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- <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
- <toc>
- <title>TABLE OF CONTENTS</title>
- <toc-part>
- <toc-div>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>
- <content-style font-style="italic">Preface</content-style>
- </toc-title>
- <toc-pg>
- <content-style font-style="italic">vii</content-style>
- </toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>
- <content-style font-style="italic">Explanatory Note</content-style>
- </toc-title>
- <toc-pg>
- <content-style font-style="italic">ix</content-style>
- </toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>
- <content-style font-style="italic">List of Authors</content-style>
- </toc-title>
- <toc-pg>
- <content-style font-style="italic">xi</content-style>
- </toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>
- <content-style font-style="italic">Table of Cases</content-style>
- </toc-title>
- <toc-pg>
- <content-style font-style="italic">xxv</content-style>
- </toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>
- <content-style font-style="italic">Table of Legislation</content-style>
- </toc-title>
- <toc-pg>
- <content-style font-style="italic">liii</content-style>
- </toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- </toc-div>
- <toc-div>
- <title>CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION</title>
- <subtitle>
- <content-style font-style="italic">David Smith</content-style>
- </subtitle>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>1. Love on the Star Ferry</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>2</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>2. Contracts, Torts, Copyrights and Other Mysteries of the Legal World</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>2</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Interests and Bargaining Power</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>5</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Options</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>5</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Walk-away Point</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>6</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>3. Law as the Foundation of Democracy and Economic Prosperity</toc-title>
- <toc-pg> 6</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>4. Legal Landscape of China</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>8</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>5. Challenges of Studying Law</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>10</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>6. Law in a Changing Society</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>13</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>7. Law, Ethics and Social Responsibility</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>14</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>8. Conclusion</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>15</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- </toc-div>
- <toc-div>
- <title>CHAPTER 2 LEGAL SYSTEM OF HONG KONG</title>
- <subtitle>
- <content-style font-style="italic">Arthur McInnis</content-style>
- </subtitle>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>1. Introduction</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>19</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>2. Meaning of a Legal System and Law</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>19</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) What is a legal system?</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>19</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) What is law?</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>19</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) The functions of law</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>20</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) The importance of law to business</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>21</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>3. Classifications and Sources of Law</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>22</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Classifications of law</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>22</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Sources of law</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>24</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Literary sources of law</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>30</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>4. Legal Processes—Creation, Interpretation and Application of Laws</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>36</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Creation of laws</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>36</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Interpretation of laws</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>39</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) The doctrine of precedent</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>41</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>5. Legal Institutions</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>43</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Bodies involved in the legislative process</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>43</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Law enforcement bodies</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>44</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Department of Justice</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>44</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Legal Aid Department</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>45</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) Courts and tribunals</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>45</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>6. Legal Personnel</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>54</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Secretary for Justice</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>54</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Lawyers—solicitors and barristers</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>55</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- </toc-div>
- <toc-div>
- <title>CHAPTER 3 LEGAL SYSTEM OF CHINA</title>
- <subtitle>
- <content-style font-style="italic">Gui Guo Wang and Lin Feng</content-style>
- </subtitle>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>1. Historic Review</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>60</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Before the economic reform (1949–1978)</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>60</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) After the economic reform (from 1978)</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>60</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>2. External Influence on China’s Legal System</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>61</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>3. Law-Making Powers</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>63</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) The power of the NPC and its Standing Committee to make laws</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>63</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) The power of the State Council to make administrative regulations</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>64</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) The power of Local People’s Congresses to make local regulations</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>64</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) The power to make administrative rules and local rules</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>65</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) Hierarchy of law</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>65</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>4. Law-Making Procedures</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>66</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Law-making procedures of the NPC</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>66</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Law-making procedures of the Standing Committee</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>67</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>5. The Judiciary</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>68</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) The court system</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>68</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Jurisdiction of courts</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>68</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>6. Interpretation of Law</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>69</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>7. Conclusion</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>70</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- </toc-div>
- <toc-div>
- <title>CHAPTER 4 CONTRACT LAW</title>
- <subtitle>
- <content-style font-style="italic">D. K. Srivastava</content-style>
- </subtitle>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>1. Introduction</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>74</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>2. Making a Contract</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>74</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Unilateral and bilateral contracts</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>74</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) The essential elements of a contract</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>75</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Consideration</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>95</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Intention to create legal relations</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>115</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>3. Who can Make a Contract?—Capacity of Parties</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>120</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Contracts made by minors</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>120</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Contracts made by mentally disordered, drunk or drugged persons</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>124</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Contracts made by companies</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>125</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>4. What are the Terms of the Contract?</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>125</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Mere representation and contractual terms</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>126</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Express and implied terms</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>129</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Conditions, warranties and innominate terms</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>131</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Distinguishing contractual terms from conditions precedent and subsequent</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>138</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) Interpretation and construction of terms</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>139</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>5. Exemption Clauses</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>145</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Has the exemption clause been incorporated into the contract?</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>145</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Construction of an exemption clause—Is the wording clear and wide enough to protect the party relying on it?</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>150</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Control of Exemption Clauses Ordinance</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>152</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>6. Vitiating Factors</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>157</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Mistake</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>158</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Misrepresentation</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>166</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Duress</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>179</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Economic duress</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>179</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) Undue influence</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>181</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(f) Unconscionable contracts</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>185</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(g) Illegality</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>190</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(h) Restraint of trade</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>198</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>7. Discharge of Contract</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>205</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Discharge by performance or defective performance</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>205</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Discharge by agreement</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>208</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Discharge by breach</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>208</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Discharge by frustration</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>210</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>8. Remedies</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>216</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) The award of damages</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>216</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Specific performance</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>227</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Injunction</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>229</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- </toc-div>
