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Study Vegetable growing organic permaculturel Part 1

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  2. 1 Study Vegetable growing organic permaculturel and performance economic Final report 30 November 2015
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  4. 2 Summary Biological Farm the Bec Hellouin developing from 2007 a model of gardening original combining an organization of space inspired of the Permaculture and the techniques of maraîchage biointensif (E. Coleman, J. Jeavons, etc.). Très peu mécanisé, sur une très petite surface cultured, positioned on of circuits short, this model raises a very strong interest. But estQil economically viable ? Is in this matter that study conducted by the farm the institute Sylva and unity of research SADAPT (INRAQAgroParisTech) intended to respond. The particularité de cette étude est d'être conduite sur une ferme où des techniques, des outils, des marketing new modes tried to permanently off therefore of farms in routine that serve generally from medium to the production of references technicoQ economic. Of December 2011 to March 2015, the gardeners have noted systematically their intervention (nature de cellesQci, temps de travail, intrants, etc.) et quantifié les récoltes sur une surface de boards grown to 1000 m² out alleys and edge, of which 42 % under greenhouse. point out that these 1000 m 2 Studied correspond to the zone the more intensive of the farm the Bec Hellouin and ne doivent en aucun cas être considérés comme suffisants pour établir une microferme. En effet, dans a logical Permaculture, the surface very neat is part of a set more global who includes the less intensive areas (to produce cultures to cycles long like them vegetables of conservation winter), natural zones and buildings necessary to good green operation and commercial to all. The work of modeling operated on from data collected shows that this surface allows to clear a figure business (CA) sufficient to pay a person with a status agricultural. The result depends however the level of production by unit of surface. In 2013, première année complètement couverte par l'étude, le CA s'établissait à 33.000 € pour les 1000 m². The year next, it has reached 57,000 €. This progress is due by various factors , increase of skills of gardeners, adoption of innovative tools but also reconfiguration of the boards for a better ergonomics, diversification of markets allowing to produce vegetables to cycle more short and therefore increase the number of successive to current crop year, installation of hot layers to increase the useful period of production. The increase of the productivity has demanded an investment of work much more important (3026 hours of work total to 2014 against 2006 h in 2013), imputable pour la plus grande part à l'installation des couches chaudes, qui n'a pas été répétée de way as important to 2015. On the base of a time of work weekly average annual to 43 h by week deemed acceptable by the gardeners, income corresponding to these two years a été calculé sous deux hypothèses d'amortissements et de charges financières, haute (5700 €) et low (1900 €). In 2013, the monthly net income is only to 898 € under the hypothesis high (correspondant à l'achat de matériels neufs notamment). Il atteint 1132 € sous l'hypothèse basse (materials used). In 2014, it is respectively to 1337 € and to 1571 €. This numbers take then Account of the compensation of a wage paid to miQtemps to minimum wage, whose recruitment is indispensable to cover the quantity of work necessary. Income would significantly more high if this work was assured with a partner with a status agricultural. This approach income shows the importance of the mastery of investment. The link apparaît bien direct entre niveau d'intensification et revenu, à condition qu'il soit maîtrisé afin avoid a charge of work insurmountable. A master who returns to the skills of gardeners, acquired in experience, to their training continue and to their skills stratégiques (choix d'investissements, de marché, d'inscription sociale dans le territoire, etc.) et systemic (ability to read the firm to how global to to understand the forces and the weaknesses).
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  6. 3 Contents FINAL REPORT TO STUDY, and by François Léger and Sacha Guégan ............................ 5 La genèse d'un projet de recherche collaborative ........................................................................... 6 La Méthode de la ferme du Bec Hellouin'' ......................................................................................... 7 La permaculture .................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Le micro0maraîchage biologique intensif .................................................................................................................. 9 Les sols et leur gestion. ..................................................................................................................................................... 10 Périmètre et objet de l'étude ............................................................................................................................... 11 L'hypothèse étudiée ............................................................................................................................................................ 11 La production maraîchère, objet principal de l'étude ........................................................................................ 11 De la production à la rémunération du travail ..................................................................................................... 12 Une étude en conditions réelles, pas une expérimentation ................................................................ 12 Le protocole de recueil et de traitement des données ......................................................................... 13 Les temps de travail .................................................................................................................................................. 16 Enregistrement des temps de travail ..................................................................................................................... 16 Calcul du temps de travail des participants aux formations de l'école de permaculture .................. 16 Travail au jardin et autres tâches ........................................................................................................................... 17 Les prix ............................................................................................................................................................................. 17 La production évaluée est celle qui est commercialisée ..................................................................... 19 Les enseignements de l'étude ............................................................................................................................. 20 Les récoltes et leur valeur ..................................................................................................................................... 20 Une progression régulière au cours de l'étude ................................................................................................... 20 La production est très saisonnée .............................................................................................................................. 21 La productivité par unité de surface est très inégale dans les différents secteurs ................................ 21 Les causes de la progression de la production ......................................................................................... 23 Un effet de l'étude elle0même .................................................................................................................................... 23 Des améliorations des outils et des équipements .............................................................................................. 24 Des reconfigurations de l'espace cultivé ............................................................................................................... 24 The warm layers a technique of cultivation to extend the period of production 26 La diversification des débouchés, un facteur0clef de l'augmentation de la production ....................... 27 L'intensification des surfaces, clef de la performance productive ................................................................. 29
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  8. 4 Les temps de travail .................................................................................................................................................. 30 Les temps de travail annuel ............................................................................................................................................ 30 Intensification de la production et charge de travail ......................................................................................... 31 Degré d'intensification et quantité de travail ........................................................................................................ 32 Productivité du travail et intensification des surfaces ....................................................................................... 33 De la production au revenu .................................................................................................................................. 36 La méthode de modélisation du revenu .................................................................................................................... 36 Des scénarios qui conduisent à un revenu acceptable dans 3 cas sur 4 ...................................................... 36 The microfermes vegetable a model competitive under Reserve a sufficient level d'efficacité technico0économique ................................................................................................................................ 38 De l'étude à laµferme maraîchère permaculturelle ........................................................... 39 The m 1000 2 étudiés font partie d'un tout écologique ................................................................. 39 Les choix d'intensification dépendent du contexte économique ............................................. 39 Penser laµferme permaculturelle au[delà de l'étude ........................................................ 40 POINT OF LE A VIEW NATURALISTE, and by Gauthier 42 Chapel .............................. STUDY VIEWS AN TEAM ED THE FARM , by Charles Hervé [Gruyer ......... ....... 45
