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Garden and Landscape Design (Art History)

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  1. Introduction
  2. At first hand, little is known about gardens and landscapes in ancient times. Writing about them came much later, first as technical treatises, as manuals for planting and garden layouts, and then as critical evaluations and cultural commentaries. As gardens are fragile, we depend largely on documents and archives of older sites; in the modern period, archaeology and sonar soundings also help to recover former sites; and for more recent work we have the sites themselves, which themselves are in constant flux. While there are important works on the gardens of antiquity, the more we approach modern work, the richer is the bibliography. Garden history essentially “took off” in the late 20th century, with art historians in the United States and literary historians in the United Kingdom taking the lead; geographers, philosophers, and cultural historians, among others, have also taken up the topic. Given that there is no institutional instruction in garden history (landscape architects usually get some patchy instruction by nonhistorians), the field has also been occupied by amateur writers and researchers, to whom much excellent writing is due. What began as large-scale international or national surveys (histories of gardens are still with us) now focus on local territories (English counties, French départements, Italian regions, etc.) and even single sites, as well as on more theoretical approaches. While all disciplines or fields develop, garden history is still (absent professional instruction) searching, properly, for how to tackle this field of “gardening,” which the English writer Geoffrey Grigson rightly saw as “one index of the history of men [sic]” (in the introduction to A World of Gardens [London: Reaktion Books, 2012]).
  3.  
  4. Early Surveys and Histories
  5. These began to emerge when modern garden makers began reflecting on earlier designs (Switzer, Walpole, see the section Britain: Late 18th Century) and continued as historians sought to construct plausible and up-to-date narratives (Loudon 1840 [cited under Britain: The 19th Century], Amherst 1895, and Tunnard 1948 [cited under Britain: Modern Design]). Modern narratives are abundant, not least because publishers can now reproduce excellent images of gardens and landscapes, but they are not always either new or well founded on primary sources. Two early surveys were in Jellicoe 1989 and Thacker 1979, both still extremely useful for their illustrations and cultural commentary. Some attempts to do these surveys more fully and systematically have started to emerge: Mosser and Teyssot 1995 provides a collection of essays on specific moments or activities in landscape architecture; Baridon 1999 exhaustively researches the annals of garden publications through the ages; Baridon 2006 explores the origins of ideas of landscape from earliest times till the Renaissance; and Leslie and Hunt 2011 provides a detailed discussion of different periods of garden making in six volumes. The danger, too, of proleptic narratives—seeing what lies ahead as a clue to understanding the past or present—haunts garden histories (this is especially true in English garden historiography, where the “high point” of “English” gardening [the time of “Capability”, according to Brown and Humphry Repton] is used to retrospectively gloss earlier designs).
  6.  
  7. Amherst, the Hon. Alicia. A History of Gardening in England. London: Bernard Quaritch, 1895.
  8.  
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  10.  
  11. An early and unusual history, in that it devotes more space (eleven chapters) to a discussion of prelandscape gardening and to the 19th century than to the “English” (two chapters).
  12.  
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  14.  
  15. Baridon, Michel. Les Jardins: Paysagistes—Jardiniers—Poètes. Paris: Editions Robert Laffont, 1999.
  16.  
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  18.  
  19. A rich anthology of writings in this field, with extensive commentary, by a premier garden historian and intellectual historian who knew both French and English sources.
  20.  
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  22.  
  23. Baridon, Michel. Naissance et renaissance du paysage. Arles, France: Actes Sud, 2006.
  24.  
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  26.  
  27. A rich and detailed narrative of the birth and circumstances of landscape from ancient times to the Renaissance.
  28.  
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  30.  
  31. Hunt, John Dixon. A World of Gardens. London: Reaktion, 2012.
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  34.  
  35. Twenty essays on gardens in different cultures and throughout history; connections are made between gardens and other gardenlike inventions, such as national parks, amusement parks, and hunting parks. Well illustrated.
  36.  
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  38.  
  39. Jellicoe, Geoffrey, and Susan Jellicoe. The Landscape of Man: Shaping the Environment from Prehistory to the Present Day. London: Thames & Hudson, 1989.
  40.  
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  42.  
  43. Originally published in 1975. One of the best accounts, by two distinguished landscape architects, of how the environment has been shaped from prehistory to the present day. Good black-and-white images.
  44.  
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  46.  
  47. Leslie, Michael, and John Dixon Hunt, eds. Cultural History of Gardens. 6 vols. London: Berg, 2011.
  48.  
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  50.  
  51. The six volumes have different editors and provide very extensive bibliographies and eight chapters each that deal, in the different periods (antiquity, Middle Ages, Renaissance, Enlightenment, 19th century, and modernism) with eight topics (design, types of gardens, plants, reception, meanings, the relation of gardens with the larger landscape, and visual and verbal representations).
  52.  
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  54.  
  55. Mosser, Monique, and Georges Teyssot, eds. Architecture of Western Gardens. London: Thames & Hudson, 1995.
  56.  
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  58.  
  59. Also published in French and Italian. A collection of short essays charting Western garden making, a sensible structure that eludes the dangers of a narrative sequence.
  60.  
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  62.  
  63. Thacker, Christopher. The History of Gardens. London: Croom Helm, 1979.
  64.  
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  66.  
  67. One of the earliest and still useful general histories.
  68.  
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  70.  
  71. Essay Collections
  72. Given the nature of modern garden history, much work is still being done, not in monographs, but in collections that review either a specific topic across different cultures or look at one cultural moment, often taken up first in symposia. One of the most important series of works has come from Dumbarton Oaks (some of these published symposia appear in other sections, but a few, more general ones, are listed here, edited by the last three directors of studies in that program). Dumbarton Oaks is the premier institution for the study of gardens and landscapes, and its annual symposia, subsequently published, contribute an essential record of current work on their various topics.
  73.  
  74. Conan, Michel, ed. Environmentalism in Landscape Architecture. Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture 22. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2000.
  75.  
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  77.  
  78. A crucial new topic in the field. Essays on environmental rhetoric, Ian McHarg, designs during the recession of the 1930s, and translating environmentalism into landscape design.
  79.  
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  81.  
  82. Conan, Michel, ed. Landscape Design and the Experience of Motion. Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture 24. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2003.
  83.  
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  85.  
  86. Essays on movement in and through landscapes as varied as Roman gardens, Ming gardens, and Japanese Zen temples, with discussions of choreography.
