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Japanese Architecture (Art History)

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  1. Introduction
  2. Japanese architecture has long had varying expressions and historical interpretations both inside and outside the geographic boundaries of the island nation. While the earliest structures date back to the Jōmon period (14,000 BCE to 300 BCE), the profession of the architect as a specialist in designing buildings using Western building construction did not emerge until the Meiji period (1868–1912). Up until this time, the master carpenter was both the designer and builder, and was particularly well versed in wood-frame construction. The discipline of architectural history within Japan also developed during this time, led by Itō Chūta (b. 1867–d. 1954), whose study of Hōryūji temple in contrast to the Parthenon situated the Japanese architectural canon within an international context. While studies of Japanese architectural history have focused on the religious structures of Buddhism and Shinto, foreign observers and specialists such as Edward Morse (b. 1838–d. 1925), author of Japanese Homes and Their Surroundings (originally published in 1886), documented the vernacular built environment. Domestic architecture has subsequently been the subject of a wide range of studies in its premodern and modern incarnations. Moreover, the ravages of earthquakes, fires, wars, and developers have exacerbated the rapid transformation of the Japanese built environment from the 19th century to the present. The history of modern Japanese architecture is thus presented through the historical periods from the opening of Japan to the West, post–World War II development, and contemporary trajectories. In addition to a bibliography of individual architects, urbanism and Japanese gardens have been included in this article to present the broader Japanese architect integrally with the built and natural environments. The bibliography of Japanese architecture reflects this great variety through time and differing domestic and international contexts. English-language scholarship has long relied on visual interpretation, shaped by the subjectivity of historical periods and personal interests and expertise. While comprehensive in-depth English accounts covering the earliest periods to the present are limited, with most recent scholarship focusing on the modern period (1868–), the following provides a framework of themes and typologies within historical contexts that may serve as a starting point for inquiry and further research. For clarity, all names are listed following English convention, with given name first and family name second; macrons are used for long vowels. Some Japanese names have multiple spellings in English.
  3.  
  4. General Overviews
  5. Introductory overviews of Japanese architecture have varied greatly through history, based on the interests of the authors and the spirits of their respective ages. Collectively, they provide a window onto the richness and variety of built form in Japan up to the present day. Nishi and Hozumi 1985 and Yagi 1981 provide a clear entry to the subject. Drexler 1966, Horiguchi 1955, and Ōta 1972 each present a photographic introduction. Coaldrake 1996 bridges a wide span in time through representative monuments. Following the overview of Kishida 2008 (originally published in 1935), Fujimori 1994 surveys modern architecture in Japanese, while Stewart 1987 discusses the development of the topic in English.
  6.  
  7. Coaldrake, William. Architecture and Authority in Japan. London and New York: Routledge, 1996.
  8.  
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  10.  
  11. This study examines architecture as an active expression of power, politics, and religion through focused studies of monuments from Ise Shrine to Kenzō Tange’s Tokyo City Hall.
  12.  
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  14.  
  15. Drexler, Arthur. The Architecture of Japan. New York: Arno/MoMA, 1966.
  16.  
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  18.  
  19. Published in conjunction with the exhibition of a “Japanese House” at the Museum of Modern Art during the summers of 1954 and 1955 to illustrate the relevance of traditional Japanese architecture to modern western building.
  20.  
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  22.  
  23. Fujimori, Terunobu. Nihon no kindai kenchiku. 2 vols. Tokyo: Iwanami, 1994.
  24.  
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  26.  
  27. Classic survey of Japanese modern architectural history in Japanese from the Meiji period to the early work of Kenzō Tange.
  28.  
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  30.  
  31. Horiguchi, Sutemi. Architectural Beauty in Japan. Tokyo: Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai, 1955.
  32.  
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  34.  
  35. This book features a collection of black-and-white photographs of Japanese architecture from the 4th century through the 1950s, with traditional and modern work divided into two sections. The works are interpreted through two introductory essays and descriptive texts at the end.
  36.  
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  38.  
  39. Kishida, Hideto. Japanese Architecture. New York: Roche, 2008.
  40.  
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  42.  
  43. First published in 1935, this is a small but widely used booklet published for the foreign tourist to Japan.
  44.  
  45. Find this resource:
  46.  
  47. Nishi, Kazuo, and Kazuo Hozumi. What is Japanese Architecture? Translated and adapted by H. Mack Horton. New York: Kodansha International, 1985.
  48.  
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  50.  
  51. A clearly illustrated and written survey of traditional Japanese architecture, with list of sites and map. Originally published as Nihon kenchiku no katachi (Tokyo: Shokokusha, 1983).
  52.  
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  54.  
  55. Ōta, Hirotarō, ed. Traditional Japanese Architecture and Gardens. Yokohama, Japan: Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai, 1972.
  56.  
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  58.  
  59. Balanced introductory text covering historical overview, technology, gardens, Shinto and Buddhist architecture, houses, and castles. Accounts by Japanese experts. Good bibliography.
  60.  
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  62.  
  63. Stewart, David B. The Making of a Modern Japanese Architecture: 1868 to the Present. Tokyo and New York: Kodansha International, 1987.
  64.  
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  66.  
  67. An overview of modern Japanese architectural history from its formation in the Meiji Period, leading to an examination of Kazuo Shinohara and Arata Isozaki.
  68.  
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  70.  
  71. Yagi, Koji, ed. Japan: Climate, Space, and Concept. Tokyo: Process Architecture, 1981.
  72.  
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  74.  
  75. An accessible, well-illustrated introduction to the architecture of Japan through essays examining its relationship to climate, wood, culture, and spatial perception.
  76.  
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  78.  
  79. Reference Works
  80. The sources included here provide a basis to navigate through the extensive Japanese-language scholarship and find specialized research on a wide range of topics that span architecture, urbanism, and design. Nihon kenchiku gakkai 2001 remains a starting point for scholars working in Japanese, and Shinkenchiku gaku taikei provides an encyclopedic introduction. Shinkenchikusha 1995 is a useful index and Yamaguchi and Fujii 2001 is an anthology of key texts in Japanese. Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System (JAANUS) serves as an online dictionary for Japanese architecture and related topics.
  81.  
  82. Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System (JAANUS).
  83.  
  84. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  85.  
  86. Online dictionary of approximately eight thousand terms related to traditional Japanese architecture and gardens, painting, sculpture, and art-historical iconography from approximately the 1st century CE to the end of the Edo period (1868).
  87.  
  88. Find this resource:
  89.  
  90. Nihon kenchiku gakkai, ed. Kindai Nihon kenchikugaku hattatsushi. Tokyo: Bunsei Shoin, 2001.
  91.  
  92. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  93.  
  94. Comprehensive coverage of a wide range of topics on the history of modern Japanese architecture by Japanese scholars.
  95.  
  96. Find this resource:
  97.  
  98. Shinkenchikugaku taikei editorial committee. Shinkenchiku gaku taikei. 50 vols. Tokyo: Shokokusha, 1981.
  99.  
  100. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  101.  
  102. Encyclopedia of Japanese architectural studies edited by specialists in each particular field.
  103.  
  104. Find this resource:
  105.  
  106. Shinkenchikusha. Gendai kenchiku no kiseki. Tokyo: Shinkenchiku, 1995.
  107.  
  108. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  109.  
  110. Chronicle of Japanese modern architecture seen through the journal Shinkenchiku from 1925 to 1995, with summaries of key articles and critical interpretation by leading Japanese scholars.
  111.  
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  113.  
  114. Yamaguchi, Hiroshi, and Shōichirō Fujii. Nihon kenchiku sengen bunshū. Tokyo: Shōkokusha, 2011
  115.  
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  117.  
  118. Anthology of key treatises of Japanese architecture.
  119.  
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  121.  
  122. Journals
  123. Architectural journals provide an ongoing illustrated chronicle of architectural culture in Japan from a wide range of perspectives. Kenchiku Zasshi and Shinkenchiku are monthly journals that continue to the present. Japan Architect is the primary English journal of Japanese topics, while Architecture + Urbanism features international projects with bilingual texts. Kokusai Kenchiku and Kenchiku Bunka illustrate architectural culture from their respective eras and editorial perspectives.
  124.  
  125. Architecture + Urbanism. 1971.
  126.  
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  128.  
  129. English-language journal published by Shinkenchiku featuring projects from around the world.
  130.  
  131. Find this resource:
  132.  
  133. Japan Architect. 1959–.
  134.  
  135. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  136.  
  137. English-language quarterly journal published by Shinkenchiku that features annual yearbooks, monographs on leading architects, and special issues on particular themes.
  138.  
  139. Find this resource:
  140.  
  141. Jutaku Tokushu. 1985–.
  142.  
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  144.  
  145. Journal featuring residential works exclusively.
  146.  
  147. Find this resource:
  148.  