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  10. 5 Organic gardening permaculturel and economic performance Report End Of The study Sacha Guégan ( Institute Sylva) François Léger ( AgroParisTech - UMR SADAPT ) Preamble The study Vegetable growing organic permaculturel and performance economic driving since end 2011 in the of farm Bec Hellouin, the Institute and Sylva UMR SADAPT (INRA0 AgroParisTech) is now complete. It had to object to study a form of gardening of small area, mainly manual very diverse, facing to the short circuits of marketing. Two reports have intermediaries already been published in July 2013 and December are available 2014et of the Site of of farm Bec Hellouin 1 . The results presented in these reports have of sparked many debates , sometimes based on the inaccuracies or misunderstandings of . A of of targets this final paper is to raise some of celles0ci , in endearing us to still remain the more close the data that have been collected and analyzed . The reading of the previous reports should not not yet be regarded as superfluous it out of move the and in his evolution the time and the emergence of progressive some concepts. This contribution r , centered on the technico0économiques results overall , does not fit in the analytical approaches that enable to go far more in the understanding of the Construction of productive efficiency of farm the effect of of cultural associations and their rhythms, dynamics of the fertile soil and the biodiversity between others. These essential issues could not be decided to go single data gathered at of course three years and Half of collection . We hear so and continue enrich the study to understand the mechanisms sous0jacents of the economic viability and of the liveability of social microferme permaculture, especially those who respect to ecological functioning of farm . This report only will therefore certainly not the ultimate Product of of cooperation between the organic farm of Bec Hellouin and unit of SADAPT search . 1 www.fermedubec.com/publications.aspx
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  12. 6 La Genesis A Project Of Search Collaborative When they settle the Bec Hellouin to 2004, Charles and Perrine HervéQGruyer mean create their place of life, the heart of a nature still far preserved, where they could access to a form of food autonomy producing of their hands of the fruits and vegetables healthy and good, in the respect the more complete possible to their environment and of their beliefs. The discovery of the Permaculture is their offer the holistic framework for thinking and build this project. Their curiosity the leads to explore other sources of inspiration in particular and among many other the pioneers nordQaméricains of gardening bioQintensif, Eliott Coleman, John Jeavons, which they experimenting methods. Their personal experience the confirm in the conviction that agriculture organic may and shall to medium term, feed humanity. They want to contribute to to bring the evidence and to prove it is possible to build an other future for our planet from when that everyone knows take to Account in his choice personal their impact to scale of the world. This link between the local and the global the push and to question : How reduce our footprint ecological ? Comment putting our lives in coherence with our future ? ' Of this approach stems their decision to 2006 to become farmers professional and to create a place that or all to the time a space of production food organic, exchange of knowledge and of savoirQfaire, sharing experience, training. A place that could be a point support and inspiration for other sharing the same beliefs and the same project of life and to production. The transition to professional scale their fact discover the obstacles to of such installation projects, system very diverse to small surface oriented mainly to in circuits short, where the work would be essentially manual, whose carry are without training or experience agricultural solid. The absence of references technicoQéconomiques to whom they could rely is crying : how, in these conditions mount the project and argue with of instances agricultural, the local community banks. In 2010, the results are there , the productions are plentiful, activity vegetable appear profitable. Perrine and Charles acquire and the belief that a very small farm allows to live decently without being crushed to work. Their multiplication enable to create the jobs and to contribute significantly to a feed healthy and quality, with an impact green positive. Bringing the evidence of efficiency the application of the Permaculture and the principles of gardening biointensif and contribute to the production of essential references to spin of this model became then to them an ambition essential. It is in this moment that the path of Charles and Perrine crosses one to François Leger teacher researcher to AgroParisTech member of the team Agricultures Urban from Unity Mixed from Search SADAPT 2 . Interested from long date with the systems agricultural '' Different '', he perceives interest that y would to document and to analyze rigorously the practical and the results of the farm the Bec Hellouin. This type of 2 UMR 1048 SADAPT Science to Action and the Development - Activities, Products Territory , INRAQAgroParisTech .
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  14. 7 system to very small area is to effect to many projects Installation including the carriers do not have not of seating land family. He is particularly attractive to time where of many actors public, associative and private Ask on one agricultural redeployment the urban areas and suburban, where constraints of neighborhood and the characteristics of the land are for more in plus contradictory with the forms modern agriculture. Its concerns of search for join therefore the will to Perrine and Charles to bring elements to candidates to installation. It is of this encounter that is born the work of research collaborative whose Results are presented in this document. The conclusion major confirms intuition empirical original from Charles and Perrine : it is of possible to produce of way large of a small vegetable area cultivated mainly in the hand and release of and a earnings sufficient for make a decent income with a having a person agricultural status. This statement is original to good of respect. It requires however to be discussed to good to seize magnitude and the limits. Previously, we return everything first to the main choice who presided to the setting in place of the farm the Bec Hellouin (permaculture, techniques of micromaraîchage organic biointensif) before to present the method of the study and its main results. The Method Of The Shut up The Bec Hellouin '' This that defines the method set to point and applied to the farm organic on the Beak Hellouin, is a combination consistent principles between them and will strengthen another, including the source of inspiration is located in two directions Further, the Permaculture (Mollison, Holmgren, etc.) and the micromaraîchage biological intensive (John Jeavons, Eliot Coleman). These references are presented to the site of the firm to section background documentary . The permaculture This approach pragmatic, inspired by ecology scientific, a was proposed by Australian Mollison and Holmgren 3 in the year 1970. She is designed for allowing the people and the communities they are to rethink the relationship of companies to their environments up to endangered to a design of development based on operation mining of natural resources (energy fossils, mineral water biodiversity, etc.). To how very simplified, we could tell that the purpose of the Permaculture is to create ecosystems experienced , building to the interactions from their different building blocks for to optimize autonomy and guarantee the quality of life human who to are parts involved. The design development and the pilot of this ecosystem permaculturel are the fruit of a vision global from the site of his operation and his dynamic in agreement with the aspirations social, ecological 3 Mollison, B., Holmgren, D (1981) Permaculture One:. A Perennial Agriculture for Human Settlements, 1ST edition. Ed. International Tree Crop Institute, Australia.
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  16. 8 and economic to those who is live. The design in permaculture is therefore always contingent of places and of people. The reading clean to Charles and Perrine HervéQGruyer for the site of the Bec Hellouin is presented to the site of the farm (Http://www.fermedubec.com/permaculture.aspx). The general organization of firm of the Bec Hellouin (cf. figure 1) is the fruit of this reading of the permaculture applied to this space particular. The farm is structured in different sectors corresponding to zones characteristics of design in permaculture. Figure 1 : The farm the beak Hellouin , comic by Charles Hervé [Gruyer The website is crossed by the of Bec river, flowing that of the Sud0Ouest Nord0Est. The part is located vegetable the bank left the building on the shore right. The garden gardener cleanly said is structured of the way next : • A area 0 : the greenhouse workshop, the heart of the space cultivated, where are stored them tools and the equipment where to hold the meeting of work, in which are prepared the vegetables (circle white to the figure 1). • A area 1 : the greenhouses, the sectors Apples , River and Island , to close immediate of the workshop are particularly neat, to afford to optimize productivity (circled to yellow to the figure 1). The Island is surrounded by the mares dug when of implantation of gardens that contribute to moderate the microclimate (protection against them frozen, etc.), to produce a biomass (reeds vases) recyclable on the planks cultivated to hide a biodiversity helpful (frogs, etc.).