  87.  
  88. Find this resource:
  89.  
  90. Hunt, John Dixon, ed. Garden History: Issues, Approaches, Methods. Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture 13. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992.
  91.  
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  93.  
  94. A series of inquiries into cultural moments, from Greek and medieval gardens to the relevance of paintings and written materials for their study. A tour d’horizon of the field at that time.
  95.  
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  97.  
  98. Wolschke-Bulmahn, Joachim, ed. Places of Commemoration. Search for Identity and Landscape Design. Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture 19. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2001.
  99.  
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  101.  
  102. Essays on memorials, cemeteries, concentration camps, and other burial sites.
  103.  
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  105.  
  106. Journals
  107. Periodicals dedicated to garden history are almost all recent, and many are increasingly focused on local issues, with journals on New England, Australia, Denmark, Poland, etc. The two prominent journals in English are Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes and Garden History, the latter focusing largely on British work, the former more international; the German Das Gardenkunst is another. The German Topos, although now published in English, and the French Polia, have augmented the field considerably. In the United States, Landscape Journal and Landscape Architecture respond respectively to academics and practitioners.
  108.  
  109. Country Life.
  110.  
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  112.  
  113. For many years, the only source of good, well-researched, brief (but unreferenced) articles by experts in Great Britain.
  114.  
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  116.  
  117. Das Gardenkunst.
  118.  
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  120.  
  121. Articles mostly in German, but an academic journal of scholarship and with a wide international coverage.
  122.  
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  124.  
  125. Garden History.
  126.  
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  128.  
  129. The journal of the Garden History Society of the United Kingdom. Mostly but by no means exclusively focused on British topics, with a keen interest in conservation and horticultural issues.
  130.  
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  132.  
  133. Landscape Architecture.
  134.  
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  136.  
  137. The magazine of the American Society of Landscape Architects; has been patchy, rather too professionally directed; with a new editor since 2011, its articles are sharper, attentive to historical matters as well as contemporary analysis.
  138.  
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  140.  
  141. Landscape Journal.
  142.  
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  144.  
  145. The journal of the American Council for the Education of Landscape Architecture (CELA), where most professional academics and designers publish articles that are wide-ranging and often technical in scope.
  146.  
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  148.  
  149. Polia: Revue de l’art des jardins.
  150.  
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  152.  
  153. A recent addition (since 2004) to serious journal scholarship in French, containing articles, documentary evidence, and current publications and restorations.
  154.  
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  156.  
  157. Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes.
  158.  
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  160.  
  161. Formerly the Journal of Garden History. Since 1980 this journal has worked to expand landscape and garden theory and to publish both general and very specific case studies in designs anywhere in the world.
  162.  
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  164.  
  165. Topos: The International Review of Landscape Architecture and Urban Design.
  166.  
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  168.  
  169. Articles always in German with English texts; now seems to publish mostly just in English. Short and always stimulating articles on topics that range from design work to larger cultural landscapes.
  170.  
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  172.  
  173. Theory
  174. If garden history eschewed theoretical approaches for many years, partly because of the need to assemble materials and catalogue examples, the influence of other disciplines (literature and sociology, in particular) has considerably altered how gardens are approached (as many examples above will suggest). The difficulty is still to gather sufficient basic facts and archival resources so that theory tries to do history and not seek adequate archival material. There is still the call, that dates as far back as Crescenzi in the late Middle Ages, for methodological texts on garden making. Theories can be applied specifically to local conditions, like Benes and Lee 2011, or to the field generally, like Berque, et al. 1994. Some books have essayed a “poetics” of garden making, like Hunt 2000 and Moore, et al. 1988. Both Lassus 1998 and Pèchere 1995 present their theory from the position of practitioners.
  175.  
  176. Beneš, Mirka, and Michael G. Lee. Clio in the Italian Garden: Twenty-First-Century Studies in Historical Methods and Theoretical Perspectives. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2011.
  177.  
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  179.  
  180. A return to the themes of the first Dumbarton Oaks conference, now focused on new ways of tackling and presenting garden history, a trend everywhere apparent now in the field.
  181.  
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  183.  
  184. Berque, Augustin, Michel Conan, Pierre Donadieu, et al. Cinq Propositions pour une Théorie du Paysage. Seyssel, France: Editions Champ Vallon, 1994.
  185.  
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  187.  
  188. Five theoretical approaches to landscape study by designers, sociologists, and philosophers, including Michel Conan, Bernard Lassus, and Alain Roger, the author of the more extensive Court traité du paysage (Paris: Gallimard, 1997).
  189.  
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  191.  
  192. Hunt, John Dixon. Greater Perfections: The Practice of Garden Theory. London: Thames & Hudson, 2000.
  193.  
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  195.  
  196. An approach to theorizing the garden by asking what the constituent elements of its making are: representation, the relation of the garden to other cultural landscapes, and the role of word and image in both the garden itself and our discussions (visual as well as verbal) of it.
  197.  
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  199.  
  200. Lassus, Bernard. The Landscape Approach. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998.
  201.  
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  203.  
  204. A distinguished landscape architect sets out his innovative approaches to thinking and making landscapes; volume includes essays by commentators on his work, such as Peter Jacobs and Stephen Bann.
  205.  
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  207.  
  208. Moore, Charles W., William J. Mitchell, and William Turnbull Jr. The Poetics of Gardens. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988.
  209.  
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  211.  
  212. One of the earliest contemporary attempts to write a “poetics” (cf. Aristotle), reviewing patterns, pilgrimages, collections, and the role of the designer and “genius of the place”; well-illustrated arsenal of illustrations and a thoughtful text.
  213.  
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  215.  
  216. Pechère, René. Grammaire des jardins: Secrets de métier. Brussels: Éditions Racine, 1995.
  217.  
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  219.  
  220. Typical of so many writings by practicing gardeners and horticulturists which hand out advice for amateurs, this well-known designer from Belgium provides a text, with his own sketches, of how to conceive of plans, axes, angles of view, and the elements of architectural insertions.
  221.  
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  223.  
  224. Conservation
  225. Given the fragile state of gardens and their frequent remodeling in different periods, and now with the backing and championing of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), conservation (or “preservation” in the United Kingdom) has become a central concern, even with modern sites. Añón Felio, et al. 1993 collects talks on the topic, with added comments or recommendations, while Aspinall and Pocock 1995 and Pattison 1998 are much more focused on geophysical approaches. The United Kingdom has made a considerable effort to understand issues of conservation, with discussions in Crowe and Miller 1964 and Sales 1995, whereas Birnbaum, et al. 2004 has centered discussions around important 20th-century American sites in lieu of a larger conspectus of examples, as in the United Kingdom.