  149. Kenchiku Bunka. 1946–2004.
  150.  
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  152.  
  153. Journal featuring the “architectural culture” through the postwar period.
  154.  
  155. Find this resource:
  156.  
  157. Kenchiku Zasshi. 1887–.
  158.  
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  160.  
  161. The oldest architectural journal, publishing scholarship of the Architectural Institute of Japan.
  162.  
  163. Find this resource:
  164.  
  165. Kokusai Kenchiku. 1925–1967.
  166.  
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  168.  
  169. Review of “international architecture.”
  170.  
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  172.  
  173. Shinkenchiku. 1925–.
  174.  
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  176.  
  177. The primary Japanese-language monthly journal that publishes a wide range of building types, with articles by leading architects and critics.
  178.  
  179. Find this resource:
  180.  
  181. Premodern Periods
  182. This section presents scholarship about the stretch of time from prehistoric Japan during the Jōmon period (1400 BCE to 300 BCE) up to the end of the Edo period and the beginning of the modern period, marked by the start of the Meiji government in 1868. This section begins with Building and Construction and then presents the Sacred Architecture of Buddhism and Shinto in counterpoint to domestic architecture. Finally, the section on Gardens presents the broader environment integral to the built forms.
  183.  
  184. Building and Construction
  185. Throughout the history of architecture in Japan, building and construction have been integral to design. Brown 1989 and Coaldrake 1990 trace the role of the carpenter. Buntrock 2002 analyzes the building design process, while Engel 1985 focuses on measurement and modules that order architectural design in Japan. Clancy 2006 presents the broader context of building in seismic Japan. Following the building process, Odate 1998 presents tools, Seike 1977 illustrates the joinery that the tools produce, and Schittich 2002 presents the evolution of building details and construction in contemporary examples.
  186.  
  187. Brown, S. Azby. The Genius of Japanese Carpentry: An Account of a Temple’s Construction. New York: Kodansha International, 1989.
  188.  
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  190.  
  191. A book that describes the carpenter’s skills in the design and construction of traditional Japanese temple architecture.
  192.  
  193. Find this resource:
  194.  
  195. Buntrock, Dana. Japanese Architecture as a Collaborative Process: Opportunities in a Flexible Construction Culture. New York: Spon, 2002.
  196.  
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  198.  
  199. This book discusses architectural production in Japan within the broader social and cultural constructs of the construction community through both historical precedents and contemporary practice.
  200.  
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  202.  
  203. Clancy, Gregory. Earthquake Nation: The Cultural Politics of Japanese Seismicity, 1868–1930. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.
  204.  
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  206.  
  207. This analysis traces the history of modern Japanese earthquakes, as well as earthquake science and its cultural and political effects on building.
  208.  
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  210.  
  211. Coaldrake, William H. The Way of the Carpenter: Tools and Japanese Architecture. New York: Weatherhill, 1990.
  212.  
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  214.  
  215. This book examines the master builder within the guild system, including materials, methods, tools, and innovations through history.
  216.  
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  218.  
  219. Engel, Heino. Measure and Construction of the Japanese House. Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle, 1985.
  220.  
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  222.  
  223. An accessible chapter extracted from the author’s longer book,The Japanese House: A Tradition for Contemporary Architecture (Engel 1964, cited under Domestic Architecture).
  224.  
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  226.  
  227. Odate, Toshio. Japanese Woodworking Tools: Their Tradition, Spirit and Use. Fresno, CA: Linden, 1998.
  228.  
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  230.  
  231. Survey of tools, illustrated with drawings and photographs.
  232.  
  233. Find this resource:
  234.  
  235. Schittich, Christian. ‪In Detail: Japan: Architecture, Constructions, Ambiances. Munich: Birkhäuser, 2002.
  236.  
  237. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  238.  
  239. Features detail drawings and images of many of the great contemporary Japanese projects up to the beginning of the 21st century.
  240.  
  241. Find this resource:
  242.  
  243. Seike, Kiyosi. The Art of Japanese Joinery. Translated by Yuriko Yobuko and Rebecca M. Davis. New York: Weatherhill, 1977.
  244.  
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  246.  
  247. Forty-eight joints are dramatically illustrated through black-and-white photographs and explained through their history and hidden techniques in an introductory essay by this modernist architect.
  248.  
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  250.  
  251. Sacred Architecture
  252. The sources included here illustrate links between architecture and art in relationship to religious teaching and practice. Suzuki 1980 provides a useful introduction to the subject, McCallum 2009 presents further insights into lesser-known temples, and Wong and Field 2008 offers detailed recent studies of Hōryūji. Nihon no tera, Fukuyama 1976, and Kidder 1964 illustrate Buddhism through photographs of individual buildings. Nitschke 1993 and Tange and Kawazoe 1965 present interpretations of Shinto architecture from their respective perspectives as architects.
  253.  
  254. Fukuyama, Toshio. Heian Temples: Byodo-in and Chuson-ji. Translated by Ronald Jones. New York: Weatherhill, 1976.
  255.  
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  257.  
  258. Examines the art and architecture of Pure Land Buddhism during the Heian period through extensive photographs and drawings.
  259.  
  260. Find this resource:
  261.  
  262. Kidder, J. Edward, Jr. Japanese Temples: Sculpture, Paintings, Gardens, and Architecture. Tokyo: Bijutsu shuppansha, 1964.
  263.  
  264. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  265.  
  266. Features extensive photographic plates.
  267.  
  268. Find this resource:
  269.  
  270. McCallum, Donald F. The Four Great Temples: Buddhist Archaeology, Architecture, and Icons of Seventh-Century Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2009.
  271.  
  272. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  273.  
  274. Traces the flowering of Buddhism through Asukadera, Kudara Odera, Kawaradera, and Yakushiji.
  275.  
  276. Find this resource:
  277.  
  278. Nihon no tera. 14 vols. Tokyo: Bijutsu Shuppansha, 1958–1961.
  279.  
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  281.  
  282. This set is exceptional for providing photography and text on the most historically significant temples of Japan, including Tōdaiji, Byōdōin, Hōryūji. and Daitokuji. The preeminent architectural historian Fukuyama Toshio provided text, while leading photographers contributed the pictures.
  283.  
  284. Find this resource:
  285.  
  286. Nitschke, Günter. From Shinto to Ando: Studies in Architectural Anthropology in Japan. London: Academy Editions, 1993.
  287.  
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  289.  
  290. A series of essays written between 1986 and 1993 based on research from the early 1960s using anthropological enquiries into architecture and urban form.
  291.  
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  293.  
  294. Parent, Mary Neighbour. The Roof in Japanese Buddhist Architecture. New York: Weatherhill, 1983.
  295.  
  296. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  297.  
  298. This study, based on the author’s doctoral dissertation, examines the structure and evolution of the temple roof in Japan from the 6th to the 15th century.
  299.  
  300. Find this resource:
  301.  
  302. Suzuki, Kakichi. Early Buddhist Architecture in Japan. Translated by Mary Neighbor Parent and Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt. Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1980.
  303.  
  304. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  305.  
  306. Examines how Buddhist ideals inspired buildings from the late 6th century to 1200 CE through representative monuments, including Hōryūji and Yakyushiji. Includes useful architectural drawings, glossary, and bibliography. Originally published as Jōdai no jiin kenchiku (Tokyo: Shibundo, 1971).
  307.  
  308. Find this resource:
  309.  
  310. Tange, Kenzō, and Noboru Kawazoe. Ise: Prototype of Japanese Architecture. Translated by Eric Klestadt and John Bester. Photographs by Yoshio Watanabe. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1965.
  311.  
  312. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  313.  
  314. Dramatic presentation of Watanabe’s photographs of Ise Shrine, ranked by Bruno Taut with the Parthenon in architectural importance, with book design by Yusaku Kamekura and texts by Kenzō Tange and Noboru Kawazoe.
  315.  
  316. Find this resource:
  317.  
  318. Wong, Dorothy C., and Eric M. Field, eds. Hōryūji Reconsidered. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars, 2008.
  319.  
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  321.  
  322. Edited volume discussing this landmark temple complex from multiple perspectives.
  323.  
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  325.  
  326. Domestic Architecture
  327. The history of the Japanese house spans from the beginning of time to the present through varied urban and rural typologies. Throughout the 20th century, Japanese houses captured the attention of architects outside of the country as modern expressions of flexibility and fluid space between interior and exterior, resulting in an extensive body of illustrated books. At the same time, dwellings in Japan have had to address increasingly difficult sites, array of living patterns and building materials resulting in diverse forms. The historical accounts include Morse 2005, Taut 1958, and Yoshida 1955. Engel 1964 and Inaba 2000 provide useful overviews. Sand 2003 (cited under Modern Foundations, 1868–1945) presents a detailed reading of vernacular dwellings over fifty years. Nakagawa 2005 and Ueda 1990 provide analyses of Japanese dwellings through constituent elements, key terms, and the authors’ interpretations of use and meaning.