- <toc-div>
- <title>CHAPTER 5 SALE OF GOODS</title>
- <subtitle>
- <content-style font-style="italic">Charu Sharma</content-style>
- </subtitle>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>1. Introduction</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>235</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>2. Definition of a Contract of Sale</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>236</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Goods</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>237</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Price</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>240</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>3. Classification of Goods</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>244</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>4. Formalities</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>244</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>5. Terms of the Contract</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>245</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Conditions and warranties</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>247</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Innominate terms</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>248</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Time for performance</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>249</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>6. Statutory Implied Terms in a Sale of Goods Contract</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>251</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Implied terms as to title</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>251</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Implied warranties as to goods being free from encumbrances and quiet possession</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>254</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Implied terms in a sale by description</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>255</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Implied term as to merchantable quality</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>258</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) Implied term as to fitness for a particular purpose</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>266</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(f) Implied terms in a sale by sample</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>269</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(g) Implied terms and exclusion clauses</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>270</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>7. Sale by Non-owner</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>272</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) The exceptions to the nemo dat rule</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>272</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Sale by a mercantile agent</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>274</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Sale in market overt</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>275</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Sale under a voidable title</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>276</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) Seller in possession</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>276</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(f) Buyer in possession</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>278</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>8. Transfer of Property</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>279</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Passing of property—specific or ascertained goods</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>279</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Passing of property—unascertained goods</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>284</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>9. Remedies for Breach of Contract</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>287</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Remedies for the seller</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>287</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Unpaid seller’s right of stoppage in transit</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>290</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Seller’s right of re-sale</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>291</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Action for the price</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>292</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) Remedies of the buyer</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>293</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(f) Buyer’s loss of the right to reject</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>295</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- </toc-div>
- <toc-div>
- <title>CHAPTER 6 PAYMENT SYSTEMS</title>
- <subtitle>
- <content-style font-style="italic">Rajesh Sharma</content-style>
- </subtitle>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>1. Introduction</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>301</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>2. Currency</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>301</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>3. Credit and Debit Cards</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>301</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) The origin of credit cards</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>301</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Mechanics of the payment system</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>302</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Contractual basis</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>303</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Problems relating to credit cards</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>304</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) Debit cards and ATM cards</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>306</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>4. Letters of Credit</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>306</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) The operation of a letter of credit</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>307</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Revocable and irrevocable letters of credit</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>308</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Rule of strict compliance</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>308</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>5. Promissory Notes</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>309</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Writing and signature</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>310</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Promise or engaging to pay</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>311</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) An unconditional promise to pay</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>312</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Promise must be to pay money only</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>312</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) The sum must be certain</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>312</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(f) Payee must be certain</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>313</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(g) A promissory note must be payable to a bearer or an order</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>313</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>6. Bills of Exchange</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>314</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Parties to a bill of exchange</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>316</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>7. Cheques</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>317</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Difference between a cheque and a bill of exchange</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>318</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>8. Negotiation of Bills, Notes and Cheques</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>318</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Methods of negotiation</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>319</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>9. Endorsement</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>320</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Types of Endorsement</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>320</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>10. Payment of Bills, Notes and Cheques</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>321</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Payment made on or after maturity</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>322</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Payment made in good faith</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>322</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Presentment for payment</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>322</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Acceptance</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>323</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) Presentment for Acceptance</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>324</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>11. Liabilities of Parties and Discharge from Liabilities</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>325</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Liability of the acceptor</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>325</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Liability of the drawer</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>326</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Liability of the endorser</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>326</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Dishonour by non-payment</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>326</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) Dishonour by non-acceptance</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>326</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(f) Notice of dishonour</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>327</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(g) Noting and protest</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>328</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- </toc-div>
