2019-06-29 Saturday: 6 Wellbeing

Greg Malivuk
gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
2019-06-29 Saturday: 6 Wellbeing
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Homework: Write a postcard from a real or imaginary trip. Use some of the informal features from p. 65 but NOT leaving out words.
	Also: read p. 63 and do parts 4,5,6,7 on p. 62
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part 4
1 cruise
2 wildlife
3 trash
4 construction
5 cheap air travel
6 climate change
part 5
1 They dump waste into the ocean.
2 Expeditions to clean the mountain.
	https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/05/health/mount-everest-biogas-project/index.html
3 They allow several short vacations every year.
4 Yes: by train or ecotourism
part 6
1 impact
2 trash/waste
3 population
4 habitats
5 greener
6 pollute
part 7
1 N (The article doesn’t say about the peak.)
2 T
3 N
4 F
5 T
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Talk with your partner about (one of) the best and worst meals you can remember eating.
I don’t remember the name of the dish.
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p. 70 - Read “Pizza with a pedigree”
CE = Common Era / AD = anno domini (Year of the Lord)
BCE = Before the Common Era / BC = before Christ
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32010R0097 - full official EU documentation of “Pizza Napoletana”
- Which basic ingredient of modern pizza couldn’t have been on the pizza from 997?
	Tomatoes come from Central America, so couldn’t have been on pizza until the 16th century.
- What other common worldwide foods come originally from the Americas?
	avocado, corn, potato, chili peppers, chocolate, vanilla, pineapple
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Grammar: modals (and similar expressions) for advice and obligation
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modals = can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, ought to, had better, must
similar expressions = be able to, be allowed to, have to, be going to

modals: must be the first verb (so you can’t use two modals for the same verb), don’t change for tense or person, followed by base form
similar expressions: same meaning as certain modals, but don’t follow those grammar rules
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obligation: must, have to, must not (this is the only option)
	You must arrive before 9:15. You have to take the test. You must not forget.
no obligation: don’t have to
	You don’t have to buy the tickets. I can do it after work.

advice: should, shouldn’t, ought to (this is the best option)

permission: may, can, be allowed to (this is one of your options)
no permission/prohibition: may not, can’t, [be] not allowed to (this is not one of your options)
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Remember: most modals have multiple meanings
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p. 71 part 5 - Rewrite these labels with full sentences using one of the modals in parentheses.)
2 People with nut allergies shouldn’t eat this product.
  This product shouldn’t be eaten by people with nut allergies.
3 You shouldn’t exceed the recommended daily intake of salt.
  The RDI of salt shouldn’t be exceeded.
4 We are not allowed to sell the sample.
  The sample is not allowed to be sold.
5 You have to heat this product thoroughly before serving.
  This product has to be heated thoroughly before serving.
6 Diabetics shouldn’t eat this product.
  This product shouldn’t be eaten by diabetics.
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‘i’ has two main pronunciations in the middle of English words:
long i = die, diabetes, high, sigh, might, tribe,
short i = sit, with, trip, music
(Generally it only sounds like ‘ee’ at the end of a word, like “ski” or “Saudi”.)
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BREAK
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Common Writing Errors

*Was raining the whole weekend.
-> It was raining the whole weekend. (Every verb needs a subject. “it” and “there” [like “there is”] might be the subject if nothing else can be.)

*We met many new places.
-> We discovered / got to know many new places. (“meet” is for people)

*The wait was worth it, the weather in Los Angeles is wonderful.
-> ...worth it. The weather… / ...worth it because the weather… / ...worth it: the weather…
	(The error here is called a comma splice. Two independent clauses are joined with just a comma. To correct it, either separate them more with a period, colon, or semicolon, or add a conjunction.)
- A run-on sentence is a sentence that is “too long” without having a comma between clauses.
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p. 72 - What do you think “imaginary eating” is? Do you think it could help with weight loss?
skeptical = unwilling to believe something without more evidence
gullible = too willing to believe something without enough evidence
- Read the text.
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http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/12/101209-chocolate-obesity-science-mind-diet-weight-loss-eat-food/ - National Geographic article about this research
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/330/6010/1530.full.pdf - Science magazine article about the research (if you register for free you can see the article)
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dessert (noun - stress on the second syllable): sweet food after the meal
desert (noun - stress on the first syllable): dry usually sandy region
desert (verb - stress on the second syllable): leave or abandon something or someone
desert (noun - stress on the second syllable): something deserved, usually in the phrase “just deserts”
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She was deserted, dessertless, in the desert.
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English is hard. It can be understood through tough thorough thought, though.
(English is hard. It can be understood using strong complete thinking, however.)
Extra Credit: find a way to add “trough” to the sentence
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p. 72 part 3 - Listen and decide if the statements are true or false.
part 4 - Listen again and complete the sentences.
1 I’ll believe it when I see it.
2 If you don’t train your mind, you won’t be able to lose weight.
3 I won’t find out unless I try.
4 When I want to eat a snack, I’ll try just imagining it.
5 I’ll never have to buy chocolate again if this technique works.
6 As soon as it starts working, I’ll let you know.
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Grammar: first conditional = future real conditional
	future: it’s about something happening in the future
	real: it’s about something that really may happen
form = if + [present], [future]
(We use the same form for “when”, “unless”, “until”, “as soon as”, and “before”. In other words, clauses about time or conditions use present forms with future meaning.)
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p. 73 part 7 - Complete these sentences with the correct verb forms.
1 believe, will be
2 will need, want
3 don’t buy, won’t be able
4 find, will you let
5 go, will check
6 will give up, do
7 don’t try, will never know
8 will you do, doesn’t work
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A person who parks here too long will get _____ car towed.
- “their” (singular “they”): most common in speaking (almost everyone uses it), fairly common in writing, but some people believe it is incorrect because “they” should only be plural
- “his”: used to be standard, but now feels sexist because it doesn’t include women
- “his or her”: grammatically correct, but can get awkward and unclear when you have to say it a lot
- “People who park here too long will get their cars towed.”: everyone agrees this is correct
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Meanings of different conjunctions:

I’ll tell you when I come back. = I will come back, and then I’ll tell you.
I’ll tell you if I come back. = I don’t know whether I’ll come back, but if I do, I’ll tell you.

You won’t find out until I come back. = I will come back, and then you’ll find out.
You won’t find out unless I come back. = I don’t know whether I’ll come back, but if I do, you’ll find out.
	(“unless” basically means “if + not”)

I’ll tell you when I come back. = I’ll tell you pretty soon after I come back.
I’ll tell you as soon as I come back. = I’ll tell you immediately after I come back.
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p. 73 part 9 - Make sure you understand these expressions, especially the phrasal verbs
cut down on = decrease or reduce
cut out = remove entirely (from “in” somewhere, such as your diet)
give up = quit (could be good or bad things)
take up = start doing or practicing something
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Homework: 5-6 test