  328.  
  329. Engel, Heinrich. The Japanese House: A Tradition for Contemporary Architecture. Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle, 1964.
  330.  
  331. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  332.  
  333. Analysis of traditional Japanese houses by this German architect, with a particular focus on measuring systems, modules, and construction, illustrated by line drawings. First chapter republished as Measure and Construction of the Japanese House (see Engel 1985, cited under Building and Construction).
  334.  
  335. Find this resource:
  336.  
  337. Inaba, Kazuyo. Japanese Homes and Lifestyles: An Illustrated Journey through History. Translated by John Bester. Tokyo and New York: Kodansha International, 2000.
  338.  
  339. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  340.  
  341. Illustrated introductory survey of Japanese dwellings from prehistoric to modern times. Originally published as Nihonjin no sumai: Jūkyo to seikatsu no rekishi (Tokyo: Shōkokusha, 1983).
  342.  
  343. Find this resource:
  344.  
  345. Morse, Edward S. Japanese Homes and Their Surroundings. London: Kegan Paul, 2005.
  346.  
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  348.  
  349. Classic account originally published in 1886 (available online) of Japanese dwellings during the early Meiji period prior to rapid Westernization, richly illustrated by the drawings of this noted zoologist, ethnologist, and archaeologist.
  350.  
  351. Find this resource:
  352.  
  353. Nakagawa, Takeshi. The Japanese House in Space, Memory, and Language. Translated by Geraldine Harcourt. Tokyo: International House of Japan, 2005.
  354.  
  355. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  356.  
  357. Analysis of Japanese residences through key terms, their spatial implications, and experience through the author’s personal memories. Originally published as Nihon no ie: Kūkan, kioku, kotoba (Tokyo: TOTO Shuppan, 2002).
  358.  
  359. Find this resource:
  360.  
  361. Taut, Bruno. Houses and People of Japan. Translated by Estille Balk. 2d ed. Tokyo: Sanseido, 1958.
  362.  
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  364.  
  365. Classic account by the German architect based on three years of observations upon arriving in Japan in 1933. Originally published in 1937.
  366.  
  367. Find this resource:
  368.  
  369. Ueda, Atsushi. The Inner Harmony of the Japanese House. Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1990.
  370.  
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  372.  
  373. The author discusses the underlying concepts of Japanese living space through its primary elements, including shoji screens, pillars, and the garden.
  374.  
  375. Find this resource:
  376.  
  377. Yoshida, Tetsuro. The Japanese House and Garden. Translated by Marcus G. Sims. New York: Praeger, 1955.
  378.  
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  380.  
  381. Classic account illustrating residences through photographs, plans, and climactic analysis that has been influential on Western architects. Originally published as Das japanische Wohnhaus (Berlin: E. Wasmuth, 1935).
  382.  
  383. Find this resource:
  384.  
  385. Feudal Dwellings
  386. Hinago 1986 and Hirai 1973 present the variations of this typology, which bridges domestic and urban form.
  387.  
  388. Hinago, Motoo. Japanese Castles. Translated by William Coaldrake. Tokyo and New York: Kodansha International, 1986.
  389.  
  390. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  391.  
  392. This well-translated analysis highlights the technology of castle construction from the earliest fortifications in Japan to architectural components, with specific examples such as Azuchi and Himeji. Originally published as Shiro (Tokyo: Shibundo, 1970).
  393.  
  394. Find this resource:
  395.  
  396. Hirai, Kiyoshi. Feudal Architecture of Japan. Translated by Hiroaki Sato and Jeannine Ciliotta. New York: Weatherhill, 1973.
  397.  
  398. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  399.  
  400. This book examines the historical evolution of the castle and warrior residence typologies through both structural elements and decorative details; it is illustrated by photographs, screen paintings, and historical plans. Originally published as Shiro to shoin (Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1965).
  401.  
  402. Find this resource:
  403.  
  404. Shoin and Sukiya Shoin Styles
  405. The shoin style has come to typify traditional Japanese residences, and the Katsura Imperial Villa and its rustic sukiya shoin architecture inflected by the ideals of tea have come to be a paradigm through its multiple interpretations through history. Hashimoto 1981 and Itoh and Futagawa 1989 provide overall historical analysis. The range of perspectives on Katsura spans the modernist interpretation of Tange 1972 to the more pluralistic depictions in Isozaki 1987 and Ponciroli 2005. Isozaki, et al. 2007 presents an introduction to tea architecture and contemporary iterations.
  406.  
  407. Hashimoto, Fumio. Architecture in the Shoin Style: Japanese Feudal Residences. Translated and adapted by H. Mack Horton. New York: Kodansha International, 1981.
  408.  
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  410.  
  411. This historical analysis traces the derivation and variations of the primary mode of domestic architecture in Japan. Originally published as Shoinzukuri (Tokyo: Shibundo, 1972).
  412.  
  413. Find this resource:
  414.  
  415. Isozaki, Arata. Katsura Villa: Space and Form. Translated by John D. Lamb. New York: Rizzoli, 1987.
  416.  
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  418.  
  419. Richly illustrated by color photographs following the reconstruction of the Katsura Villa, this book highlights the multiple interpretations of this landmark work by architects including Bruno Taut, Sutemi Horiguchi, Kenzō Tange, and Arata Isozaki. Originally published as Katsura Rikyū: Kūkan to katachi (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1983).
  420.  
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  422.  
  423. Isozaki, Arata, Tadao Ando, and Terunobu Fujimori. The Contemporary Tea House. Translated by Glenn Rich. New York: Kodansha International, 2007.
  424.  
  425. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  426.  
  427. This book features contemporary teahouse designs by Arata Isozaki, Tadao Ando, Terunobu Fujimori, Hiroshi Hara, and Kengo Kuma, with an introduction highlighting the historical development of teahouse design by Fujimori.
  428.  
  429. Find this resource:
  430.  
  431. Itoh, Teiji, and Yukio Futagawa. The Elegant Japanese House: Traditional Sukiya Architecture. New York: Weatherhill, 1989.
  432.  
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  434.  
  435. Boldly illustrated through Futagawa’s photographs, featuring plans, drawings, and historical interpretation by Itoh.
  436.  
  437. Find this resource:
  438.  
  439. Ponciroli, Virginia, ed. Katsura Imperial Villa. Milan: Electa, 2005.
  440.  
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  442.  
  443. The landmark villa and garden is well illustrated through color photographs and drawings and interpreted from the multiple perspectives of Arata Isozaki, Manfred Speidel, Bruno Taut, Walter Gropius, Kenzō Tange, and Francesco Dal Co.
  444.  
  445. Find this resource:
  446.  
  447. Tange, Kenzō. Katsura: Tradition and Creation in Japanese Architecture. Photographs by Yasuhiro Ishimoto. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1972.
  448.  
  449. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  450.  
  451. Dramatically framed photographs presented within Herbert Bayer’s book design, with an introduction by Walter Gropius and Tange’s personal theory analyzing the relationship between the Jōmon and Yayoi cultures.
  452.  
  453. Find this resource:
  454.  
  455. Vernacular Dwellings
  456. Through the multiple sources on folk houses of both country and city, regional variations in building become apparent as well as their varied interpretations through their photographic presence and actual use. Itoh 1972 provides a historical overview of minka, and Itoh 1973 illustrates the complementary element of the storehouse. Kawashima 1986 highlights the geographical differences, while Carver 1984 presents the topic photographically.
  457.  
  458. Carver, Norman F. Japanese Folkhouses. Kalamazoo, MI: Documan, 1984.
  459.  
  460. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  461.  
  462. Features photographs taken in the 1950s and 1960s when the author was a Fulbright scholar.
  463.  
  464. Find this resource:
  465.  
  466. Itoh, Teiji. Traditional Domestic Architecture of Japan. New York: Weatherhill/Heibonsha, 1972.
  467.  
  468. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  469.  
  470. This book analyzes the typology of the minka, houses of the common people, through the design methodology of their constituent elements and their development from the medieval up to the end of the Edo period.
  471.  
  472. Find this resource:
  473.  
  474. Itoh, Teiji. Kura: Design and Tradition of the Japanese Storehouse. New York: Kodansha International, 1973.
  475.  
  476. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  477.  
  478. Comprehensive historical analysis of Japanese storehouses, vividly illustrated with sectional perspective drawings and black-and-white photographic plates.
  479.  
  480. Find this resource:
  481.  
  482. Kawashima, Chōji. Minka: Traditional Houses of Rural Japan. Translated by Lynne E. Riggs. Tokyo and New York: Kodansha International, 1986.
  483.  
  484. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  485.  
  486. Analysis highlighting the regional variety of this building type through its materials, structure, and roof forms.
  487.  