- <toc-div>
- <title>CHAPTER 7 A LEGAL GUIDE TO E-COMMERCE</title>
- <subtitle>
- <content-style font-style="italic">Aashish Srivastava</content-style>
- </subtitle>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>1. Introduction</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>333</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>2. What is E-commerce?</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>333</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) The issue of writing and signature in e-commerce</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>333</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Writing and e-commerce</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>334</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) What is information?</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>334</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) What is an electronic record?</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>334</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) Is the information contained in the electronic record accessible so as to be usable for subsequent reference?</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>334</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>3. Signature and E-commerce</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>335</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) What is a signature?</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>335</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Electronic signature</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>336</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Digital signature</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>336</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Terms associated with digital signatures</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>336</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) Functions of a digital signature</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>337</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(f) Implementation of the digital signature</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>338</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(g) Hong Kong: electronic signature or digital signature?</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>340</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(h) Case law on electronic signatures</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>342</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>4. Electronic Contracts</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>344</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Formation of an electronic contract</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>344</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Shrink-wrap; click-wrap and browse-wrap agreements</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>349</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Must a contract be in writing?</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>350</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Must a contract contain a signature?</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>350</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) E-Commerce and agency—the electronic agent</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>351</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(f) E-commerce and consumer protection</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>351</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>5. E-commerce and Spam</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>353</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) What is spam?</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>353</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) E-Commerce and domain names</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>353</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>6. Conclusion</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>355</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- </toc-div>
- <toc-div>
- <title>CHAPTER 8 AGENCY LAW</title>
- <subtitle>
- <content-style font-style="italic">D. K. Srivastava</content-style>
- </subtitle>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>1. Introduction</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>359</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>2. Agency and other Relationships</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>360</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>3. Classes of Agent</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>362</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Factors, brokers and mercantile agents</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>362</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) <content-style font-style="italic">Del credere</content-style> agents</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>363</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Confirming agents</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>364</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Auctioneers</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>364</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) Partners</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>364</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(f) Estate agents</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>365</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>4. Methods of Creating Agency</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>365</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Agency by contract</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>366</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Agency by ratification</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>369</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Apparent authority or agency by estoppel</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>371</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Agency of necessity</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>377</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) Presumption of authority from cohabitation</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>380</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>5. Rights of Agents</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>380</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Right to remuneration</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>380</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Reimbursement and indemnity</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>383</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Lien</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>383</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>6. Duties of Agents</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>384</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Duty to follow the principal’s instructions</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>385</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Duty of care and skill</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>385</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Conflict of interests</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>387</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Bribes and secret commission</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>389</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) Duty to account</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>389</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>7. Principal’s Relation with Third Party</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>390</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Disclosed principal</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>390</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Undisclosed principal</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>390</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Third party’s rights against undisclosed principal</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>393</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Principal’s liability for agent’s tort</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>394</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>8. Agents and Third Parties</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>396</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Warranty of authority</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>396</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Agent’s liability in contract</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>396</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>9. Determination of Agency</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>398</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) By agreement</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>398</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) By notice of termination</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>398</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) By completion of the task</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>399</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) By expiry</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>399</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) By frustration</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>399</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(f) By death, mental incapacity, bankruptcy, or closing down of business</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>399</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(g) Limitations on termination</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>399</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(h) Consequences of termination</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>400</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- </toc-div>
- <toc-div>
- <title>CHAPTER 9 COMPANY LAW</title>
- <subtitle>
- <content-style font-style="italic">Dennis Hie</content-style>
- </subtitle>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>1. Introduction</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>404</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>2. Incorporation Process</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>404</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Choose a name for the company</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>405</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Memorandum and articles of association</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>406</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Incorporation form</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>406</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Registration fee</toc-title>