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  18. 9 • A area 2 , the Mandala, the plot agroforestry in SudQOuest of greenhouses it contributes to protect the winds dominant, are subject of a lesser intensification. They are devoted to the cultures less demanding to care (perennial, squash, etc.) which complement the production of the area 1 ( Orange). • A area 3 , the forest garden to the West, the belts agroforestry in SudQEst from the green and the mandala participate in the moderation of the climate local. Object of relatively little of care, they happen especially the fruits which complement the market garden offers the firm (in green). • A area 4 made space devoted mainly to animal, no grown, but when may be removed spontaneous biomass to redistribute in cultivated spaces (the rest, not surrounded on the figure 1) • An area 5: comprising the meadows and wood surrounding who contribute to the operation of the local ecosystem (climate habitat species auxiliaries ...) but also the territory of near where will be found free of resources, manure fern green waste, that firm contributes to recycle. The micro = organic gardening intensive This term corresponds to a set of methods aimed to maximize the production vegetable organic on to very small area little or no mechanized. They part of a reading critique of agricultural systems and food industrial and of ecological impacts , social and cultural. They share with Permaculture the same ambition autonomy and development endogenous of communities local, seconded to a intelligence green holistic . The experiences John Jeavons and Eliot Coleman, who have given place to many works are them sources of inspiration most mobilized to the farm the Bec Hellouin. A of their common principles is to favor the work manual to optimize the density of sowing or of planting and therefore the production by unit of surface. Two ways Additional explored by the Farm of the Bec Hellouin strengthen further this principle intensification : association of cultures that allows better explore the verticality and optimize and the capture energy solar as much that the exploration of different horizons of the soil ; the cultures relay, where a new culture is installed before even the end of the culture previous. The three modes main culture of the firm correspond to three different ways of setting in work of this ambition intensification : • The buttes Permanent Round, which allow to increase the surface cultivated and of structure of the floors of vegetation providing and a better capturing of solar energy. • The boards permanent flat, rather devoted to the seedling in pure or en association to high density. • The layers hot, inspired the practice of gardeners suburban in the nineteenth century. They consistent in the windrows fresh manure of horse, who, in is composting, will release of the heat (to 70Q80 ° to heart). On the layer hot one has or of plaques of sowing (the layer hot fact after office of cover hot without consumption of electricity), or 15Q20 cm to land
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  20. 10 to host of culture. The production of heat, allows to launch more early the vegetables futures. The production of compost is very useful in the context of the farm, including the soil of origin is little fertile. Hot layers enable also the closure of a cycle to scale of the territory : this manure of horse from the Horse club village was jusqueQlà a waste, stacked in one field potential source of pollution. Hot layers illustrate a principle pragmatic essential in permaculture : the search for autonomy is not an end to self and not must not be confused with a will autarky. Integration to territory, the strengthening of links with members of local community , the creation of social synergies green with neighboring (here the club Horse, to individual) for access no vendor to the resources from close are parts integral to the design permaculturel. Soils and handle them Located in a valley occupied by the meadows natural waterlogged, the farm of Bec Hellouin had little, a priori of vocation agricultural. Only access no limiting to water could appear as a benefit. The soil in revenge were somewhat favorable to on vegetable crops a superficial virtual horizon peaty thick of fifteen of centimeters, consisting primarily to matter organic difficult mineralizable and of stringers, to a horizon alluvial marl rich in flint. The construction of a floor more appropriate to gardening was therefore a critical issue during of the system. The inputs important, essentially in form of manure of horse composted were so summer embedded in the most of the gardens to establish the hills and the planks of culture leading to a floor enough similar to one of cultures vegetable , historic , floating gardens of the Somme or gardening of the , belt green , Paris of the nineteenth century, but little deep (a thirty from cm to more for the planks plates). This construction of the soil is perfectly consistent with the spirit of the permaculture, who considers that acting to the conditions initial the system humainsQnature is often the sine qua no ​​to engage celuiQci in a way of aggradation ecological guaranteeing its sustainability and its resilience.
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  22. 11 Perimeter And Object Of The study The hypothesis studied Do seraitQce that with its location and his floor, the farm the Bec Hellouin appears singular in the universe of vegetable. A farm singularity enhanced with extreme originality of his design and of techniques that puts to work. The farm in his whole, combining production market garden and training, not could definitely not be regarded as a reference directly repeatable . But the hypothesis formulated to departure was order more general : put the in the work the principles of permaculture and of = micro gardening biointensif allows for way of producing enough large of a very small surface cultivated essentially the at hand, and and generate a profit to ensure sufficient a income okay to a person with a agricultural status, with of of condition work satisfactory. This event referred to two dimensions and two issues complementary , • The economic sustainability a system such vegetable that the of Bec Hellouin permet0il of get a compensation work of decent and guarantee celle0ci During the of time? • The liveability The work needed for this release earnings est0il bearable as the of map quantitative (time of work distribution over the of year ...) that qualitative (arduous, time to be on leave ... ) ? The producing vegetable , main object of the study For that the answers to these issues are a source of inspiration for the gardeners and carry projects, he was obviously necessary to link the results that we would get to the principles and to practices , in the design and the conduct of the farm contribute to the explain. For all that, study of this farm singular, with its structure of mainQd'œuvre special, his combination specific activities (market gardening, training, Home ...) and shopping tours (sale to farm, baskets, high restoration range, wholesalers ...) permettaitQelle to produce lessons sufficiently generic to be really useful to other ? That fallaitQil study on this farm to produce results likely to be detached from this singularity ? On the other hand, the work of collection of data to respond to the questions ne could be doing that with the gardeners euxQmêmes it was impossible to consider the permanent presence of a person charged to follow daily their business. It should therefore find a good balance between quality and quantity of information to consistency with the availability of each. We have therefore decided to restrict the study to production obtained the on a coherent part of the farm, and corresponding to 1000 about m² of boards actually grown, aisles out and surroundings.