  488. Find this resource:
  489.  
  490. Gardens
  491. Japanese gardens have had a long history both inside and outside Japan. Sources include Conder 2002 highlighting the Meiji period, Keane 2002 and Takei and Keane 2001 highlighting Heian period ideals, the visual narratives of Hayakawa 1973 and Fujioka 1982, and the surveys Kuck 1980 from a Western perspective and Itoh 1984 by a Japanese architectural historian. Further specialized studies include Itoh 1973. Videos include Junkerman 2005 and Ketchell 2001.
  492.  
  493. Conder, Josiah. Landscape Gardening in Japan. Tokyo: Kodansha International, 2002.
  494.  
  495. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  496.  
  497. Classic 1893 account of Japanese gardens in English by the central figure in the establishment of the architectural profession in Japan.
  498.  
  499. Find this resource:
  500.  
  501. Fujioka, Michio. Japanese Residences and Gardens: A Tradition of Integration. Translated by Mack H. Horton. Photographs by Kazunori Tsunenari. Tokyo and New York: Kodansha International, 1982.
  502.  
  503. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  504.  
  505. A thin, large-format illustrated book.
  506.  
  507. Find this resource:
  508.  
  509. Hayakawa, Masao. The Garden Art of Japan. Translated by Richard Gage. New York: Weatherhill/Heibonsha, 1973.
  510.  
  511. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  512.  
  513. Illustrated survey of Japanese gardens. Originally published as Niwa (Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1967).
  514.  
  515. Find this resource:
  516.  
  517. Itoh, Teiji. Space & Illusion in the Japanese Garden. Translated and adapted by Ralph Friedrich and Masajiro Shimamura. New York: Weatherhill, 1973.
  518.  
  519. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  520.  
  521. A classic study of the borrowed-landscape garden and the small courtyard garden.
  522.  
  523. Find this resource:
  524.  
  525. Itoh, Teiji. The Gardens of Japan. Tokyo and New York: Kodansha International, 1984.
  526.  
  527. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  528.  
  529. Amply illustrated survey of Japanese gardens, with information on visiting gardens by a noted architectural historian.
  530.  
  531. Find this resource:
  532.  
  533. Junkerman, John, dir. Dream Window: Reflections on a Japanese Garden, 1992. DVD. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2005.
  534.  
  535. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  536.  
  537. Features video footage of the Moss Temple of Saihoji, Katsura Imperial Villa, Tenryuji, the Ken Domon Museum of Photography, and Sogetsu Hall.
  538.  
  539. Find this resource:
  540.  
  541. Keane, Marc. The Art of Setting Stones & Other Writings from the Japanese Garden. Berkeley, CA: Stone Bridge, 2002.
  542.  
  543. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  544.  
  545. Eight meditative essays on the experience of Japanese gardens.
  546.  
  547. Find this resource:
  548.  
  549. Ketchell, Robert, dir. Shishu: Intuition and Feeling in the Japanese Garden Tradition. DVD. Cheshire, UK: World Spirit, 2001.
  550.  
  551. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  552.  
  553. This video examines the origins of the Japanese garden, Zen garden culture, and the tea garden and the evolution of the Edo garden.
  554.  
  555. Find this resource:
  556.  
  557. Kuck, Loraine. The World of the Japanese Garden: From Chinese Origins to Modern Landscape Art. New York: Weatherhill, 1980.
  558.  
  559. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  560.  
  561. A classic study first published in 1968.
  562.  
  563. Find this resource:
  564.  
  565. Takei, Jiro, and Marc Peter Keane. Sakuteiki: Visions of the Japanese Garden. Rutland, VT, and Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle, 2001.
  566.  
  567. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  568.  
  569. Translation of the classic Heian-period Japanese treatise on gardening, with commentary by Keane.
  570.  
  571. Find this resource:
  572.  
  573. Modern and Contemporary Periods
  574. This section presents the historical periods of modern architecture from its origins as part of Westernization during the Meiji period, including the varied interpretations of Japanese architecture by Western individuals, and subsequent developments before and after World War II up to present-day practice.
  575.  
  576. Theory
  577. The works included here, written in the modern and contemporary periods, vary from the personal theoretical interpretations of Japanese architectural history to individual reflections on architectural practice through time. Readings of Japanese space range from the early essay Itō 1973 as the starting point for architectural historical studies in Japan and the famous account Okakura 2000 to the historical reading Inoue 1985, the literary musings of Tanizaki 1977, the personal interpretations of Isozaki 2006 and Kurokawa 1988, the reflections on personal architectural work in Maki 2008 and Itō 2011, and the transnational readings of Wachtmeister 2003, highlighting parallels between Scandinavian and Japanese conceptions.
  578.  
  579. Inoue, Mitsuo. Space in Japanese Architecture. Translated by Hiroshi Watanabe. New York: Weatherhill, 1985.
  580.  
  581. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  582.  
  583. An analysis of composition, space, and movement in premodern Japanese architecture, with an extensive glossary of Japanese terms. Originally published in Japanese in 1969.
  584.  
  585. Find this resource:
  586.  
  587. Isozaki, Arata. Japan-ness in Architecture. Translated by Sabu Kohso. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006.
  588.  
  589. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  590.  
  591. Isozaki’s personal reading of what constitutes “Japan-ness” in architecture from the seventh to the 20th century, including Ise Shrine and the Katsura Imperial Villa.
  592.  
  593. Find this resource:
  594.  
  595. Itō, Chūta. “‘Ākitekuchūru’ no hongi o ronshite, sono yakuji o senteishi, waga Zōka Gakkai no kaimei o nozomu.” Yamaguchi and Fujii, 1973.
  596.  
  597. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  598.  
  599. This essay/lecture from 1894 initiated the theorization of Japanese architecture as an art. See pp. 3–9.
  600.  
  601. Find this resource:
  602.  
  603. Itō, Toyoo. Tarzans in the Media Forest. Translated by Thomas Daniell. London: Architectural Association London, 2011.
  604.  
  605. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  606.  
  607. A collection of essays written by the author over the course of forty years.
  608.  
  609. Find this resource:
  610.  
  611. Kurokawa, Kisho. Rediscovering Japanese Space. New York: Weatherhill, 1988.
  612.  
  613. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  614.  
  615. The Metabolist architect’s reappraisal of the Edo period as the basis for his theory of symbiosis.
  616.  
  617. Find this resource:
  618.  
  619. Maki, Fumihiko. Nurturing Dreams: Collected Essays on Architecture and the City. Translated by Hiroshi Watanabe. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008.
  620.  
  621. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  622.  
  623. A collection of essays that document the evolution of Maki’s thoughts on architecture and urbanism over half a century.
  624.  
  625. Find this resource:
  626.  
  627. Okakura, Kakuzō. The Book of Tea. Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle, 2000.
  628.  
  629. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  630.  
  631. This essay, originally written in English for a Western audience, addresses the role of tea in Japanese aesthetics and culture. First published in 1906 (available online).
  632.  
  633. Find this resource:
  634.  
  635. Tanizaki, Jun’ichirō. In Praise of Shadows. Translated by Thomas J. Harper and Edward Seidensticker. New Haven, CT: Leete’s Island, 1977.
  636.  
  637. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  638.  
  639. Classic essay on Japanese aesthetics in relation to the experience of traditional and modern culture in Japan. Originally published as In’ei raisan in 1933.
  640.  
  641. Find this resource:
  642.  
  643. Wachtmeister, Jesper, dir. Kochuu: Japanese Architecture, Influence & Origin DVD. New York: First Run/Icarus Films, 2003.
  644.  
  645. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  646.  
  647. Documentary about modern Japanese architecture and its impact on the Nordic building tradition. Kochuu, which means “in the jar,” refers to the Japanese tradition of constructing small, enclosed physical spaces which create the impression of a separate universe. Features interviews with some of Japan’s leading architects as well as Scandinavian contemporaries.
  648.  
  649. Find this resource:
  650.  
  651. Modern Foundations, 1868–1945
  652. Broader analysis of Meiji period architecture is featured in Finn 1995 and Tseng 2008, while the focused presentation of the profession is presented in Kaneyuki, et al. 1997; Nakatani 2006; and Reynolds 2004. The subsequent Taishō and early Shōwa periods are discussed in Oshima 2009 and Sand 2003 in the author’s discussion of the “home.” The overall evolution from the Meiji to Shōwa periods is presented visually in Nihon no kenchiku Meiji Taishō Shōwa through photographs and text, and through drawings in Suzuki and Hatsuda 1990. Vivid video footage of the work of Conder in this age is featured in Tanabe 1999.
  653.  
  654. Finn, Dallas. Meiji Revisited: The Sites of Victorian Japan. New York: Weatherhill, 1995.
  655.  
  656. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  657.  
  658. A chronicle of the many Western-style buildings constructed in Meiji Japan.
  659.  