  226.  
  227. Añón Felio, Carmen, Roland Silva, and René Pechère, eds. Jardins et sites historiques. Madrid: Doce Calles, 1993.
  228.  
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  230.  
  231. Reprints, in an appendix, the Florence Charter on historic gardens of 1989, and collects seventeen years of ICOMOS conference papers devoted to the theme of preserving and reflecting on the history and theory of garden making. Annexed to each collection of papers is an ICOMOS note on “Recommendations.”
  232.  
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  234.  
  235. Aspinall, A., and J. A. Pocock. “Geophysical Prospecting in Garden Archaeology: An Appraisal and Critique Based on Case Studies.” Archaeological Prospecting 2 (1995): 61–84.
  236.  
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  238.  
  239. Archaeology has become fundamental in garden inquiry, most especially when earlier styles and forms are buried, palimpsestically, below later ones.
  240.  
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  242.  
  243. Birnbaum, Charles, Jane Brown Gillette, and Nancy Slade. Preserving Modern Landscape Architecture II: Making Postwar Landscapes Visible. Washington, DC: Spacemaker, 2004.
  244.  
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  246.  
  247. Even gardens of the 20th century have decayed or even been lost, and for the United States in particular this has assumed a major role.
  248.  
  249. Find this resource:
  250.  
  251. Crowe, Sylvia, and Zvi Miller, eds. Shaping Tomorrow’s Landscape. Amsterdam: Djambatan, 1964.
  252.  
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  254.  
  255. A contribution from a distinguished British landscaper to conservation, with other essays by Geoffrey Jellicoe, René Pechère, and Brenda Colvin.
  256.  
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  258.  
  259. Pattison, P. There by Design: Field Archaeology in Parks and Gardens. British Archaeological Reports 267. Oxford: Archaeopress, 1998.
  260.  
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  262.  
  263. Typical of how British gardenists have approached modes of inquiry and conservation; with an essay by G. D. Keevil and N. Linford entitled “Landscape with Gardens: Aerial, Topographical and Geophysical Survey at Hamstead Marshall, Berkshire.”
  264.  
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  266.  
  267. Sales, John. “Garden Restoration Past and Present.” Garden History 23.1 (1995): 1–9.
  268.  
  269. DOI: 10.2307/1587009Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  270.  
  271. An expert British garden historian addresses the upkeep and conservation of older sites.
  272.  
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  274.  
  275. Greek, Egyptian, and Byzantine
  276. Early examples of garden making are largely derived from written sources and recent archaeology. While Greek and Byzantine examples fit more easily into the annals of garden history, the survey of Egyptian designs in Wilkinson 1998 is important and unique. Bowe 2010, Motte 1973, Osborne 1992, and Osborne 1987 look variously at different types of gardens and landscapes, while Carroll-Spillecke 1989 is primarily focused on the art-historical review of archaeological materials. Littlewood, et al. 2002 is one of the only surveys of Byzantium, a field largely unexplored and one of the other foci of Dumbarton Oaks.
  277.  
  278. Bowe, Patrick. “The Evolution of the Greek Garden.” Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes 30.3 (2010): 208–223.
  279.  
  280. DOI: 10.1080/14601170903403264Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  281.  
  282. One of a series of articles that the author has published in this journal examining the different elements of Greek gardens and landscapes.
  283.  
  284. Find this resource:
  285.  
  286. Carroll-Spillecke, Maureen. Kepos: Der antike griechische Garten. Munich: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1989.
  287.  
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  289.  
  290. The fundamental work, utilizing literary, archaeological, and art-historical materials. An English survey/abstract of this work was published in the Journal of Garden History 12.2 (1992): 84–102.
  291.  
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  293.  
  294. Glacken, C. J. Traces on the Rhodian Shore. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.
  295.  
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  297.  
  298. Part 1 (pp. 3–170) of this dense and wonderful book by a geographer attends to nature and culture in the ancient world. It continues with discussions of the Christian Middle Ages and the early modern period.
  299.  
  300. Find this resource:
  301.  
  302. Littlewood, A. R., H. Maguire, and J. Wolschke-Bulmahn, eds. Byzantine Garden Culture. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2002.
  303.  
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  305.  
  306. Eleven essays on monastic horticulture, zoos, ekprastic descriptions, the idea of “paradise within,” current scholarship, and proposals for further study.
  307.  
  308. Find this resource:
  309.  
  310. Motte, André. Prairies et jardins de la Grèce antique: De la religion à la philosophie. Brussels: Palais des Académies, 1973.
  311.  
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  313.  
  314. Enlarges the scope of the garden, proprement dit, to include orchards and grasslands, and their connections with both religion and philosophy.
  315.  
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  317.  
  318. Osborne, Robin. Classical Landscape with Figures: The Ancient Greek City and Its Countryside. London: G. Philip, 1987.
  319.  
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  321.  
  322. A rich survey of ancient Greek landscape and how it figures in the city culture; while it does not address gardens, that topic is taken up by the same author in Osborne 1992.
  323.  
  324. Find this resource:
  325.  
  326. Osborne, Robin. “Classical Greek Gardens: Between Farm and Paradise.” In Garden History: Issues, Approaches, Methods. Edited by John Dixon Hunt, 373–391. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992.
  327.  
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  329.  
  330. Based on a minute examination of fragments of documentary material, this amplifies what the earlier book on landscape (Osborne 1987) does not attempt.
  331.  
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  333.  
  334. Wilkinson, Alix. The Garden in Ancient Egypt. London: Rubicon, 1998.
  335.  
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  337.  
  338. An Egyptologist surveys different types of gardens, garden cults, and temples in Egypt.
  339.  
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  341.  