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  24. 12 Of the generation in the remuneration of labor Know the production was good obviously insufficient, it should also describe which were the means set to work to get , time of work, material and equipment used, practical put into work inputs merchants and no merchant (plants seeds, products of treatment, amendments and fertilizer, etc.). The assumption that we hear test does is limited no to the only production but considered the question of the compensation of work. It was soon when find a solution to move from this production to a product to the meaning book, and inputs, material and mobilized equipment to of fillers. The accounting of the farm offered the necessary means to the calculation of these fillers leaves, when it there was no other solution to the affect full to the surface studied (case of some investment property as the tools). The calculation of product referred to his share to the peculiarities of commercial circuit the farm and he is quickly appeared that cellesQci had an impact on the production , lack of opportunities, culture of specific products to some customers, etc. We have put to point a method of calculation of the market value of production allowing to we free in part of those specifics. But in part only, and we see with the more that this imperfect abstraction of commercial reality of the farm allows to put to debate the issues absolutely essential for that would take inspiration from the fruits of this study. A Study In Requirements Real, Not A Experimentation A of important features that work carried on more to 3 years is it has been done in a farm, and in the Conditions a real business of gardening, submitted to the constraints of customer of regulation, management of the priorities and no in a center experiment voluntarily disconnected from market and of events that are the daily to a vegetable. The goal is to observe and no to prescribe relative decisions to production belonged entirely to the of the team farm without any set outside. A strong form an all, and the acts of production is to how obvious related to all the other aspects of the business ( commercial outlets resources human ...) this has thus eu for implication that results observed in the framework of the study were sometimes been affected by factors not related directly to the domain analyzed to know the production. These elements will largely covered in the discussion.
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  26. 13 The Protocol Of Collection and of treatment of data The Land Studied Their experience personal from vegetable as that their readings, y inclusive ones relative works to Parisian gardeners of the nineteenth century had brought Charles and Perrine to consider a effective surface culture around 1000 m² conduct of so very intensive (high densities associations, relay cultures ...) was sufficient to ensure the income of a person to status Farm. It is this hypothesis that a conduit to design the device designed, even more than this surface appeared compatible with the capacity investment of gardeners who have to raise the information necessary. The choice of the included Land in the study a also been dictated by this hypothesis. She implied in effect of focus our attention on cultivated parts of the way the more neat and the more intensive matching to the zone 1 we have previously set, or the sectors Serres Apple, River and Island. This last sector appeared though too special : to the center of the mare, the conditions ecological (microclimate, feed water, circulation of bugs, etc.) y were more difficult reproducible. The Island a therefore been excluded from under review. For complete to 1000 m², he therefore was decided to add to the selected areas in zone 1 a portion the Mandala, belonging to the zone 2 , less intensive and doing object from minus to care. Table 1 : main features of sectors included in study. The breast of sectors retained, the area followed appropriate exclusively to boards actually grown (out alleys and other spaces uneducated, rappelonsQle) totaled 1032 m² to the beginning of study (December, 2011), or close to 50% of cultivated surfaces vegetables in the party of located firm in Valley. The zone 1
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  28. 14 in represents 63%, the area under shelter 42%. This last proportion is close to the average observed in other microfermes vegetable organic studied in the framework of the thesis of Kevin Morel, PhD to UMR SADAPT. The main characteristics of different sectors are presented in the Table 1 The different plots have been introduced in the study to leave to December 2011 to fur and to measure that were ending the cycles of culture precedents. The surface target a summer reached in April 2012. A time this scheme of cruise reached, the surface cultivated studied, always close to 1000m², a sustained some inherent changes to life of the farm : reformatting of plots to special in the greenhouse and in the sector Mandala , standardization of the length of boards to to make more easy management the sails thermal. Figure 2 : Surfaces Sockets grown in accounts in the study December 2011 in of February 2015 In order to enable the comparisons relevant, the results that follow have summer returned to 1000 m² with simple rule of three. He should here to insist on the fact that farm organic in the Bec Hellouin not if limit not to those 1000 m². Only, they do would not great sense : the '' ecological 'interactions they put to play, cultures that enable and which allow or no to provide the clients in all implies the existence of a environment more broad who can all too good to party of the firm as it being outside. But in a case as in the other, it is necessary to keep to spirit that is to each carrier project to build these interactions and this green environment and economic more broad to function of the context local. The Book Of Data To describe the production and the factors for to get (practices, work inputs, etc.), ​​it has been decided to raise the information to scale of interventions individual elementary to each board cultivated. This estQàQdire that every person involved to a moment given to a from those boards should note all information about his intervention , time of work, nature of intervention, means used (sowing and plants tools products, etc.) and for the
  29. page 15
  30. 15 crops amount and units (kg, boots, parts). These measures not concern that ' production of parcels followed (vegetables, aromatic, flowers edible, etc.). In lumps agroforestry (Apple, River), the harvest of fruits have not been recognized. The leaf recording is presented figure 3 . Figure 3 : Leaf of the statement Intervention information on the boards studied The data collected were then deferred in leaves of calculation Excel This job being entrusted to the care of the engineer in charge of the study to institute Sylva which ensured control quality (coherence news, etc.). The leaves of calculation of base have been structured like the map of collection : each intervention is treated as an observation (line) ; the different in variables in the table are directly deferred to columns. The information complementary postponed in a column observation , have not made subject of a declination in variables coded (for example, the nature of fertilizers is postponed, but ceuxQci not make not object with systematic coding kind of material setting a new variable). This complementary stage has not was put into work compteQtenu time important it would have required and Associated uncertainties these comments free. Some information on the driving of cultures remained therefore accessible to a mode only qualitative. It is one limit when it is to respond to some questions to the factors explanatory results of production, with example the fertilization. These information may However, to be taken later in a second study.
  31. page 16
  32. 16 Of same, some important information have not have to be identified lack of means of reliable. This action is in especially the case of irrigation, despite the importance of it factor into gardening. The technical garden to the firm are in effect different : drop to drop sprinklers watering cans to main absence of reliable equipment . measure of use in these different modalities (flow meters, etc.), it there was no to possibility of quantification of contributions. The only data known concern therefore the time devoted to Irrigation with the vegetable. The Time Of Work Registration of of work time All the operations to a plot to study have been noted what that is the . Person who intervened Have therefore been collected : • The interventions carried by the staff of the farm ; • The interventions carried by the trainees agricultural formations long (BPREA, engineer agricultural, etc.) ; • The interventions carried by the trainees in short training to School of permaculture in the Bec Hellouin ( this or the training to gardening in gardening or in permaculture) ; • The rare interventions other people (eg , chef cook harvesting luiQ even his products). In this case the time global past to garden a was noted with a speaker regular to the base of a statement of time spent and of products harvested. Calculation of the time to work of participants in training of of school permaculture Personal of the firm and the people present sufficiently long (Trainees in curriculum Farm) filled so every day their clean sheets. For the trainee to training in the framework of the School of permaculture, the interventions were much more ad hoc what that does justified not to train them people to fill of the map of statement. In addition, one share important of time on the plot is passed to explanation. Finally, the most of those people are beginner to gardening - or totally neophytes Q and put so much more time to perform a specific task a gardener confirmed. The maximum a was done for that these training is held to outside of the plot of the study. This was however sometimes impossible. Thus the training to the culture of vegetables fruit Summer is was necessarily to a plot of greenhouse, so included in the study. In this case the trainer noted the time corresponding to he would have set one gardener of the farm to fulfill the same task that it done with people newbies into training. The robustness of this choice ( trainers évaluaientQils correctly time would have dedicated a gardener ?) a have to be tested. The bias introduced is very minimal and account held in the low number of case of this type can be considered as negligible.