  660. Find this resource:
  661.  
  662. Kaneyuki, Shunsuke, Shunsuke Kurakata, Shigeatsu Shimizu, Mikihiro Yamazaki, and Norihito Nakatani. “‘Zōka’ kara ‘kenchiku’ he.” Kenchiku zasshi 112.1410 (1997): 13–21.
  663.  
  664. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  665.  
  666. This article analyzes the historical derivation of the terms for architecture in the 19th century.
  667.  
  668. Find this resource:
  669.  
  670. Nakatani, Norihito. “Kenchiku or Zoka as Vague Translation of ‘Architecture.’” In Jewels: Selected Writings on Modern Architecture from Asia. Edited by Yasushi Zenno and Jagan Shah, 29–32. Osaka, Japan: Acetate, 2006.
  671.  
  672. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  673.  
  674. Essay examining the origins of architecture as a term and profession in Japan.
  675.  
  676. Find this resource:
  677.  
  678. Nihon no kenchiku Meiji Taishō Shōwa. 10 vols. Tokyo: Sanseidō, 1979–1982.
  679.  
  680. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  681.  
  682. Extensively illustrated encyclopedic series featuring texts by specialists tracing the development of historical Western and Japanese idioms up to the advent of modernism.
  683.  
  684. Find this resource:
  685.  
  686. Oshima, Ken Tadashi. International Architecture in Interwar Japan: Constructing Kokusai Kenchiku. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2009.
  687.  
  688. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  689.  
  690. Traces the origins of modern architecture in Japan within an international context through the formation, travels, and work of three leading protagonists based in Tokyo.
  691.  
  692. Find this resource:
  693.  
  694. Reynolds, Jonathan M. “The Formation of a Japanese Architectural Profession.” In The Artist as Professional in Japan. Edited by Melinda Takeuchi, 180–202. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004.
  695.  
  696. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  697.  
  698. Useful introduction to architectural practice in Japan.
  699.  
  700. Find this resource:
  701.  
  702. Sand, Jordan. House and Home in Modern Japan: Architecture, Domestic Space, and Bourgeois Culture, 1880–1930. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.
  703.  
  704. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  705.  
  706. This historical study traces the evolution of the concept of “home” from the late 19th century to the 1920s through changes in the representation of the family, the evolution of housewifery, changing styles of architecture, and the advent of home ownership and suburbanization.
  707.  
  708. Find this resource:
  709.  
  710. Suzuki, Hiroyuki, and Tōru Hatsuda, eds. Zumen de miru toshi kenchiku no Meiji. Tokyo: Kashiwa Shobō, 1990.
  711.  
  712. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  713.  
  714. Architecture and urbanism of the Meiji period expressed through drawings. Series continues with a survey of the Taishō and Shōwa periods published in 1992 and 1998 respectively.
  715.  
  716. Find this resource:
  717.  
  718. Tanabe, Junsei, dir. The Men Who Made Meiji Architecture: Josiah Conder and His Four Apprentices. VHS. Tokyo: Taisei Corp., 1999.
  719.  
  720. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  721.  
  722. This video highlights Conder and his architectural legacy and, importantly, provides footage of interiors of some buildings not typically open to the public.
  723.  
  724. Find this resource:
  725.  
  726. Tseng, Alice Yu-Ting. The Imperial Museums of Meiji Japan: Architecture and the Art of the Nation. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2008.
  727.  
  728. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  729.  
  730. This study analyzes the formation of Japan’s imperial museums at the intersection of art and architecture within the context of a rapidly modernizing and westernizing nation.
  731.  
  732. Find this resource:
  733.  
  734. Western Readings
  735. These readings vary through time with the perspectives of the individuals, often emphasizing visual over textual analysis. These differences can be read through the chronological progression of their original publication dates: Dresser 1994 highlighting a Victorian reading of design in Japan, Cram 2010 as an account of a Gothic architect finding resonance in Buddhist temple architecture, Nute 1993 highlighting Wright’s affinities in contrast with those of Taut 1936, the visual narratives of Harada 1985 in contrast with Carver 1993, and the historical accounts of Alex 1963 and Paine and Soper 1981.
  736.  
  737. Alex, William. Japanese Architecture. New York: George Braziller, 1963.
  738.  
  739. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  740.  
  741. Illustrated overview of traditional Japanese architecture that concludes with Junzō Sakakura’s Kamakura Museum of Modern Art (1951) as the embodiment of the ongoing tradition.
  742.  
  743. Find this resource:
  744.  
  745. Carver, Norman F., Jr. Form and Space of Japanese Architecture. Kalamazoo, MI: Documan, 1993.
  746.  
  747. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  748.  
  749. This dramatically designed book first published in 1955 features 158 photographs taken by the author during his two-year residence as one of the first Fulbright scholars in Japan after World War II.
  750.  
  751. Find this resource:
  752.  
  753. Cram, Ralph Adams. Impressions of Japanese Architecture. Rutland, VT: Tuttle, 2010.
  754.  
  755. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  756.  
  757. Based on a series of essays by this architect that reflect his discovery and enthusiasm of the subject; first published in 1905 (available online).
  758.  
  759. Find this resource:
  760.  
  761. Dresser, Christopher. Traditional Arts and Crafts of Japan. New York: Dover, 1994.
  762.  
  763. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  764.  
  765. This is a personal account of the subject based on the Scottish designer’s four-month journey around Japan from 1876 to 1877. First published in 1882 as Japan: Its Architecture, Art, and Art Manufactures (available online).
  766.  
  767. Find this resource:
  768.  
  769. Harada, Jiro. The Lesson of Japanese Architecture. New York: Dover, 1985.
  770.  
  771. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  772.  
  773. Collection of 165 photographs of classic Japanese buildings taken in the 1930s. First published in 1936 (London: Studio).
  774.  
  775. Find this resource:
  776.  
  777. Nute, Kevin. Frank Lloyd Wright and Japan: The Role of Traditional Japanese Art and Architecture in the Work of Frank Lloyd Wright. London: Chapman & Hall, 1993.
  778.  
  779. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  780.  
  781. Classic account of traditional religious and secular Japanese architecture along with painting and sculpture, first published in 1955.
  782.  
  783. Find this resource:
  784.  
  785. Paine, Robert Treat, and Alexander Soper. The Art and Architecture of Japan. 3d ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981.
  786.  
  787. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  788.  
  789. Analysis of the impact of Japan on Wright through historical and formal analysis.
  790.  
  791. Find this resource:
  792.  
  793. Taut, Bruno. Fundamentals of Japanese Architecture. Tokyo: Kokusai bunka shinkokai, 1936.
  794.  
  795. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  796.  
  797. Personal account of Japanese architecture that reflects the author’s praise of the Katsura Villa in relation to modernist ideals and disdain for ornamentation in structures such as the Nikkô Toshogu Shrine.
  798.  
  799. Find this resource:
  800.  
  801. Colonial and Wartime Architecture
  802. The Empire of Japan expanded within Asia to include Korea, Taiwan, and Manchuria up until 1945. Nishizawa 2009 provides a synthetic analysis in Japanese, while Wendelken 2000 examines the implications of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere and Takenaka 2009 discusses the complexities of notions of Fascism in the Japanese context.
  803.  
  804. Nishizawa, Yasuhiko. Nihon no shokuminchi kenchiku: Teikoku ni kizukareta nettowāku. Tokyo: Kawade Shobō Shinsha, 2009.
  805.  
  806. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  807.  
  808. Solid introduction to the subject in Japanese.
  809.  
  810. Find this resource:
  811.  
  812. Takenaka, Akiko. “Architecture for Mass-Mobilization: The Chūreitō Memorial Construction Movement, 1939–1945.” In The Culture of Japanese Fascism. Edited by Alan Tansman, 235–253. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2009.
  813.  
  814. DOI: 10.1525/california/9780520245051.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  815.  
  816. This focused analysis provides insights into the broader context of design during this turbulent and contested period.
  817.  
  818. Find this resource:
  819.  
  820. Wendelken, Cherie. “Pan-Asianism and the Pure Japanese Thing: Japanese Identity and Architecture in the Late 1930s.” Positions (2000): 819–828.
  821.  
  822. DOI: 10.1215/10679847-8-3-819Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  823.  
  824. This analysis provides a wide geographic and theoretical overview to this period. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  825.  
  826. Find this resource:
  827.  
  828. Postwar Architecture, 1945–1989
  829. The destruction of World War II created new opportunities for rebuilding on an unprecedented scale for an increasingly democratic population. The dramatic growth in the Japanese economy and population up until the end of the Shōwa Period resulted in a great diversity of modernist and postmodernist built forms. Early literature on the topic begins with Kultermann 1967 and Boyd 1968 documenting the era as contemporary architecture, followed in Ross 1978, tracing trajectories of 1960s Metabolist architecture, and the successive accounts of Bognár 1985; Bognár 1990; and Suzuki, et al. 1985, which acknowledge the impact of the energy crisis during the 1970s and postmodern transformations. Postwar dwellings represent the varied pursuits of individual architects, lifestyles of clients, and range of building sites through time and are chronicled through the individual entries of Futagawa 1978 and the theoretical interpretations of Fawcett 1980.