  342. Roman
  343. The scholarly literature on Roman gardens, mainly from archaeological evidence, is huge; but recent works have grappled with gardens in the light of other historical and theoretical approaches to the general topic of garden making and use. Early writings such as Grimal 1983 grappled with the huge array of literary materials, while archaeological research such as Jashemski 1979–1992 focuses intensively on a cluster of gardens destroyed by the eruption of Vesuvius. Given that much interest would be generated by Pliny’s letters on his villas, both Du Prey 1994 and Macdonald and Pinto 1995 have explored a variety of Roman villa complexes and their legacy. More general surveys, such as Bowe 2004, and collections of different perspectives, such as Macdougall and Jashemski 1981, have posited this area of study solidly in garden narratives. Spencer 2010 and Stackelberg 2009 have sought to locate gardens within a larger world of landscape and social uses, respectively.
  344.  
  345. Bowe, Patrick. Gardens of the Roman World. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2004.
  346.  
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  348.  
  349. Useful narrative, with excellent photographs and a relatively small bibliography.
  350.  
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  352.  
  353. Du Prey, P. The Villas of Pliny from Antiquity to Posterity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
  354.  
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  356.  
  357. With its extended narrative, this volume nevertheless takes its theme and its lead from Roman writings and the surviving sources of antiquity.
  358.  
  359. Find this resource:
  360.  
  361. Grimal, P. Les jardins romains à la fine de la république et aux deux premiers siècles de l’émpire. 3d ed. Paris: Fayard, 1983.
  362.  
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  364.  
  365. Originally published in 1943, this first modern scholarly treatment of Roman gardens, based on ancient sources, suggests that horti were park-like and that Rome was surrounded with a green belt. No revisions incorporated in later editions.
  366.  
  367. Find this resource:
  368.  
  369. Jashemski, Wilhelmina F. The Gardens of Pompeii: Herculaneum and the Villas Destroyed by Vesuvius. 2 vols. New Rochelle, NY: Caratzaz Bros., 1979–1992.
  370.  
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  372.  
  373. Fundamental, mostly based on archaeological evidence, and still one of the best studies for its detail and complexity.
  374.  
  375. Find this resource:
  376.  
  377. Macdonald, William L., and John A. Pinto. Hadrian’s Villa and Its Legacy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995.
  378.  
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  380.  
  381. A detailed and scholarly examination of the history, remains, and afterlife of this most important, and unique, Roman villa complex.
  382.  
  383. Find this resource:
  384.  
  385. Macdougall, E. B., and W. F. Jashemski, eds. Ancient Roman Gardens. Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture 7. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research and Library Collection, 1981.
  386.  
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  388.  
  389. One of Dumbarton Oaks’s pioneering volumes, drawing together recent scholarship and signaling new approaches to be followed thereafter; topics include the peristyle garden, sculpture (Greek antecedents and those used in domestic gardens), gardens in Portugal and France, and a survey (by Barry Cunliffe) of Roman gardens in Britain.
  390.  
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  392.  
  393. Spencer, Diana. Roman Landscape: Culture and Identity. Greece and Rome: New Surveys in the Classics 39. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  394.  
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  396.  
  397. An approach to how Romans conceived of the role of farms, gardens, and countryside in their ideas of citizenship; begins with a detailed set of key terms and definitions, which are then deployed across the remaining chapters.
  398.  
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  400.  
  401. Stackelberg, Katherine T von. The Roman Garden. Space, Sense and Society. London: Routledge, 2009.
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  404.  
  405. Uses modern spatial theories to explore Roman gardens; a new and stimulating approach.
  406.  
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  408.  
  409. Islamic/Mughal
  410. The scholarship covers a vast range of garden making from Spain to the Middle East, India, and Pakistan, one of the great garden civilizations, with a longue durée reaching to contemporary sites. Islamic garden history has been well established in Spain by Ruggles (Ruggles 2008 and Ruggles 2011); accounts of the importance of water and hydraulic mechanisms are reviewed in El Faiz 2005. Others have extended the field and its extended Mughal reach in essay collections of wide-ranging scope such as Petruccioli 1994, Wescoate and Wolschke-Bulmahn 1996, Zangheri 2006, and Conan 2007; Wilber 1979, an early Dumbarton Oaks volume, offers a more limited view of Timurid garden works.
  411.  
  412. Conan, Michel, ed. Middle East Garden Traditions: Unity and Diversity. Dumbarton Oaks Symposium XXXI. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2007.
  413.  
  414. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  415.  
  416. This takes up topics discussed in an earlier volume from Dumbarton Oaks (E. B. Macdougall and R. Ettinghausen, eds., The Islamic Garden [Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1976], with contributions from James Dickie and Susan Jellicoe), to focus on political and cultural receptions and critical discussions of different garden cultures.
  417.  
  418. Find this resource:
  419.  
  420. El Faiz, Mohammed. Les maitres de l’eau: Histoire de l’hydraulique arabe. Arles, France: Actes Sud, 2005.
  421.  
  422. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  423.  
  424. Detailed survey of water sources, technology, and the masters of the art through the early 19th century.
  425.  
  426. Find this resource:
  427.  
  428. Petruccioli, A., ed. Il Giardino Islamico: Architettura, natura, paesaggio. Milan: Electa, 1994.
  429.  
  430. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  431.  
  432. Essays on city and urban landscapes, garden metaphors, planting, gardens along the Bosphorus, chad gabar, and water.
  433.  
  434. Find this resource:
  435.  
  436. Ruggles, D. F. Islamic Gardens and Landscapes. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.
  437.  
  438. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  439.  
  440. A survey that, beginning in Spain (see Ruggles 1999, cited under Spain and Portugal), extends the coverage to Mughal gardens in the East, with chapters on agriculture, trees and plants, imaginary gardens, MS(manuscript) representations, tombs, and religion. Also includes a section on the adoption of Islamic gardens by non-Muslims, and a gazetteer of sites from Spain to India and Pakistan.
  441.  
  442. Find this resource:
  443.  
  444. Ruggles, D. F., ed. Islamic Art and Visual Culture. An Anthology of Sources. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
  445.  
  446. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  447.  
  448. A wide-ranging work, with sections on space, urbanism, and places (by country).
  449.  
  450. Find this resource:
  451.  
  452. Wescoat, James L., Jr., and Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn, eds. Mughal Gardens. Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects. Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium XVI. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1996.
  453.  
  454. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  455.  
  456. Distinguished contributions by Elizabeth B. Moynihan and Michael Brand, on topics that range from aspects of Mughal gardens to Babur and Persian poetry.
  457.  
  458. Find this resource:
  459.  
  460. Wilber, Donald Newton. Persian Gardens and Garden Pavilions. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1979.
  461.  
  462. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  463.  