- <toc-pg> 406</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) Certificate of incorporation</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>406</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(f) Business registration certificate</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>407</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(g) First board meeting</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>407</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>3. Shelf Companies</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>408</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Incorporation</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>408</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Advantages</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>408</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Disadvantages</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>409</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Conclusion</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>410</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>5. Concept of Separate Legal Entity and Limited Liability</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>410</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) General principle</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>410</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Piercing the corporate veil</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>414</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>6. Definition of a Private Company</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>421</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Restriction on the right of transfer</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>422</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Restriction on the number of shareholders</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>423</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Prohibition against invitation to the public</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>423</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Advantages of a private company</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>423</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>7. Memorandum and Articles of Association</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>424</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Memorandum of association</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>424</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Alteration of memorandum</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>429</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Articles of association</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>431</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Alteration of articles</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>432</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) The effect of the memorandum and articles</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>433</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>8. Management and Control</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>436</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) The general meeting</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>437</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) The board meeting</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>442</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Division of Power</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>445</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>9. Directors and Company Secretary</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>446</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Definition of director</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>446</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Who may be a director?</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>447</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Who may not be a director?</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>448</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Who can appoint a new director?</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>448</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) Alternate directors</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>449</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(f) Reserve director</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>449</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(g) Removal of directors</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>449</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(h) Role of Company Secretary</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>450</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>10. Directors’ Duties</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>450</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Under common law</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>451</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Codification of directors’ duties</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>460</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Statutory duties</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>461</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Relief from the Court</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>463</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>11. Protection of Minority</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>463</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) The democracy principle</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>463</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) The rule in <content-style font-style="italic">Foss v Harbottle</content-style>
- </toc-title>
- <toc-pg>464</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Common law exceptions to the rule in <content-style font-style="italic">Foss v Harbottle</content-style>
- </toc-title>
- <toc-pg>465</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Statutory protection of minority</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>467</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>12. Financing</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>473</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Share capital (equity)</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>473</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Loan capital (debt)</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>474</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>13. Liquidation</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>474</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- </toc-div>
- <toc-div>
- <title>CHAPTER 10 PARTNERSHIP LAW</title>
- <subtitle>
- <content-style font-style="italic">Dennis Hie</content-style>
- </subtitle>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>1. Introduction</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>478</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>2. Meaning of Partnership</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>478</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Meaning of a business</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>478</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Meaning of carrying on a business in common</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>478</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Meaning of a firm</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>479</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>3. Governing Law</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>480</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>4. Formation of a Partnership</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>481</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Co-ownership</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>481</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Sharing of profits</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>481</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>5. Relationship Between Partners</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>483</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Action for debt</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>483</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Fiduciary duties</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>483</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Contractual relationship</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>486</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>6. Liability of Partners to a Third Party</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>488</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Joint and several liability</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>488</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Agents as partners</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>489</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Retirement</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>494</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>7. Dissolution of Partnership</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>497</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Dissolution by partners</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>497</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Dissolution by law</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>498</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Dissolution by the court</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>498</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Liability of partners on dissolution</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>499</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>8. Limited Partnership</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>499</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- </toc-div>
- <toc-div>
- <title>CHAPTER 11 TORT LAW</title>
- <subtitle>
- <content-style font-style="italic">D. K. Srivastava</content-style>
- </subtitle>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>1. Introduction</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>504</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>2. Types of Tortious Liability</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>506</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Remedies</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>506</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Tort and crime</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>507</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Tort and contract</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>507</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>3. Negligence: Duty of Care</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>507</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) The existence of a duty of care</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>508</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>4. Duty of Care: Pure Economic Loss Caused by a Negligent Act</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>518</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) What is a “Pure Economic Loss”?</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>518</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Pure economic loss caused by a negligent act</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>519</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Pure economic loss caused by a negligent statement</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>522</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Tortious liability for negligent statement</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>523</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) Existence of a special relationship</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>526</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(f) Proximity and voluntary assumption of responsibility</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>526</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(g) Professional advice in a social context</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>529</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(h) Passive sufferer</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>530</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>5. Duty of Care: Products Liability</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>531</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) General principle of liability</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>531</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) The scope of manufacturers’ liability</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>532</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Causation</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>532</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Consumer’s injuries caused by the consumer’s own negligence</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>534</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) No tortious liability for pure economic loss</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>535</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>6. Breach of Duty</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>535</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) An objective standard—test of reasonable person</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>535</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Determining compliance with the required standard</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>538</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>7. Causation</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>542</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Causation in fact</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>542</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Causation in law (remoteness of damage)</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>549</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>8. Defences to Negligence</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>555</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Contributory negligence</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>555</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) <content-style font-style="italic">Volenti non fit injuria</content-style>