  830.  
  831. Bognár, Botond. Contemporary Japanese Architecture: Its Development and Challenge. New York: Van Nostrand, 1985.
  832.  
  833. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  834.  
  835. This work examines the multiple architectural currents from the 1960s up to the mid-1980s, with an introduction to cultural traditions and establishment of architecture in Japan from the later 19th century.
  836.  
  837. Find this resource:
  838.  
  839. Bognár, Botond. The New Japanese Architecture. New York: Rizzoli, 1990.
  840.  
  841. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  842.  
  843. An examination of twenty-three leading architects who formed the “fragmented landscape” of urban architecture in Japan in the 1980s.
  844.  
  845. Find this resource:
  846.  
  847. Boyd, Robin. New Directions in Japanese Architecture. London: Studio Vista, 1968.
  848.  
  849. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  850.  
  851. An overview of Japanese modernism in the 1960s examining the Metabolist and anti-Metabolist generations and the senior generation ending with Kenzō Tange.
  852.  
  853. Find this resource:
  854.  
  855. Fawcett, Chris. The New Japanese House: Ritual and Anti-Ritual Patterns of Dwelling. New York: Harper & Row, 1980.
  856.  
  857. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  858.  
  859. A personal interpretation of houses from the 1970s situated in cultural contexts of “ritual” and “anti-ritual” living patterns.
  860.  
  861. Find this resource:
  862.  
  863. Futagawa, Yukio, ed. Ontology of House: Japan. GA Houses 4: Residential architecture of 1970’s in Japan. Tokyo: ADA Edita, 1978.
  864.  
  865. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  866.  
  867. Extensive documentation of key residences through photographs and drawings through four decades with critical interpretation. The series continues with special issues on Japan: #14 (1983), #20 (1986), #47 (1995), and #73 (2003).
  868.  
  869. Find this resource:
  870.  
  871. Kultermann, Udo. New Japanese Architecture. New York: Praeger, 1967.
  872.  
  873. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  874.  
  875. An overview of contemporary architecture of the 1950s through photographs and brief biographical descriptions.
  876.  
  877. Find this resource:
  878.  
  879. Ross, Michael. Beyond Metabolism: The New Japanese Architecture. New York: Architectural Record, 1978.
  880.  
  881. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  882.  
  883. A study of architectural trajectories of Metabolist Group theories in the 1970s, including methods of prefabrication and capsule systems.
  884.  
  885. Find this resource:
  886.  
  887. Suzuki, Hiroyuki, Reyner Banham, and Katsuhiro Kobayashi. Contemporary Architecture of Japan 1958–1984. New York: Rizzoli, 1985.
  888.  
  889. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  890.  
  891. Ninety-two key projects of multiple scales and typologies presented as a sequence of generations, with interpretive essays and short biographies of the architects.
  892.  
  893. Find this resource:
  894.  
  895. Contemporary Architecture, 1989–present
  896. The fall of the Japanese economy has shaped a new era of design to maximize minimal resources. The following works present these works in various contexts. While Kira and Terada 2000 presents this period through a structure of texts, projects, and photographs, Bognár 2008 does so primarily through representative projects, Daniell 2008 through critical interpretation, and Buntrock 2010 through the architecture’s materiality. Ishidō 2005 chronicles key contemporary dwellings along with the architects’ writings, and Pollock 2005 surveys recent work.
  897.  
  898. Bognár, Botond. Beyond the Bubble: The New Japanese Architecture. London: Phaidon, 2008.
  899.  
  900. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  901.  
  902. An overview of high-profile architecture from the late 1980s up to 1997 during the period of economic recession, with an eye toward minimalism and sustainability.
  903.  
  904. Find this resource:
  905.  
  906. Buntrock, Dana. Materials and Meaning in Contemporary Japanese Architecture: Tradition and Today. New York: Routledge, 2010.
  907.  
  908. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  909.  
  910. Buntrock examines how tradition is translated into contemporary architecture through the work of Fumihiko Maki, Terunobu Fujimori, Ryoji Suzuki, Kengo Kuma, and Jun Aoki.
  911.  
  912. Find this resource:
  913.  
  914. Daniell, Thomas. After the Crash: Architecture in Post-Bubble Japan. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2008.
  915.  
  916. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  917.  
  918. A collection of essays by this architect/critic on the architectural culture of Japan from the 1990s during the periods of sobriety.
  919.  
  920. Find this resource:
  921.  
  922. Ishidō, Takeshi. Contemporary Japanese Houses 1985–2005. Tokyo: TOTO, 2005.
  923.  
  924. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  925.  
  926. Anthology of key dwellings built between 1985 and 2005, with essays by leading architects.
  927.  
  928. Find this resource:
  929.  
  930. Kira, Moriko, and Mariko Terada. Japan: Towards Totalscape. Rotterdam: Netherlands Architecture Institute, 2000.
  931.  
  932. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  933.  
  934. This book presents Japanese architecture, urban design, and landscape architecture within the cultural context of present-day Japan. Landscape is interpreted in urban, rural, natural, and artificial settings through essays, photo narratives, and architectural projects.
  935.  
  936. Find this resource:
  937.  
  938. Pollock, Naomi R. Modern Japanese House. London and New York: Phaidon, 2005.
  939.  
  940. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  941.  
  942. Overview of contemporary dwellings through five themes: Tiny Houses, Inside/Outside, Multigeneration Houses, Work/Play, and Vacation Houses.
  943.  
  944. Find this resource:
  945.  
  946. Individual Architects
  947. The architectural monographs included in the subsections here include some of the key publications of the great number of noted architects who have practiced in Japan, featuring the projects and writings of both historical and contemporary architects. There are also many noted architectural works in Japan by designers based outside of the country, whose varied bibliographies lie beyond the scope of this section.
  948.  
  949. Historical Architects
  950. Early pioneering architects include Antonin and Noémi Raymond (Helfrich and Whitaker 2006), Murano (Bognár 1996), and Maekawa (Reynolds 2001). As Kenzō Tange remains a central protagonist spanning the pre– and post–World War II contexts, his work is presented through three sources: Tange and Fujimori 2002, Lin 2010, and (with further critical interpretation) Kuan and Lippit 2012. Charlotte Perriand (Sharurotto Perian to Nihon / Charlotte Perriand et le Japon) remains a key figure connecting European and Japanese contexts. Postwar trajectories can be traced through the work of Seike (Ishido 2006) to his disciple Shinohara 1971, with modern interpretation in Massip-Bosch 2011.
  951.  
  952. Bognár, Botond. Togo Murano: Master Architect of Japan. New York: Rizzoli, 1996.
  953.  
  954. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  955.  
  956. Illustrated monograph with interpretive essays by Fumihiko Maki and Botond Bognár.
  957.  
  958. Find this resource:
  959.  
  960. Helfrich, Kurt G. F., and William Whitaker, eds. Crafting a Modern World: The Architecture and Design of Antonin and Noémi Raymond. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006.
  961.  
  962. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  963.  
  964. Comprehensive analysis of the Raymonds’ work, featuring a complete chronology, selected writings, and interpretive essays.
  965.  
  966. Find this resource:
  967.  
  968. Ishido, Takeshi. Architect Kiyoshi Seike: 1918–2005. Tokyo: Shinkenchikusha, 2006.
  969.  
  970. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  971.  
  972. Complete monograph in Japanese and English featuring works, writings, and critical interpretation.
  973.  
  974. Find this resource:
  975.  
  976. Kuan, Seng, and Yukio Lippit. Kenzō Tange: Architecture for the World. Zurich, Switzerland: Lars Müller, 2012.
  977.  
  978. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  979.  
  980. Edited volume that features recent scholarship on an eminent Japanese architect by Japanese and international scholars.
  981.  
  982. Find this resource:
  983.  
  984. Lin, Zhongjie. Kenzō Tange and the Metabolist Movement: Urban Utopias of Modern Japan. London: Routledge, 2010.
  985.  
  986. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  987.  
  988. Analysis of the avant-garde group, based on the author’s PhD dissertation.
  989.  
  990. Find this resource:
  991.  
  992. Massip-Bosch, Enric, ed. Kazuo Shinohara: Casas = Houses. 2G 58/59. Barcelona: Gili, 2011.
  993.  
  994. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  995.  
  996. Analysis of the architect’s work following his death in 2006 featuring essays by the architect, new photographs, and critical interpretation.
  997.  
  998. Find this resource:
  999.  