  464. Seven essays on Timurid gardens; Imperial Isfahan, Tehran, and Shiraz; and gardens along the Caspian.
  465.  
  466. Find this resource:
  467.  
  468. Zangheri, Luigi, Brunella Lorenzi, and Nausikaa M. Rahmati. Il Giardino Islamico. Florence: Olschki, 2006.
  469.  
  470. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  471.  
  472. Contains a preliminary, general (150 pp.) essay on Islamic gardens, attending to topics such as public places, paradise imagery and earthly cemeteries, and garden fêtes and festivals. Then there are three extensive essays on Sicilian parks and Persian gardens throughout the world, with a gazetteer of sites and an anthology of original documents.
  473.  
  474. Find this resource:
  475.  
  476. The Middle Ages
  477. Between Rome and the early Renaissance, gardens derived much from Roman models, adapted specifically to monasteries; medieval parklands also owed much to earlier hunting lands. The decoration of smaller manors and castles was sustained in the later Middle Ages by writings on land use and horticulture, specifically Bauman 2002 and Meyer and Jessen 1982; Harvey 1981, while ranging widely and very thoroughly, is most useful on horticulture. From early compilations such as Crisp 1924 to MacDougall 1986 and Stokstad and Stannard 1983, the field is well covered in terms of both visual and verbal materials; larger landscapes are taken up in Pearsall and Salter 1973, and larger architectural concerns in McClung 1983. Small vernacular holdings, not very evident in narratives, were also a vital component of garden culture. Archaeology, inevitably, has been a source of material. There is an enormous amount of detailed work in journals in both France and England, where the focus seems to be on different types of gardens (vergers, parklands, herb gardens). Even though many sites have long ceased to exist, this period has elicited a considerable bibliography.
  478.  
  479. Bauman, Johanna. “Tradition and Transformation: The Pleasure Garden in Piero de’ Crescenzi’s Liber ruralium commodorum.” Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes 22 (2002): 99–141.
  480.  
  481. DOI: 10.1080/14601176.2002.10435257Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  482.  
  483. Introduces and translates (with parallel texts) the late 13th-century Latin of this treatise on “rural benefits,” consisting of twelve books on soils, sowing, animals, and pleasure gardens; it is this latter section that is offered here. The full text of Crescenzi’s work—Ruralia commoda, Das Wissen des vollkommenen Landwirts um 1300 (Heidelberg, Germany: C. Winter, 1995–1997)—is edited by Will Richter.
  484.  
  485. Find this resource:
  486.  
  487. Crisp, F. Mediaeval Gardens: “Flowery Medes” and Other Arrangements of Herbs, Flowers and Shrubs Grown in the Middle Ages, with Some Account of Tudor, Elizabethan and Stuart Gardens. 2 vols. London: Bodley Head, 1924.
  488.  
  489. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  490.  
  491. The second volume is entirely composed of images, mostly from printed books, MSS, and paintings (in black & white); an invaluable repertoire.
  492.  
  493. Find this resource:
  494.  
  495. Harvey, J. H. Medieval Gardens. London: B. T. Batsford, 1981.
  496.  
  497. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  498.  
  499. A distinguished and widely published expert on plants and horticulture here takes a broader and more deeply researched look at medieval gardens; still the best introduction to the subject.
  500.  
  501. Find this resource:
  502.  
  503. MacDougal, E. B., ed. Medieval Gardens. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1986.
  504.  
  505. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  506.  
  507. An early symposium on this topic, with excellent articles on the park and gardens at Hesdin, monastic gardens, the idea of paradise and biblical references, the role of medicinal plants, royal gardens in England, gardens in medieval art (a crucial theme, as so few gardens now exist, though some have been recreated), and Crescenzi (see Bauman 2002).
  508.  
  509. Find this resource:
  510.  
  511. McClung, William Alexander. The Architecture of Paradise: Survivals of Eden and Jerusalem. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.
  512.  
  513. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  514.  
  515. Traces biblical imagery and visions of Solomon’s temple into the modern period. Useful, not least of all because it does not confine its study to the medieval period but extends its significance.
  516.  
  517. Find this resource:
  518.  
  519. Meyer, E., and C. Jessen, eds. Albertus Magnus. De vegetabilibus, Lib. VII, Historia naturalis, pars XVII. Frankfurt: Minerva, 1982.
  520.  
  521. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  522.  
  523. Reprint of 1867 edition. The 13th-century German nobleman and Dominican priest wrote about vegetables and plants c. 1260, to which he added a most important section on pleasure gardens.
  524.  
  525. Find this resource:
  526.  
  527. Pearsall, D., and E. Salter, eds. Landscapes and Seasons of the Medieval World. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973.
  528.  
  529. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  530.  
  531. Two literary experts with a substantial interest in the visual arts explore these themes.
  532.  
  533. Find this resource:
  534.  
  535. Stokstad, M., and J. Stannard, eds. Gardens of the Middle Ages. Lawrence: University of Kansas, 1983.
  536.  
  537. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  538.  
  539. A very useful catalogue of an exhibition at the University of Kansas and Dumbarton Oaks, focusing largely on garden representations and on medieval planting.
  540.  
  541. Find this resource:
  542.  
  543. Italy
  544. The scholarly emphasis has largely been on the Renaissance; it often focuses on Rome and its environs, with later centuries and other territories less well covered. Emphasis on the longue durée of garden making is also less well reflected, though this occurs with Bolton 1919. Sereni 1997 looks at the larger landscape of agriculture and land holdings. The topic was well addressed by American scholars such as David Coffin (Coffin 1972), but Italian publications made a key contribution with Taglioni 1988 and an excellent anthology of sources in Visentini 2000, and Italians now predominate. The richness of local garden forms throughout Italy is a necessary emphasis (Wharton 1904, Masson 1961, etc.) as opposed to the idea of a general, homogenized “Italian” garden, promoted during the 1930s in Italy. Several books extend their historical coverage beyond their starting point but are listed when they are the most relevant or when their emphasis is more solid.
  545.  
  546. Bolton, Arthur T., and E. March Phillipps, eds. The Gardens of Italy: With Historical and Descriptive Notes. London: County Life, 1919.
  547.  
  548. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  549.  
  550. A folio with many old photographs and plans, an introduction, and over thirty individual gardens discussed.
  551.  
  552. Find this resource:
  553.  
  554. Coffin, David R., ed. The Italian Garden. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1972.
  555.  
