside
- epi (epiphyte, epidermis, epidemic) = on/upon
- equi (equidistant, equation) = same (quantity)
- erg (ergonomic, energy) = work
- esth/aesth (anesthetic, kinesthesia) = feel/perceive (Words that start with this root are often related to (the perception of) beauty.)
- eu (eulogy, euphemism, euphoria) = good (The opposite prefix is “dys”.)
- ex/ect (ex-husband, exit, excavate, ectotherm) = out
- extra (extraordinary, extrovert, extraterrestrial) = outward/beyond (This is the same “tra” or “tro” as “intro”, “contra”, “retro”.)
- fac/fact (artifact, factory) = make (This comes from the same Latin root as “hacer”. f->h is a common change from Latin to Spanish.)
- fer (transfer, ferry) = carry
- flect/flex (deflect, reflection, flexible) = bend
- fore (foreground, forecast) = before (“fore”, “front”, “first”, “prim”, “pre”, “pro” - all come from the same root)
- fract/frag (fracture, fragment, fragile) = break
- fug (refugee, fugitive) = escape/flee
- funct (function, defunct) = work/perform
- gen (generation, generate, genealogy) = make/create (By extension, this is also in words related to families and types.)
- geo (geography, geology, geocentric) = Earth
- graph (autograph, graphite, seismograph) = draw/write
- grat (gratify, gratuity, grateful) = please (v)
- helio (heliocentric, heliograph) = Sun
- hemo (hemophilia, hemorrhage, hemoglobin) = blood
- hetero (heterogeneous, heteronym) = different
- homo (homogeneous, homonym) = same (not quantity)
- hydro (hydrate, hydraulic, hydrophobia) = water (or more generally fluid)
- hyper (hyperextend, hyperactive, hypertension) = over/too much
- hypo (hypodermic, hypothermia, hypotension) = under/too little
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- “kine” and “migr” both mean “move”. For other roots about movement, there’s something more specific you should be able to identify.
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- The roots of words can make them seem synonymous but the real connotations are very different.
- prediction = the normal everyday guesses and conclusions we make about the future
- foretelling = a magical prediction, such as what a fortune teller might give you
- prophecy = a divine prediction, such as what comes from the gods
- (The roots all basically mean “before”+“say”.)
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- ultrasonic = higher (frequency) than sound (that we can hear)
- supersonic = faster than sound
- hypersonic = much faster than sound (often at least 5 times faster)
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- TOEFL: 4 hours, 4 sections, 30 points per section (120 total), $205
- 1 reading: 54-72 minutes, 3 or 4 passages, 10 questions about each passage
- 2 listening: 40-60 minutes, 2-3 conversations (5Q) and 3-4 lectures or discussions (6Q)
- (10-minute break)
- 3 speaking: 17 minutes, 4 tasks, 3m45s speaking time
- 4 writing: 55 minutes, 2 tasks, 20+30 minutes of writing time
- - The test changed on August 1st and there are no books about the new version. The old reading section was 60-80 minutes and each passage had up to 14 questions. The old listening section was 60-90 minutes and there were 4 or 6 lectures or discussions. The old speaking section had 6 tasks.
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- Reading Question Types:
- - paraphrase (which sentence has the same meaning as the highlighted sentence?)
- - vocabulary (which word has the same meaning as the highlighted word in the text?)
- - fact (according to the text, which of these is true?)
- - negative fact (according to the text, which of these is NOT true?)
- - inference (what can be inferred from the text?)
- - purpose (why does the author use a particular phrase or include an example?)
- - sentence insertion (where in the paragraph does this new sentence fit best?)
- - summarize (which three answer choices are the most important ideas from the passage?)
- (- reference (what does this pronoun refer to?) - probably not on the test, but a useful skill)
- (- categorize (put the answer choices in the correct categories) - probably not on the test, but on some of our practice tests)
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- Vocabulary in Context
- - One key point is that it’s always asking about the word in the context of the passage. The correct answer choice may not be a general synonym of the word. Some incorrect answers could be synonyms of the word in other contexts, but not in the text.
- score =
- (n) the number of points (on a task or in a game)
- (v) to earn points
- (v) to scratch or etch a hard surface
- (n) sheet music, especially including parts for all instruments
- (n) twenty
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- Cengage exercise 2.1 - In your own words, what do the highlighted dowrds mean?
- passage 1
- 2 steady, unchanging
- 3 after sunset (dawn = before sunrise)
- 4 basic
- 5 dim, weak, poor, slight
- 6 waste, garbage
- 7 walk around without direction (especially for animals, especially with “free”)
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- BREAK
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- passage 2
- 8 gained power
- 9 program of studies
- 10 optional, choosable
- 11 emphasized, focused on
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- https://books.google.com/ngrams/ - see and compare the frequency of different words and expressions in English books
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- passage 3
- 12 group
- 13 fog, haze
- 14 shining, bright
- 15 broken pieces (after something is built or destroyed)
- 16 several
- 17 grieving (especially after a death)
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- exercise 2.2 passage 1 - take 5.5 minutes eliminate definitely wrong answers (and try to guess the correct one)
- 1 B
- 2 C
- 3 C
- 4 D
- 5 A
- 6 D
- “nothing if not _____” = “very _____”
- 7 B
- 8 B
- 9 A
- 10 A
- 11 A
- passage 3 - take 4 minutes
- Check with your partner. Did you eliminate some of the same incorrect options?
- 19 C
- 20 B
- 21 C (These words mean strong and durable.)
- 22 A (shock absorbers are part of a suspension system)
- 23 B (They were on the train at that time, going to the company.)
- 24 D
- 25 D
- it was by no means ______ = it wasn’t ______
- 26 B
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- coaches owned by Wells Fargo = coaches belonging to Wells Fargo
- (the coaches are owned by…) (the coaches belong to…)
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- Homework: finish exercises 2.1 and 2.2 (also: bring your books tomorrow)
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