  1000. Reynolds, Jonathan. Maekawa Kunio and the Emergence of Japanese Modernist Architecture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
  1001.  
  1002. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1003.  
  1004. This detailed analysis of a leading modernist architect illustrates how the architect negotiated between prewar and postwar contexts in relation to tradition and contemporary practice using new technology and building materials.
  1005.  
  1006. Find this resource:
  1007.  
  1008. Sharurotto Perian to Nihon / Charlotte Perriand et le Japon. Tokyo: Kajima Shuppankai, 2011.
  1009.  
  1010. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1011.  
  1012. Exhibition catalogue featuring the designer’s encounter with Japan before and after World War II and work between France and Japan up until her death in 1999, with recollections by leading designers and interpretive essays.
  1013.  
  1014. Find this resource:
  1015.  
  1016. Shinohara, Kazuo. 16 Houses & Architectural Theory. Tokyo: Bijutsu Shuppan-sha, 1971.
  1017.  
  1018. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1019.  
  1020. Classic account of the architect’s houses through his drawings, photographs, and theoretical perspective.
  1021.  
  1022. Find this resource:
  1023.  
  1024. Tange, Kenzō, and Terunobu Fujimori. Kenzō Tange. Tokyo: Shin Kenchikusha, 2002.
  1025.  
  1026. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1027.  
  1028. Complete monograph in Japanese with critical interpretation.
  1029.  
  1030. Find this resource:
  1031.  
  1032. Contemporary Architects
  1033. These monographic works represent multiple generations, beginning with Maki (Maki 2009), Isozaki (Oshima 2009), and Hara (Bognár and Hara 2001) as leaders of the generation following Tange. Ando (Ando and Dal Co 1995) and Itō (Itō 2008) are leading figures of the subsequent generation. Fujimori (Buhrs and Rössler 2012) and Kishi (Kishi and Furuyama 2005) are architects whose interest in history has shaped their practices and teaching in Tokyo and Kyoto respectively. Kuma (Bognár 2009) is one of the most prolific contemporary architects and has also cultivated a subsequent generation of younger architects. Within the international sphere, SANAA (Hasegawa 2006) has gained wide attention as the 2010 Pritzker Prize winner.
  1034.  
  1035. Ando, Tadao, and Francesco Dal Co. Tadao Ando: Complete Works. London: Phaidon, 1995.
  1036.  
  1037. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1038.  
  1039. Features Ando’s designs from 1972 to 1994, writings by Ando, and critical interpretation.
  1040.  
  1041. Find this resource:
  1042.  
  1043. Bognár, Botond. Material Immaterial: The New Work of Kengo Kuma. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2009.
  1044.  
  1045. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1046.  
  1047. Monograph that focuses on the architect’s innovative uses of materials.
  1048.  
  1049. Find this resource:
  1050.  
  1051. Bognár, Botond, and Hiroshi Hara. Hiroshi Hara: The “Floating World” of His Architecture. New York: Wiley-Academy, 2001.
  1052.  
  1053. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1054.  
  1055. Monograph features twenty-nine projects, seven theoretical essays, and critical analysis of this “floating world” architect.
  1056.  
  1057. Find this resource:
  1058.  
  1059. Buhrs, Michael, and Hannes Rössler, eds. Terunobu Fujimori: Architect. Ostfildern, Germany: Hatje Cantz, 2012.
  1060.  
  1061. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1062.  
  1063. Monograph featuring this imaginative architect’s urban planning, architecture, and research, with interpretive essays.
  1064.  
  1065. Find this resource:
  1066.  
  1067. Hasegawa, Yuko. Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa: SANAA. London: Phaidon, 2006.
  1068.  
  1069. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1070.  
  1071. Monograph by the curator of SANAA’s masterwork 21st Century Museum (2004).
  1072.  
  1073. Find this resource:
  1074.  
  1075. Itō, Toyoo. Toyo Ito. London: Phaidon, 2008.
  1076.  
  1077. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1078.  
  1079. Monograph that features the architect’s major projects, essays, and critical analysis.
  1080.  
  1081. Find this resource:
  1082.  
  1083. Kishi, Warō, and Masao Furuyama. Works and Projects: Warō Kishi. Milan: Electa Architecture, 2005.
  1084.  
  1085. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1086.  
  1087. Illustrated monograph of this Kyoto-based architect, including works from 1986 to 2004 with an interpretive essay by Masao Furuyama.
  1088.  
  1089. Find this resource:
  1090.  
  1091. Maki, Fumihiko. Fumihiko Maki. London: Phaidon, 2009.
  1092.  
  1093. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1094.  
  1095. Recent monograph highlighting key projects from over half a century.
  1096.  
  1097. Find this resource:
  1098.  
  1099. Oshima, Ken Tadashi. Arata Isozaki. London: Phaidon, 2009.
  1100.  
  1101. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1102.  
  1103. Monograph that juxtaposes the architect’s architectural designs with his writings based on operative conceptual premises.
  1104.  
  1105. Find this resource:
  1106.  
  1107. Interviews
  1108. Interviews with the architects reveal both details of individual projects and their personal design processes, which vary over time. Blackwood 2013 presents vivid video interviews of the architects in their offices explaining key projects from the 1980s. Koolhaas and Obrist 2012 presents pointed conversations with Metabolist architects reflecting on the 1960s. Knabe and Noennig 1999 and Brownell 2011 present architects active from the 1990s and 2000s respectively. These can be read together with their architectural monographs, listed in Historical Architects and Contemporary Architects.
  1109.  
  1110. Blackwood, Michael, dir. Japan: Three Generations of Avant-Garde Architects, 1988. DVD. New York: Michael Blackwood Productions, 2013.
  1111.  
  1112. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1113.  
  1114. This video, written and narrated by Kenneth Frampton, presents footage of architects from multiple generations practicing in the 1980s.
  1115.  
  1116. Find this resource:
  1117.  
  1118. Brownell, Blaine. Matter in the Floating World: Conversations with Leading Japanese Architects and Designers. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2011.
  1119.  
  1120. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1121.  
  1122. A collection of interviews with leading architects that reflect the author’s interest in materiality.
  1123.  
  1124. Find this resource:
  1125.  
  1126. Knabe, Christopher, and Joerg Rainer Noennig. Shaking the Foundations: Japanese Architects in Dialogue. Munich: Prestel, 1999.
  1127.  
  1128. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1129.  
  1130. Fifteen interviews with architects, including Tadao Ando, Arata Isozaki and Kazuo Shinohara, conducted in 1997.
  1131.  
  1132. Find this resource:
  1133.  
  1134. Koolhaas, Rem, and Hans Ulrich Obrist. Project Japan: Metabolism Talks. Cologne: Taschen, 2012.
  1135.  
  1136. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1137.  
  1138. This 719-page book features interviews with Metabolist architects reflecting on their work with Rem Koolhaas and his research team associated with AMO and extensive photographic documentation of this period of utopian urbanism from the 1960s.
  1139.  
  1140. Find this resource:
  1141.  
  1142. Urbanism
  1143. With more than 90 percent of Japan’s total population living in cities as of 2011, Japanese architecture is to be understood within its broader urban context. The sources here collectively represent the range of modern perspectives of Japan through time, as well as the capital Edo and its modern incarnation Tokyo and reconstructions after earthquakes and war. The sources discuss the role of planning and its limitations in addressing complex issues on macro and micro scales. Sorensen 2002 and Berque 1997 provide a broad theoretical perspective, while Fiévé and Waley 2003 presents comparative historical frameworks. These sources are complemented by the focused multidisciplinary studies of Brumann and Schulz 2012, the post–World War II studies of Hein, et al. 2003, and the thematic garden city focus of Oshima 1996.
  1144.  
  1145. Berque, Augustin. Japan: Cities and Social Bonds. Translated by Christopher Turner. Yelvertoft Manor, UK: Pilkington, 1997.
  1146.  
  1147. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1148.  
  1149. The author interprets the urbanity of Japan through his meditations on Japanese attitudes to space, time, nature, and ecological and symbolic domains.
  1150.  
  1151. Find this resource:
  1152.  
  1153. Brumann, Christoph, and Evelyn Schulz, eds. Urban Spaces in Japan: Cultural and Social Perspectives. London: Routledge, 2012.
  1154.  
  1155. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1156.  
  1157. Cross-disciplinary collection of essays that examine urban spaces through case studies and general reflections.
  1158.  
  1159. Find this resource:
  1160.  
  1161. Fiévé, Nicolas, and Paul Waley, eds. Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003.
  1162.  
  1163. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1164.  
  1165. Edited volume comparing Kyoto and Edo/Tokyo from multiple perspectives.
  1166.  
  1167. Find this resource:
  1168.  
  1169. Hein, Carola, Jeffry M. Diefendorf, and Yorifusa Ishida, eds. Rebuilding Urban Japan after 1945. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
  1170.  