  33. page 17
  34. 17 Work in garden and other tasks This mode recording we allowed to search for each plot followed the time of work daily total and the number of players. The interventions to the boards do not represent however a part of the time of work related to the garden and to activity vegetable. Getting add from tasks various maintenance of the aisles and the outskirts interventions to the trees and shrubs fruit, maintenance of the tools and equipment ... the other hand, all people working regularly to the firm spend a variable part of their time to other activities outside the gardens : maintenance of buildings and the site, commercial functions and administrative etc. These different activities distributed unevenly in the course of the year, are indispensable to good functioning of the activity of production. They have not yet not was recorded in our protocol to study focused exclusively to celleQci. To judge of the dimension time work of the liveability it was therefore necessary to we fix a standard acceptability of time of dedicated work with cultures followed leaving enough of time to carry the other tasks. This charge extra work is commonly estimated in the profession the third party of time of work total to average annual. By we referring to those numbers we therefore set a standard arbitrary to 30 hours of work weekly to garden with equivalent time full (FTE), or a charge of work total to 45 hours Weekly and a charge of work annual range between 2100 and 2200 hours that seemed acceptable to the look of what that is commonly established in the profession. The prices To overcome the only agricultural part and initiate a analysis economic, it appropriate affect a value to harvest this estQàQdire to pass of the output to product to the number business . This calculation was a priori to be made to from of the accounting of the firm. This task is quickly appeared delicate : a portion important for sales is made baskets, including the composition is variable and the price fixed to how constant what that is their content. In the measure where these baskets not are not composed exclusively to products from of parcels of study (the surface vegetable total is, rappelonsQ the superior to one to study), he was to somewhat close impossible to evaluate the value of the production of those boards to leave the sales of baskets. We had to circumvent this stress and more usually, we liberate the commercial specificities the farm in us closer as that do to could price the more representative market for the sale in circuits short of vegetables organic. Three of sources So prices was used for calculate the value of vegetables products on the boards of the study : • The mercurial of Regional Grouping of Organic Farmers High [ Normandy (GRAB [HN) , we will call in the suite of this Document the mercurial GRAB . It is a survey conducted with of gardeners bio in circuits short with the GRABQHN from may to November all months or all two months. The GRAB sends a list of vegetables (plus a few
  35. page 18
  36. 18 aromatic, some fruit, etc.). The gardeners who the wish return the paper with the price they practice in circuit short (the firm participates systematically to survey). The GRAB returns to gardeners who participated to poll the list supplemented with for each vegetable the price mini found, the price maxi found and average price (see Appendix). For each vegetable in in the list of the mercurial, the way found price in circuits short in the region is therefore available to from of May It means price in mercurial GRAB will be called in the suite of this document price GRAB ; • The price of the égumes sold every week to the farm on shape of Lunches or no, that and does not appear in the list GRAB . This configuration to present with example to March Q April when the first vegetables primeurs are harvested but only the mercurial GRAB is not still available (the first reprimand GRAB from year is made into May) Other option. , the vegetable harvested not figure not in the mercurial GRAB, but he is sold in the baskets (eg : aillet, oregano). The price are therefore fixed by the farm of how consistent with what that is happening to the market neighbors. This price will be called in the result of this paper Farm prices ; • The price of vegetables sold primarily restaurants to customers of the farm (it is for the most gourmet or restaurants starred), who do contained not in the mercurial GRAB and no are not sold (or rarely) to Customers ordinary of the firm. The price are fixed each week we the call in the suite of this document the price restaurant . If the vegetable, he or sold transformed or self-consumption (in special with restoration of the eco-center) figure in the mercurial GRAB it is upgraded to the price GRAB. If no figure not in the mercurial GRAB, but he is sold in basket, to Regular customers of firm or to wholesalers, he is valued in price farm . If the product harvested is sold only for restaurants (Flowers edible mini vegetables, etc.), ​​it is price restaurant is chosen. To summarize, the selected price is the first to the available product in question taking the order of priority following price GRAB - farm prices - price restaurant. Examples • In August, the price of the tomato is indicated to the rebuke from GRABQHN ( other gardeners to produce and have indicated their price from sell to the rebuke from GRABQHN). The price means local market is available, it's the one who is taken for enhance the tomato. Two other price are available (the practicing for baskets, he practiced for restaurants) but not are not caught in account : priority is given to the price GRABQHN ; • A the same period of oregano is sold. This product not figure not in the mercurial GRABQHN, but is sold in the baskets. It is therefore the price farm that is taken by account The price which oregano is sold to restaurants is not caught in account ;.
  37. page 19
  38. 19 • In marsQavril, the boots to radish roses are harvested. The first reprimand GRABQ HN being carried by may, it are a still no price GRABQHN to those boots from radish. As they are sold in the baskets, is the price farm that is used for them value. The price at which these radishes are sold to the restaurants is not caught in account ; • Edible flowers are sold to the restaurants. This type of product not figure not in the mercurial GRABQHN, and is not marketed in the baskets. This is the price restaurant that is taken into account because this is the only available. The Production Evaluated Is The That Is Sold The modes of marketing of the farm (AMAP baskets gardeners, restaurants) imply that 'crop will make to control and not bear than on the vegetables including the qualities correspond to those orders. From this fact, the loss after harvest (Storage, unsold) are weak, even more than a part of the surplus potential may be consumed directly to the farm in particular in the restoration of school of permaculture. In However, this logic of harvesting to and control can drive to losses important to the field . Some vegetables which could absolutely be marketable, not are not harvested at the right moment fault of application. In to rare cases they may be harvested and sold to the wholesale, but it is possible and Interestingly, despite the potential haircut by report to the price GRAB or farm that if the volume may be set to market is enough, what that is rarely the case account held of extreme diversity of the practiced products and therefore the area relatively limited devoted to each of them. A portion of the vegetable is therefore sometimes left on place. They will be treated like of bad herbs and compostable or used to mulching later, the moment of the phase of preparation of the culture Next. These vegetables no required not are therefore not stored in the harvest. The Production that we have evaluated is not so production the total , but production for the to respond to and controls so commercialized under reservation that these orders are actually made . This addiction to opportunity a could lead to what that like to the end of the Year 2012 of parcels included in the study had not been implemented in culture of the fact of anticipation of a lack of outputs commercial. In an optical purely experimental, he would have been useful to be set up of vegetables to study the better the potential productive. In a subject close to the constraints of profitability, it was not feasible to start of the cultures of which we knew they do would be no sold : this would be much of costs (plants seeds, hand of work) without digit Business to face.
