Structure 2013-07-30

wrapped: covered in paper
pollute: put things we don't want into the air, water, and land
adjust: change in small ways; adapt to fit better in a new place
shrink: get smaller (opposite of "grow")
"small world": you can say this when you see something familiar in a new place (e.g. a relative you didn't know, a McDonald's)
waste time: take time to do things that aren't important (wait for food in a normal restaurant)
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gerunds and infinitives:

gerund - verb(ing) form: stopping, walking, wasting, going

infinitive - to+base form: to stop, to walk, to waste, to go

GERUNDS: verb(ing)
   these usually function like nouns in a sentence
- Subject of a sentence:
  Eating fast food is not healthy. Running is good for you.
  Cigarettes are bad for your lungs.
  Smoking is bad for your lungs.
- Object of a preposition:
  I look forward to meeting you. I'm tired of studying.
 (If we have a verb form after a preposition, it MUST be the gerund.)
* I use a computer for send emails. (WRONG)
 -> I use a computer for sending emails.
     I use a computer for games.
 When I was young, I only used the computer for playing games.
 I was looking forward to meeting you.
 I was looking forward to the party.
- After a possessive:
 I'm very tired of your talking on the phone.
 His smoking will make him sick.

INFINITIVES: to + base form
They can come after other parts of speech:
adjectives: It is very important to practice English every day.
     We were surprised to see you yesterday.
adverbs: He drives too fast to be safe.
     She speaks too quickly to understand.
nouns: I made a decision to teach English.
     It's a high price to pay, but it's worth it.
     You don't have permission to use your phone.
object pronouns: I want him to study more.
     Please tell them to speak more quietly.
infinitives of purpose: I went to the store to buy milk. (para - Sp.)

AFTER VERBS: sometimes gerund, sometimes infinitive
- Verbs that always need the gerund:
  I enjoy watching movies. I dislike exercising.
  I enjoy their singing. I dislike Tom's smoking.
- Verbs that always need the infinitive:
  I hope to see that movie soon. I want to go shopping.
  I want him to stop talking. I need them to help me.
- Verbs that use both, with the same meaning:
  I like to watch movies. = I like watching movies.
  I began to study. = I began studying.
- Verbs that use both, with different meanings:
  I stopped to eat fast food. = I was driving. I stopped. I ate.
     (infinitive of purpose: fast food is the reason I stopped.)
  I stopped eating fast food. = I used to eat it. Then I stopped.

(pages A-2, A-3, and A-4 at the end of the book have lists of these verbs)

http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk

p. 145
2 eating (of - preposition)
3 to consider (facts - noun)
4 Ordering (subject) (infinitives can be subjects, but it's formal)
5 Having (subject), 200
6 to lose (want + infinitive)
7 eating (consider + gerund), 300
8 to gain (likely - adjective), 350
9 eating (=quit), 450
10 choosing (about - preposition), 200
11 to stay away (advise + infinitive), 150

Homework: p. 146 Exercise 3