  556. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  557.  
  558. The first of Dumbarton Oaks’s annual symposia publications, with essays by Eugenio Battisti, Elizabeth B. MacDougall, Georgina Masson, and Lionello Puppi.
  559.  
  560. Find this resource:
  561.  
  562. Masson, Georgina. Italian Gardens. London: Thames & Hudson, 1961.
  563.  
  564. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  565.  
  566. An early, pioneering study of Italian gardens, also attentive to different Italian regions. Contains a reading of list of early books in this field prior to 1960.
  567.  
  568. Find this resource:
  569.  
  570. Sereni, Emilio. History of the Italian Agricultural Landscape. Translated by R. Burr Litchfield. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997.
  571.  
  572. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  573.  
  574. A wonderful, pathbreaking, Marxist synthesis of agricultural history in Italy, first published in 1961; traces systems from ancient Italy to contemporary agriculture, often extremely focused and yet also embracing larger cultural patterns. Usefully illustrated.
  575.  
  576. Find this resource:
  577.  
  578. Shepherd, J. C., and G. A. Jellicoe. Italian Gardens of the Renaissance. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1993
  579.  
  580. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  581.  
  582. First published in 1925. An early approach to document these places, with drawings and surveys.
  583.  
  584. Find this resource:
  585.  
  586. Tagliolini, Alessandro. Storia del giardino italiano: Gli artisti, l’invenzione, le forme, dall’antichità al XIX secolo. Florence: La Casa Usher, 1988.
  587.  
  588. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  589.  
  590. An artist and sculptor who made the study of Italian gardens his special field; a very intelligent, thoughtful, and substantial survey, with keen attention to inventions, their designers, and their theories.
  591.  
  592. Find this resource:
  593.  
  594. Visentini, Margherita Azzi, ed. L’arte dei giardini: Scritti teorici e pratici dal XIV al XIX secolo. 2 vols. Milan: Edizioni Il Polifilo, 2000.
  595.  
  596. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  597.  
  598. A huge, beautifully produced collection of images and key texts on the making of the Italian garden. An excellent anthology.
  599.  
  600. Find this resource:
  601.  
  602. Wharton, Edith. Italian Villas and Their Gardens. New York: Century Company, 1904.
  603.  
  604. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  605.  
  606. With several subsequent editions. An early and still-useful preview of different regional gardens; dated but perceptive.
  607.  
  608. Find this resource:
  609.  
  610. Botany
  611. Given the early establishment of botanical gardens in Italy (in Padua, for which Visentini 1984 provides a substantial history, and in Pisa), planting became very important, but has largely been tracked as a separate issue, notably through the representation of plants by artists and collectors. Leading this area of study have been Tomasi and Hirschauer 2002 and Tosi 1996, though others like Masson 1961 (cited under Italy) in general were concerned with planting history.
  612.  
  613. Tomasi, Lucia Tongiorgi, and G. A. Hirschauer, eds. The Flowering of Florence: Botanical Art for the Medici. Aldershot, UK: Lund Humphries, 2002.
  614.  
  615. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  616.  
  617. One of many publications on Italian botany and collections by the foremost Italian experts in this field, including material by Tomasi.
  618.  
  619. Find this resource:
  620.  
  621. Tosi, Alessandro. “Fruit and Flower Gardens from the Neoclassical and Romantic Periods in Tuscany.” In The Italian Garden: Art, Design and Culture. Edited by John Dixon Hunt, 202–221. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
  622.  
  623. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  624.  
  625. A rare excursion into the planting of Italian gardens after the Renaissance.
  626.  
  627. Find this resource:
  628.  
  629. Visentini, Margherita Azzi. L’orto botanico di Padova e il giardino del Rinascimento. Milan: Edizioni Il Polifilo, 1984.
  630.  
  631. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  632.  
  633. An account of the first botanical garden in Italy and its repercussions.
  634.  
  635. Find this resource:
  636.  
  637. The 15th Century
  638. The beginnings of modern Italian gardening started with the garden illustrations and descriptions in Colonna 1499. Giannetto 2008 offers a major rethinking of the extent to which gardens were accentuated or “designed” at this early period; Soderini 1903 offers an early but substantial overview of the larger landscape around specific gardens.
  639.  
  640. Colonna, Francesco. Hypnerotomachia Poliphili. Venice: Aldus, 1499.
  641.  
  642. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  643.  
  644. One of the earliest books that featured landscape and gardens, with many illustrations. The work is much commented upon, and has been translated into French (1554) and into Elizabethan (n. d.) and modern English (1999). A modern edition of the text and commentary is by Giovanni Pozzi and Lucia A. Ciapponi in 2 vols. (Padua, Italy: Editrice Antenore, 1980).
  645.  
  646. Find this resource:
  647.  
  648. Giannetto, Raffaela Fabiani. Medici Gardens. From Making to Design. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.
  649.  
  650. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  651.  
  652. A useful corrective to the history of early Florentine gardens, stressing the priority of “making” over theoretical formulations and formal designs that came only in the later 16th century.
  653.  
  654. Find this resource:
  655.  
  656. Soderini, G. V. Il trattato della cultura degli orti e dei giardini. Bologna, Italy: Romagnoli-dall’Acqua, 1903.
  657.  
  658. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  659.  
  660. A justly famous early work on the early cultivation of areas adjacent to the garden: orchards and vigne. Text available online.
  661.  
  662. Find this resource:
  663.  
  664. The 16th Century
  665. This is the period when some of the most famous villas and gardens were established. Much of the scholarship focuses on Roman work, with Coffin 1960 and Coffin 1979 discussing types and building history in a range of gardens and Frommel 2005 and Frommel 2009 focusing upon two premier garden sites. Lazzaro 1990 is a similar and more analytical study. While there is very little scholarship available on the rest of Italy, Tuscany receives attention from Belli Barsali 1964, and Lombardy villa culture is discussed in Taegio 2011. Fountains and planting receive more attention in this period, especially in MacDougall 1994.
  666.  
  667. Belli Barsali, Isa. La villa a Lucca Dal XV al XIX. Rome: De Luca Editore, 1964.
  668.  
  669. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  670.  
  671. Magisterial discussions by an author who focused on the Lucchese territory; a second even more substantial volume, Ville e committenti dello stato di Lucca (Lucca, Italy: Maria Pacini Fazzi, 1980), is especially rich in archival references and site photographs.