  39. page 20
  40. 20 THE LESSONS OF STUDY The study conducted of the organic farm with Bec Hellouin a Product a teaching essential on a small cultivated area mainly in the hand, it is possible to produce of of fashion important enough pay for a properly under individual status Farm . The Crop And Their Value A steady progression over the of study The value harvested vegetables , has progressed regularly to course of the study. For better view this progress, we have chosen to express this production in Slippery values ​​ a year. In the figure 4 ciQdessous, the value given for each month is therefore to the sum of the values of twelve months precedents. The point of departure of these curves is to what is, the month to may 2013 or one year after introduction of the whole of the planks followed in the study. Figure 4 : Value slippery Annual on euro of Vegetable Products The value harvested cumulative to 12 months slippery , Is past of 32,400 € to the period June 2012 - may 2013 to 54600 € April 2014 to March 2015 or 69 % with respect to first period studied. She has reached a maximum of 57,300 € to the harvest 2014 or 76 % with respect to the first period studied.
  41. page 21
  42. 21 The output is very saisonnée In expressing produced values to quarter slippery, it estQàQdire in affect to each date the value calculated from the production of three months before this date on remark immediately to very strong seasonality productions, tied good safe to weakness of winter outputs (see Figure 5). The calculation we allow to see that progression observed the course of three years to study intervenes to each period the values of each month of year 3 are superior to those of the year 2 ellesQ same superior to one of the Year 1. On remark however that the progress concern over especially the time Winter and of spring. Figure 5 : Value slippery Quarterly in euro of vegetables products . The productivity per unit for area is very uneven in different sectors The examination of the production shows a very large variability between and in the various gardens. The period March 2014 - March 2015 (Figure 6) is the where intensification of surfaces a was the more strong. The production average y is clearly more high in talons (80 € / m²). This result is logical. The period of production y is to effect plus scope, possible cultures more diverse. It is also in the greenhouse that will find some of the crops the more productive and to plus strong value added (tomatoes, eggplant, etc.) difficult arable in full air under the climate Norman. On could however notice that the productivity with m² different plots y is also more variable. This holds to two factors. The first corresponds to the multiplicity of associations of cultures practiced : results are significantly more high in the plots where the number of cultures are succeeding or associated with the cultures high (tomatoes, eggplant, etc.) is large (up to five crops). It is clearly the factor the most important as in reflects the
  43. page 22
  44. 22 More low productivity in the small greenhouse, where these associations were less systematic. The second hold to install of layers hot in the greenhouse to a number relatively low to plots that have allowed to extend more even the Productive period and in increasing the fertility of soil, the returns. These two factors, will combine, that more is, to 6 of 37 plots identified in the greenhouses explain the importance of the variability observed. The production of more small a was obtained in the Mandala (28 € / m²). This result is also logic : this sector in zone 2 is the object of less of care, cultures relay y are least common, not seraitQce that the fact of the more large proportion of Perennial cultures (aromatic in particular), he receives the cultures to more low value commercial. In the sectors apple and River to full air but in the zone 1 , more neat and more intensified the results are significantly higher (respectively 48 and 38 € / m²) and their variability is more limited. The difference between the two sectors holds before everything to cultures practiced more or less profitable (for example, zucchini very productive good that little expensive are exclusively grown in the apple). These results if on the reported to ha (or 480000 and 380000 euros) remain However, very honorable to report to systems market garden organic more classic. It is difficult nevertheless of quote numbers specific for this comparison, in the measure where the returns are in this case calculated to the totality of the surface of parcels alleys and passages inclusive and no to the only spaces strictly cultured. Figure 6 : Value of Production the per m² (min / medium / max) in the different sectors studied - Period 28 March of 2014 to 27 March 2015
  45. page 23
  46. 23 The comparison of the period March 2014 - March 2015 and of the period may 2013 - mai 2014 shows that the progress of the production is produced on all sectors studied (Figure 7) to how however uneven. She has more only doubled in the Mandala (210 %), the increase is to somewhat close equivalent in the greenhouses and in the sector River (respectively 176 % and 180 %), it is more low in the sector Apples. (128 %). The higher increase in the sector River is primarily attributable to the fact that mistake of opportunities, certain plots are remained more long no cultures that in the sector Apples in 2013Q2014 : performance productive appears good linked to the speed of succession of cultures on every parcel. Figure 7 : Evolution of the value of mean the production on euro by m² between the period 2013 May [May and the 2014 2014 March period - 2015 March The Causes Of The Progress Of The Production Indeed a of study it even = Different factors explain the progress of the production to course of the study. A first holds to effect even to study. On only may to effect exclude that, because they were directly involved in the study the gardeners have lent a plus great focus and have better groomed the plots followed. This is possible for them gardeners of the farm, but also for the trainees who , could find in the fact of participate in this study an additional source of motivation. On may also think that the fact same to note their intervention they have done take awareness of problems that they had not necessarily loaned attention jusqueQlà and they corrected spontaneously It is, with example the case of the reconfiguration of Mandala that we will discuss more away.