  1171. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1172.  
  1173. Series of essays addressing Japanese city planning and governance at the pivotal moment of postwar reconstruction.
  1174.  
  1175. Find this resource:
  1176.  
  1177. Oshima, Ken Tadashi Oshima. “Denenchōfu: Building the Garden City in Japan.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 55.2 (1996): 140–151.
  1178.  
  1179. DOI: 10.2307/991116Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1180.  
  1181. An examination of the translation of Ebenezer Howard’s concept in the Japanese context as the basis for transit-oriented suburban development. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  1182.  
  1183. Find this resource:
  1184.  
  1185. Sorensen, André. The Making of Urban Japan: Cities and Planning from Edo to the Twenty-First Century. London: Routledge, 2002.
  1186.  
  1187. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1188.  
  1189. Important survey on Japanese urbanism.
  1190.  
  1191. Find this resource:
  1192.  
  1193. Edo/Tokyo
  1194. The following sources narrate multiple perspectives on the transformation of the premodern capital of Edo into the modern metropolis of Tokyo. Seidensticker 1983 provides vivid stories, while Smith 1986 is a focused analysis of the topic. Following the 1958 account of Dore 2013, Jinnai 1995 and Bestor 1989 provide sociological and anthropological perspectives on the city. Ashihara 1989 presents an architectural reading of the underlying order of Tokyo, complemented by the perspective of urban geography of Cybriwsky 1991.
  1195.  
  1196. Ashihara, Yoshinobu. The Hidden Order: Tokyo through the Twentieth Century. Translated and adapted by Lynne E. Riggs. New York: Kodansha International, 1989.
  1197.  
  1198. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1199.  
  1200. A personal interpretation of Tokyo’s underlying urban and architectural order from a social and cultural perspective. Originally published as Kakureta chitsujo: Nijūisseiki no toshi ni mukatte (Tokyo: Chūō Kōronsha, 1986).
  1201.  
  1202. Find this resource:
  1203.  
  1204. Bestor, Theodore. Neighborhood Tokyo. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989.
  1205.  
  1206. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1207.  
  1208. An ethnographic analysis of the social fabric and internal dynamics of the Tokyo neighborhood of Miyamoto-chō.
  1209.  
  1210. Find this resource:
  1211.  
  1212. Cybriwsky, Roman. Tokyo: The Changing Profile of an Urban Giant. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1991.
  1213.  
  1214. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1215.  
  1216. This urban geographer’s interpretation of Tokyo in both its historical and contemporary contexts is based on six years of fieldwork.
  1217.  
  1218. Find this resource:
  1219.  
  1220. Dore, R. P. City Life in Japan: A Study of a Tokyo Ward. London: Routledge, 2013.
  1221.  
  1222. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1223.  
  1224. Incorporating a new expanded introduction, the continuing relevance of Ron Dore’s classic study of Japanese urban life and social structures from 1958 (available online) is widely accepted by urban sociologists and other social scientists concerned with the study of modern Japan.
  1225.  
  1226. Find this resource:
  1227.  
  1228. Jinnai, Hidenobu. Tokyo: A Spatial Anthropology. Translated by Kimiko Nakamura. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.
  1229.  
  1230. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1231.  
  1232. An analysis of Tokyo’s urban space shaped by both its natural topographical features and social fabric.
  1233.  
  1234. Find this resource:
  1235.  
  1236. Seidensticker, Edward. Low City, High City: Tokyo from Edo to the Earthquake. New York: Knopf, 1983.
  1237.  
  1238. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1239.  
  1240. This book, together with the sequel Tokyo Rising (1991), vividly narrates the transformation of Tokyo from its initial period of Westernization during the Meiji era to its development before and after the 1923 earthquake in which it emerges as a modern city.
  1241.  
  1242. Find this resource:
  1243.  
  1244. Smith, Henry D., II. “The Edo-Tokyo Transition: In Search of Common Ground.” In Japan in Transition: From Tokugawa to Meiji. Edited by Marius Jansen and Gilbert Rozman, 347–374. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986.
  1245.  
  1246. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1247.  
  1248. Article discusses the changes in the Japanese capital through its residents, culture, patterns of immigration, and neighborhoods.
  1249.  
  1250. Find this resource:
  1251.  
  1252. Tokyo Modern—I: Koizumi Kishio’s “100 Views” of the Imperial Capital (1928–1940). In MIT Visualizing Cultures.
  1253.  
  1254. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1255.  
  1256. Along with Tokyo Modern—II: Koizumi Kishio’s “100 Views”—Annotations & Gallery and Tokyo Modern—III: “100 Views” by 8 Artists (1928–1932)—Gallery, these units use a woodblock print series by eight innovative artists on major views and buildings of Tokyo to analyze the city’s recovery and progress after the Great Earthquake of 1923.
  1257.  
  1258. Find this resource:
  1259.  
  1260. Kyoto
  1261. The sources included here discuss the continuities and transformations of the former imperial capital city in the modern period. Furuyama 1993 gives an overview, while Yamasaki 1994 provides an urban architectural framework and Brumann 2012 focuses on ethnographic and cultural elements in Kyoto’s evolution.
  1262.  
  1263. Brumann, Christoph. Tradition, Democracy and the Townscape of Kyoto: Claiming a Right to the Past. New York: Routledge, 2012.
  1264.  
  1265. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1266.  
  1267. An ethnographic study of how Kyoto residents deal with their cultural heritage.
  1268.  
  1269. Find this resource:
  1270.  
  1271. Furuyama, Masao. “The Melancholy of a Former Capital.” Japan Architect, Fall 1993, 107–113.
  1272.  
  1273. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1274.  
  1275. Key English article summarizing issues concerning the former capital.
  1276.  
  1277. Find this resource:
  1278.  
  1279. Yamasaki, Masafumi, ed. Kyō no toshi ishō: Keikan keisei no dentō. Process Architecture 116. Kyoto: Process Architecture, 1994.
  1280.  
  1281. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1282.  
  1283. This illustrated volume considers the contemporary urban design implications of Kyoto’s historical townscape.
  1284.  
  1285. Find this resource:
  1286.  
  1287. Conservation, Preservation, Restoration
  1288. Conservation, preservation, and restoration have been just as important as innovation since 1868. Historic monuments and vernacular architecture alike have been the devoted object of preservation for the national and regional governments as well as citizen groups. Larsen 1994 and Enders and Gutschow 1998 provide overviews and key conceptual points in English. Suzuki 2006 presents multiple perspectives in Japanese, Miyamoto 2012 provides a detailed discussion of the preservation of cityscapes, and Shimizu 2013 discusses preservation in Japan in contrast to Europe.
  1289.  
  1290. Enders, Siegfried, and Niels Gutschow, eds. Hozon: Architectural and Urban Conservation in Japan. Stuttgart: Edition Axel Menges, 1998.
  1291.  
  1292. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1293.  
  1294. The inscription of Japanese sites on the UNESCO World Heritage List beginning in 1993 brought attention to the practices of conservation and reconstruction for an audience beyond the small circle of specialists. This book presents studies on the practice of hozon (repair) of historic structures to reveal the complexity and interchangeability of timber structural members.
  1295.  
  1296. Find this resource:
  1297.  
  1298. Larsen, Knut Einar. Architectural Preservation in Japan. Paris: ICOMOS International Wood Committee, 1994.
  1299.  
  1300. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1301.  
  1302. Classic account of primary issues of architectural preservation in Japan in English.
  1303.  
  1304. Find this resource:
  1305.  
  1306. Miyamoto, Masaaki. Toshi isan no hozon kenkyū. Tokyo: Chūō Kōron Bijutsu Shuppan, 2012.
  1307.  
  1308. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1309.  
  1310. Using archival documents, illustrated sources, and archaeological findings, this book deals with the preservation of cities and the importance of protecting the spatial, historical, and scenic heritage.
  1311.  
  1312. Find this resource:
  1313.  
  1314. Shimizu, Shigeatsu. Kenchiku hozon gainen no seiseishi. Tokyo: Chūō Kōron Bijutsu Shuppan, 2013.
  1315.  
  1316. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1317.  
  1318. The author presents a history of the consciousness of preservation in Japan, taking into consideration modern infusions of European concepts to today’s turn toward a coherent narrative of East Asian architectural history.
  1319.  
  1320. Find this resource:
  1321.  
  1322. Suzuki, Hiroyuki, ed. Fukugen shisō no shakaishi. Tokyo: Kenchiku Shiryō Kenkyūsha, 2006.
  1323.  
  1324. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1325.  
  1326. Multiple authors contribute essays on case studies of the restoration and replication of major monuments from the early modern to the modern period. The volume emphasizes the changing ideologies and technical skills prevalent during specific times.
  1327.  
  1328. Find this resource:
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