  672.  
  673. Find this resource:
  674.  
  675. Coffin, David R. The Villa d’Este in Tivoli. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1960.
  676.  
  677. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  678.  
  679. A study by the foremost American garden historian whose works established the art-historical field of the study of gardens and villa life in Italy.
  680.  
  681. Find this resource:
  682.  
  683. Coffin, David R. The Villa in the Life of Renaissance Rome. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979.
  684.  
  685. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  686.  
  687. Detailed analyses of early villas and gardens in Rome.
  688.  
  689. Find this resource:
  690.  
  691. Frommel, Sabine, ed. Villa Lante a Bagnaia. Milan: Electa, 2005.
  692.  
  693. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  694.  
  695. A detailed and scholarly approach to the famous and wonderful Villa Lante.
  696.  
  697. Find this resource:
  698.  
  699. Frommel, Sabine, ed. Bomarzo: Il sacro bosco. Milan: Electa, 2009.
  700.  
  701. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  702.  
  703. Like her earlier volume on the Villa Lante (Frommel 2005), a rich, scholarly approach by various scholars to the much vaunted and written-about Bosco Sacro. Both volumes bring scholarship on these sites up-to-date with extensive archival work and commentary.
  704.  
  705. Find this resource:
  706.  
  707. Lazzaro, Claudia. The Italian Renaissance Garden: From the Conventions of Planting, Design, and Ornament to the Grand Gardens of 16th-Century Central Italy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990.
  708.  
  709. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  710.  
  711. One of Coffin’s distinguished pupils, Lazzaro discusses planting, natural and artificial ornaments, areas outside immediate gardens (vineyards, parks, and woods), and the hydraulic and iconographic designs of the Boboli Gardens, Castello, the Villa D’Este, and the Villa Lante.
  712.  
  713. Find this resource:
  714.  
  715. MacDougall, Elizabeth Blair, ed. Fountains, Statues and Flowers: Studies in Italian Gardens of the 16th and 17th Centuries. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1994.
  716.  
  717. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  718.  
  719. The first director of landscape studies at Dumbarton Oaks collects a series of important essays on iconography, flowers, and hydrology.
  720.  
  721. Find this resource:
  722.  
  723. Taegio, Bartolomeo. La Villa. Translated and edited by Thomas E. Beck. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.
  724.  
  725. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  726.  
  727. Originally published in Milan in 1568, this treatise in dialogue form reviews estates and gardens in Lombardy. The extensive commentary by the editor highlights not only this important topic of villaggiatura, but specifically and importantly argues for Taegio’s definition of the garden as a third nature (terza natura) in contradistinction to cultural landscape (fields and towns) and the wilderness (the abode of gods).
  728.  
  729. Find this resource:
  730.  
  731. The 17th Century
  732. These studies extend the much-written-about 16th century into later, more “baroque” forms and into some cultural analysis. Coffin 1991 continues the author’s well-researched exploration of 16th-century gardens by focusing upon sites established by church leaders, and Ehrlich 2002 extends this exploration into Frascati’s villas and gardens. But among the many Medici villas around Florence, one of the most exciting and intricate sites is Pratolino, about whose construction and design Zangheri 1979 gathers a corpus of materials and images.
  733.  
  734. Coffin, David R. Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991.
  735.  
  736. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  737.  
  738. Continues his studies into later gardens around Rome and for papal dignitaries.
  739.  
  740. Find this resource:
  741.  
  742. Ehrlich, Tracy L. Landscape and Identity in Early Modern Rome: Villa Culture at Frascati in the Borghese Era. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  743.  
  744. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  745.  
  746. A study of Frascati gardens, their patrons, and creators.
  747.  
  748. Find this resource:
  749.  
  750. Zangheri, Luigi. Pratolino: Il giardino delle Meraviglie. 2 vols. Florence: Gonnelli, 1979.
  751.  
  752. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  753.  
  754. Analysis and documents collected in one volume, images and drawings in the second, by an acknowledged Italian expert on garden art.
  755.  
  756. Find this resource:
  757.  
  758. The 18th Century
  759. Some new work is being done on areas outside Rome and of later date: see also Cazzato 2000, Harris 2003, and Panzini 1998.
  760.  
  761. Cazzato, Vincenzo, ed. La memoria, il tempo, la storia: Nel giardino italiano fra ’800 e ’900. Rome: Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 2000.
  762.  
  763. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  764.  
  765. An important, detailed, and illustrated narrative by various scholars of 19th- and 20th-century gardens.
  766.  
  767. Find this resource:
  768.  
  769. Harris, Dianne. The Nature of Authority: Villa Culture, Landscape and Representation in 18th-Century Lombardy. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003.
  770.  
  771. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  772.  
  773. A somewhat politicized inquiry into land ownership, but useful not least for extending the narrative into later times and other territories.
  774.  
  775. Find this resource:
  776.  
  777. Panzini, Franco. Giardini delle Marche. Milan: Banca della Marche, 1998.
  778.  
  779. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  780.  
  781. Includes earlier gardens, but a very useful survey by a contemporary landscape architect on a territory little known to outsiders for its gardens.
  782.  
  783. Find this resource:
  784.  
  785. The 19th and 20th Centuries
  786. With so much focus on Renaissance and primarily Roman gardens, little has been written specifically about later periods, about non-Roman and Tuscan sites, or about public gardens (or private gardens reopened for public use, as in Florence during the 19th century (see Bencivenni and Fallani Vico 1998). Hence attention focuses on Sicily in Pirrone 1990, Venice in Hunt 2009, Genoa in Calcagno 1984, and Liguria in Calcagno 1996. Italian scholars are now entering this field and exploring these later periods, and specifically by focusing upon early writers, like Cesarotti and Silva, who solicited a different, sometimes called “English” garden style—see Finotti 2010 and Silva 2002, with some modern editions.
  787.  
  788. Bencivenni, Mario, and Massimo de Fallani Vico. Giardini pubblici a Firenze dall’ottocento a oggi. Florence: Edifir, 1998.
  789.  
  790. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  791.  
  792. Covers 19th- and 20th-century public gardens in Florence.
  793.  
  794. Find this resource:
  795.  
  796. Calcagno, Annalisa Maniglio. Giardini parchi e paesaggio nella Genova dell ’800. Genoa, Italy: Sagep Editrice, 1984.
  797.  
  798. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  799.  