  47. page 24
  48. 24 The study aimed to prove the effectiveness of the system of the farm the Bec Hellouin would eu and an effect autoQréalisateur , obviously very hard to assess. Of way more general, we can also assume that the skills of gardeners to are increased at to study. Some, yet novices to the beginning have won in experiment. Finally, the records and direct observations enable to affirm that ' cultures are in all better neat to the end at the beginning of the study. This finding is confirmed by the gardeners euxQmêmes, permanent or trainees. It is however hard quantifiable in the measure where he shines not data concerning the time of work , the number of interventions devoted to maintenance power of culture, weeding in particular, increased significantly a year on the other, but the duration of each of these interventions tend to reduce. Finally, the burden of total devoted work to these tasks rest to somewhat close constant. This we leads to consider that the point key lies in the regularity of interventions. An increased control of the vegetable Business allows to act good time and avoid to be let overflow , this that forces to on time intervention more important. Of improvements of tools and Facilities By same time that is held the study, the farm the Bec Hellouin pursuing her reflection on tools, including the setting to developed innovative tools (cf. the Document Search of innovative tools in favor of of micro0agriculture permaculture, available on the site of the farm). Improving tools existing or the setting in work tools new (Campagnole, coupeQmesclun etc.) more ergonomic and more effective have eu an effect direct to the burden of work and its arduous, but also very likely to effectiveness of the practices that the mobilized and therefore, in fine to productivity. CelleQci is however extremely hard to quantify to the base of information gathered in monitoring. Reconfigurations of the of cultivated space The analysis regular results of each sector a sometimes leads to on changes in the organization of space cultivated in particular in the Mandala . The results of the first year showing and that plots were a lot less productive than those of other sectors This result was logical. situated in the zone 2, the Mandala was therefore less neat and leads from way less intensive ( Sustainable cultures to cycle long, less of cycles of culture). The differential with other sectors appeared however much more important than expected. The discussions between gardeners have revealed that the reasons resided in organizing little ergonomic in this space to organization too complex. In August 2013, it is therefore decided to make to a reconfiguration of the center of Mandala to allow a better traffic and a monitoring of cultures more easy (cf. figure 8). This reconfiguration a conduit to a reduction of area cultured, who are past de378 to 320 m².
  49. page 25
  50. 25 This reconfiguration of Mandala to summer 2013 was obviously translated with a increase of the burden of work measured, time devoted to the upgrading of plots to breast of this industry of study that was good obviously registered. He must note here that this reconfiguration do change not the status permaculturel of this sector which remains good included in the zone 2 and where will be grown especially to cash to cycle long, of sustainable and of aromatic in need of the care less regular. Figure 8 : The Mandala and before after the reconfiguration August 2013 The reconfigurations tame space concern as the greenhouses. The little green a been magnified. A Conversely, installation of the chicken coop in the big green a conduit to a reduction of the surface cultivated. In fine, the cultivated area under green have increased on to 420 m² to 2013 to 450 m² to 2014 and 2015. In revenge the surfaces of sectors Apples and River are remaining to somewhat close unchanged. The surface Total recorded in the study is finally passed to 1032 m² to 1000 m². The breast of our device on to therefore a from a reduction of the surface cultivated in the zone 2, the less productive and an increase of the surface of greenhouse, the plus productive. In affecting the values ​​ of measured productivity 2014Q2015 the area of the period 2013Q2014, and comparing the result obtained to outcomes observed to the period 2014 - 2015 on can estimate that the reconfigurations of cultivated areas have contributed to % 27 of the total increase of the production.
  51. page 26
  52. 26 The warm layers a technique of cultivation to extend the period of Production The farm organic in the Bec Hellouin a set his first hot layers winter 2014 to drawing of experience of gardeners Parisian of XIX th century. Hot layers have been tested under green and to full field to a of parcels the sector Apples . In full field installation of tunnels Nantes to the layer hot a conduit to a system extremely effective, the fact of orientation is - West the device. In full month of January then that time was still cold, cultures enjoyed a part of calorie generated by the compost from manure and other share of the effect of greenhouse created by the tunnel Nantes, that TV reception very effectively the spokes the sun still low to horizon thanks to orientation is - West and the absence of foliage on the trees nearby. Under greenhouse hot layers have allowed to rise significantly the temperature, contributing to expedite the development of cultures auQdelà of boards concerned. This effect has been strengthened by development of a chicken coop to the heart of the greenhouse, helping him as to increase of the temperature for a low share of the fact of the production of extraQchaleur metabolic with them animals for a part more important with the decomposition of the manure in the pen. These benefits are However, mixed with the cost of work that requires their installation as we, the see more away. After experimental phase to 2014 ( 165 m 2 Cultivated), new Hot layers was limited to 2015 to a surface to 46 m 2 Devoted substantially to the production of plants for the vegetables futures. Agronomic benefits from hot layers summer however good demonstrated by the results of the study. The gain to early is net and allows to diversify the baskets more early to season. This effect is good illustrated with the figure 9 where the values ​​ are calculated to a month rolling the value assigned to the month x corresponding to the value of production of months before. Figure 9 : Effect of layers hot on the production (Value in euro on 1 months sliding)
  53. page 27
  54. 27 The diversification of opportunities , a key factor = of of increase the production Between the beginning and the end of the study the market of the firm have evolved. The fact the more marking is increase of the hand of sales to in restaurants high to range , past to 14% to 27% of products of the industry of study (Figure 10). The rise into power of this market applicant of products special a permit to diversify more even the species cultivated. Among cellesQci, some flowers edible or of aromatic, perennial or no, were allowed to get better results to certain plots where they have been implemented in particular in the Mandala . But, especially, these products individuals have allowed to increase still intensification of the production. Figure 10 : Value of the Harvesting on a slippery year (in euros ) Function decomposition in the opportunities The restaurants are very seekers of miniQlégumes (fennel, carrots, sprouts from various types eggplant, zucchini salad, turnips etc.) or flowers of vegetables (Zucchini, peas, etc.). In the case of miniQlégumes (cabbage, fennel salads, turnips leeks, etc.), ​​the density may be much more important than when the cultures of these same plants are pipes to their word normal development. With a even board, the number of vegetables will be much more consistent. These vegetables are usually sold to the room or boot. The price of sale is generally more low only one of the same vegetables , adult . But the number is more than offset differential of price to terms of value with m². On the other hand, the harvested before cultures
  55. page 28
  56. 28 Full maturity will leave more quickly the place to cultures following. The analysis board with board shows that the introduction of a to those cultures Early , has no to significant effect on the number of cultures for to others markets of the farm is succeeding (or is overlaying) in the course of the year. It is therefore like if on introduced additional culture on year , effect intensification is indisputable. Other products Special are tapped to of the plants (flowers to squash or of peas mini zucchini, mini eggplant, etc.) or the in of stands plants (carrots, fennel, etc.) for to provide vegetables , adult . The effect of those samples did not been studied, and he is difficult to judgment into comparing the plots where these levies have been made on other where there there to have not been : diversity of the Inheritance and potential associations forbidden any comparison of two boards wearing the same culture to the same time. But he is everything to is possible that these Practical thinning valued did eventually only somewhat or not effect on returns to vegetables adult or even they could contribute to increase ceuxQci. It is therefore not unreasonable to the look like a form special intensification. In summary, on may therefore describe these productions special like passengers pay to within a for substantially System to the production of vegetables ordinary , sometimes also for to in restaurants. These individuals vegetables , exclusively for the restaurant, and have contributed to 46 % of the increase of products found between the and the beginning end of the study . Their introduction in the planks cultivated did not affected the productions for to other markets that have remained to somewhat close constants good that their area is are still reduced all valued products to the restaurants not are not Of passengers of cultures normal and a part of the area their a summer specifically affected, reducing all that the vegetables ordinary .