- </toc-title>
- <toc-pg>559</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) <content-style font-style="italic">Volenti non fit injuria</content-style> and drunk driving</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>561</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Exclusion of liability</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>562</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) Illegality</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>563</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(f) Limitation period</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>567</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(g) Limitation period for personal injuries</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>567</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>9. Vicarious Liability</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>569</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Employers’ liability for wrongs committed by employees</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>570</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Course of employment</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>573</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Vicarious liability for employee’s negligent and intentional wrongdoings</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>575</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Employers’ liability for negligence of employees towards one another</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>577</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) Employers’ liability for the acts of independent contractors</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>578</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(f) Car owners or car users’ liability for drivers’ negligence</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>579</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>10. Occupiers’ Liability</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>580</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Occupier’s duty to visitors of his premises</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>580</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Common duty of care</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>585</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Defences</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>591</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Trespassers</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>595</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>11. Defamation</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>597</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Essential elements</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>597</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Defences</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>604</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Remedies</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>612</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- </toc-div>
- <toc-div>
- <title>CHAPTER 12 EMPLOYMENT LAW</title>
- <subtitle>
- <content-style font-style="italic">James Parker, An-thony Upham and Lin Feng</content-style>
- </subtitle>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>1. Introduction</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>621</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>2. Contracts of Employment</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>621</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>3. Who can be Employed?</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>622</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>4. Contracts for Services</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>623</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>5. Application of the Employment Ordinance</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>624</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>6. Application of Contract Law</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>624</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>7. Rights under the Employment Ordinance</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>625</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>8. Probation</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>627</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>9. Sickness Pay</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>627</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>10. Rest Days</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>630</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>11. Holidays</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>631</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Annual leave with pay</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>632</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Annual shutdowns</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>634</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Payment in lieu of leave</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>634</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Annual leave pay and termination of employment</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>635</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>12. Wages</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>636</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) What are “wages”?</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>637</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) How should my employer pay me?</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>638</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Bonus payments</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>639</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Deductions from wages</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>640</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>13. Minimum Wages</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>641</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Hours worked</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>642</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Meal break</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>643</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) On-call or standby time</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>643</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Wage period</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>643</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) Payment for meal break and rest days</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>643</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(f) Counting of commission</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>644</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(g) Contracting out</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>644</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(h) Duty to record the total number of hours worked</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>645</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>14. Retirement Benefits</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>645</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>15. Severance Payments</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>649</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>16. Severance Payments and Long-service Payments</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>658</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>17. Employees’ Compensation</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>662</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>18. Trade Unions</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>667</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Trade union activities</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>668</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>19. Termination of Employment</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>669</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Fraud or dishonesty by an employee as a valid reason for dismissal</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>676</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Habitual neglect of duties as a valid reason for dismissal</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>678</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Lack of capability by the employee as a valid reason for dismissal</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>678</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Ill-treatment by an employer</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>680</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) Remedies for unreasonable dismissal</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>681</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(f) Restrictions upon notice</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>682</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(g) Termination payments</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>682</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>20. Apprenticeship Contracts</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>683</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Effect of Apprenticeship Ordinance</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>683</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Purpose of apprenticeship agreements</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>684</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Form of apprenticeship agreements</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>684</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Protection of apprentices</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>685</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>21. The Labour Tribunal</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>687</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>22. Discrimination, Disability and Sexual Harassment in the Workplace</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>694</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Gender discrimination</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>694</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Job advertisements and interviewing</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>696</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(c) Marital status</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>696</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(d) Pregnancy</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>697</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(e) Disability discrimination</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>698</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(f) Family status discrimination</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>700</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(g) Race discrimination</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>701</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(h) Definition of race</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>701</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(i) Sexual harassment</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>703</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(j) Disability harassment</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>704</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(k) Racial harassment</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>706</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(l) Anti-victimisation measures</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>706</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(m) Employers’ responsibility</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>706</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(n) Problems of proof in discriminatory situations</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>707</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>23. Recruiting Workers from Overseas</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>709</toc-pg>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(a) Getting a Hong Kong Identity Card</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>710</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- <toc-subitem level="1">
- <toc-title>(b) Recruiting a domestic worker from overseas</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>710</toc-pg>
- </toc-subitem>
- </toc-item>
- </toc-div>
- <toc-div>
- <toc-item>
- <toc-title>Index</toc-title>
- <toc-pg>719</toc-pg>
- </toc-item>
- </toc-div>
- </toc-part>
- </toc>
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