  57. page 29
  58. 29 The intensification of surfaces, key of the productive performance In conclusion, we can say that the increase of the generation of the farm is due to a combination of factors multiple, all run in the sense of intensification of the production intensification is included here in his first sense to increase the of productivity per unit of surface. The two past are still in that particular case the most important • Care for more attentive cultures, inseparable linked to an increase of skills of gardeners; • Improved tools of of and equipment ; • Better control of of associations cultures, cultures of relay and densities; • Introduction of new systems of culture to extend the periods of generation ( warm layers) ; • Restructuring of the cultivated areas in consistency with a goal growth of and ergonomics so of of effectiveness work; • Introduction of news productions does not affect generation of the Cultures ordinary The key factor of economic efficiency of the of farm Bec Hellouin is well intensification, the generation to unit of surface. The price of goods has in fact almost no impact on the increase seen the number business of of studied area . However, the flexibility offered by the diversity of the of markets which is positions the firm is without no doubt a key item of its success. The issue of of market strategy is clearly essential in the design and driving the microfermes of biological . The essential point to remember is however that the of competence: the results obtained significant to from to 2014 is the first fruit of the experience acquired by gardeners , in their understanding of the context agronomic and ecological of their farm , in their choice so technical that in the management of crops . This experience has built a in constant process of learning, is Testing and of of analysis errors. The putting in work of the study was probably very accelerated this process, it do not enough to explain.
  59. page 30
  60. thirty The Time Of Work The time of annual work Time annual work on device studied (Figure 11) amounted to approximately 1400 hours in the gardens for the first year (June - . 2013 2012 May) It is mounted to close to 2100 hours for the second year (June, 2013 - May 2014) for down to 1600 hours the last year (April 2014 - March, 2015). Figure 11 : Hours of Work on cumulated 152 weeks slippery The increase of the burden of work found between January and June 2014, whose analysis a was detailed in the Report broadcast to December 2014, is due to multiple factors. The main reason is the reconfiguration of the sector Mandala to fall 2013, and, above all, the making of hot layered January and February 2014. These different sites have to effect caused an overload of work important. The Hot layers was particularly demanding in hand at work (Figure 12). This says that despite the interest of this technical, the installations of layers hot is be made to a ladder much more limited to winter 2015. On 52 weeks slippery, the burden of work decreases therefore in from of January 2015, time devoted to the setting in place of hot layers 2014 (383 hours to total) outgoing gradually of 52 weeks slippery.
  61. page 31
  62. 31 AuQdelà of this-time effort to the layers hot, increase of the burden of work should also be allocated to the General intensified cultures and to reconfigurations of space cultivated extension of the greenhouse where the care to cultures are more important reduction of the area of Mandala where they are more low. This last factor, to him alone, a conduit to an increase of order to 110 hours of time to work annual. Figure 12 : Charge work Weekly of September 2013 August at 2014 and impact of the textile layers of hot Intensification of the generation and load of work The consequences of intensification are multiple , increase of time to reformatting of the planks and of preparation of the soil (the fact of the increase in the number of cultures to a same board) , increase of time of transplanting (from the fact of the densification to some of them and the increase in the number of cultures with board) and, in a lesser extent of sowing , increase corollary of time to harvest. She is translated also with an increase of care to crop weeding in particular. Finally, the different factors (reconfiguration of spaces cultivated layers hot, intensification enhanced care to cultures more precise), that explain the level high to productivity reached on the sector study, lead to a charge of work hard acceptable to a person alone.
  63. page 32
  64. 32 In 2013, the situation remains acceptable , the number of weeks where the time of work exceeds 35 hours, concentrated to the period printempsQété, is yet relatively moderate (Figure 13). On the farm several people were likely intervene in same time to the gardens. This explains the peaks very high some weeks often followed by periods more calm, where the work weekly total to garden not reached not the 35 hours. If it there was a single speaker, we could imagine that other division of the work would be put in place for to smooth the load of work. The tasks under somewhat to development of site might also be deferred to off periods more hollow. Nevertheless, even in a year as celleQci where the level intensification was not to his maximum, the load work would remain high. The hits one-off hand or support of a trainee would be without doubt essential for pass without shock the time the plus problematic, end April to end of July. And he would not easy to disengage not seraitQce a week to the vacation summer. In 2014, it is in revenge absolutely unthinkable to consider a person only have could assume the burden of work considerable required the high level efficiency productive referred, as in reflects the figure 13 which presents the burden of work weekly in the gardens any as important to study as the burden of work annual : Figure 13 : time work on the weekly duration of the study Degree of intensification and amount of work The study of the quantity of work invested in the different gardens shows that celleQci is very directly proportional to the degree of intensification. The figure 14 present those results for the same period of 28 March 2014 to 28 March 2015, for that we had presented ciQdessus the results of value produced by unit of surface. We Note that this period does not include not making hot layers of the greenhouse to month to January and February would strongly affected the results. The time devoted to the setting in place of hot layers the sector apple are in revenge including in the calculation of time of work. The effect of these facilities reported to totality of the surface of the industry is to 0.17 hours / m².
  65. page 33
  66. 33 The Mandala, in zone 2, a required the least of work (0.85 hour / m² to average). The sector River has asked for his part 1.21 hour / m², the sector Apple, 1.48 hr / m². The difference between the two sectors is largely attributed to the layers hot for Apples , on the other plots, the time of work means annual is that 1.22 hour / m². It is logically in the greenhouse that time annual to m² is the more high , the number of cycle of culture it is the more high, with a immediate impact the time of work (2.12 hour / m² to average). It is also the sector where the variability of time dedicated to the different boards is the most important. This held for part to investment of important work on the construction of bins for the layers hot, task that may be assimilated to an investment and no to a activity normal and who did not concerned that some plots. On the other land, productivity of work remains however always much more high than in the sectors of full air (1.84 hour / m²). Figure 14 : time work annual per m² in the different sectors March period 2014 to March 2015 Note This period does not take account in the installation of warm layers in the greenhouse Productivity of the and work intensification of surfaces Productivity schedule of work, it estQàQdire the value of vegetables products with hours worked, a globally increased the course of 3 years, as the shows the table 2. In the case of the greenhouse, investments made to convert them Hot is translated layers a drop of this productivity (24 € / hour between April 2013 and March 2014, where the majority of layers have been made against 37 € / hour between April 2014 to March 2015, where less hot layers have summer made). But do not forget not it is a in this case a dimension of investment, including the profit could be to feel for several years. Thanks to the layers hot, the fertility the planks increases and ergonomics is better , more high, they require less of
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