  800. A scholar who has written well on earlier gardens of the Doria family now extends his narrative to the 19th century, looking more widely at the landscape.
  801.  
  802. Find this resource:
  803.  
  804. Calcagno, Annalisa Maniglio. “Gardens and Parks in Liguria in the Second Half of the 19th Century.” In The Italian Garden: Art, Design, and Culture. Edited by John Dixon Hunt, 222–249. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
  805.  
  806. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  807.  
  808. An area of outstanding garden interest in the later period.
  809.  
  810. Find this resource:
  811.  
  812. Finotti, Fabio, ed. Melchiorre Cesarotti e le trasformazioni del paesaggio europeo. Trieste, Italy: University Press, 2010.
  813.  
  814. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  815.  
  816. A series of scholarly essays on a poet and gardenist who did much to promote “natural” gardening in Italy around 1800.
  817.  
  818. Find this resource:
  819.  
  820. Hunt, John Dixon. The Venetian City Garden: Place, Typology, and Perception. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser, 2009.
  821.  
  822. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  823.  
  824. An analytical and cultural narrative of Venetian sites and designs from the earliest days to the 21st century, determined in part by Venetian commentators who refused to see the city as part and parcel of the “Italian garden.” Focuses mostly on gardens in the 18th and 19th centuries.
  825.  
  826. Find this resource:
  827.  
  828. Mabil, Luigi. Teoria dell’arte dei giardini. Bassano del Grappa, 1801.
  829.  
  830. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  831.  
  832. One of a group of Italian scholars who sought to locate Italian garden making on a European stage, with specific attention to “English” work, often via German writers like Hirschfeld (see Parshall 2001, cited under Germany).
  833.  
  834. Find this resource:
  835.  
  836. Pirrone, Giani. Palermo, detto paradise di Sicilia (ville e giardini xii–xx secoli). Palermo, Italy: Centro Studi di Storia e Arte dei Giardini, 1990.
  837.  
  838. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  839.  
  840. A survey of Sicilian garden art through the centuries.
  841.  
  842. Find this resource:
  843.  
  844. Silva, Ercole. Dell’ arte de’ giardini inglesi. Florence: Olschki, 2002.
  845.  
  846. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  847.  
  848. First published in 1801, this is an important essay on the “English” mode of gardening. With several modern editions.
  849.  
  850. Find this resource:
  851.  
  852. France
  853. Here there is a large focus on 17th-century gardens, like Woodbridge 1986, but a recent and widespread interest in romantic and modern gardens has enlarged the conspectus of French garden making. Some attempts have been made to write a more extensive narrative of French gardens in Hunt and Conan 2002, and Racine’s 2001 two-volume listing of many French garden makers significantly extends thinking on this topic.
  854.  
  855. Hunt, John Dixon, and Michel Conan, with the assistance of Claire Goldstein, eds. Tradition and Innovation in French Garden Art: Chapters of a New History. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.
  856.  
  857. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  858.  
  859. Essays that seek to narrate a fresh view of French garden history, with work on Morel, city planning, Francesco Bettini, the gardens at Méréville and the Désert de Retz, the bourgeois garden, recent Paris parks and Gabriel Guévrékian, and new perspectives on Louis XIV.
  860.  
  861. Find this resource:
  862.  
  863. Racine, Michel, ed. Créateurs de jardins et des paysages: En France. 2 vols. Versailles, France: École Nationale Supérieure du Paysage, 2001.
  864.  
  865. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  866.  
  867. A huge undertaking, listing all designers, well known and obscure, who have worked in the French garden; with biographical details, illustrations of key designs and a bibliography. Volume 1 deals with the Renaissance through the early 19th century; Volume 2 deals with the 19th to the early21st century. These volumes effectively cover the whole of French garden and landscape practitioners.
  868.  
  869. Find this resource:
  870.  
  871. Woodbridge, Kenneth. Princely Gardens. The Origins and Development of the French Formal Style. London: Thames & Hudson, 1986.
  872.  
  873. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  874.  
  875. A pioneering work in English. Unsurpassed for its careful narrative; treats 16th- to 18th-centuries, though with a substantial focus on 17th-century design.
  876.  
  877. Find this resource:
  878.  
  879. The 16th Century
  880. Two early writings are important at this period: Androuet du Cerceau 1988 described and drew plans of many French chateaux and their gardens, while Palissy 1563 projected but never built a garden based on a biblical psalm.
  881.  
  882. Androuet du Cerceau, Jacques. Les plus excellents bastiments de France. par J.-A. Du Cerceau présentation et commentaires par David Thompson; traduit de l’anglais par Catherine Ludet. Paris: Sand & Conti, 1988.
  883.  
  884. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  885.  
  886. First published in 1576–1579. While interested mainly in buildings, this work reveals much about the garden surroundings of famous chateaux.
  887.  
  888. Find this resource:
  889.  
  890. Palissy, Bernard. Recepte veritable, par laquelle tous les hommes de la France pourront apprendre a multiplier et augmenter leurs thresors. Item, ceux qui n’ont jamais eu cognoissance des lettres, pourront apprendre une philosophie necessaire à tous les habitans de la terre. Item, en ce livre est contenu le dessein d’un jardin autant delectable & d’utile invention, qu’il en fut onques veu. Item, le dessein & ordonnance d’une ville de forteresse, la plus imprenable qu’homme ouyt jamais parler. Paris, 1563.
  891.  
  892. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  893.  
  894. Contains an intriguing design for a complex garden, based on a reading of the Psalms, unexecuted.
  895.  
  896. Find this resource:
  897.  
  898. The 17th Century
  899. This literature is large, and much good work on this period is necessarily neglected here, partly because space needs to be given to the earliest treatises on French gardens, such as Boyceau 1997 and Mollet 1651. Baridon 2008, Hyde 2005, Mariage 1999, and Mukerji 1997 focus variously on different aspects of Versailles, with, respectively, narratives of the whole site, flowers, theories and cultural milieu of Le Notre, and the territorial foci of its design. To move once outside the immediate French realm of garden-making, the Huguenot fountainer and garden maker, Salomon de Caus, is studied (Morgan 2006) for the detailed perspective he offers on the manipulation and understanding of nature in these creations.
  900.  
  901. Baridon, Michel. A History of the Gardens of Versailles. Translated by Adrienne Mason. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.
  902.  
  903. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  904.  
  905. First published in 2003. By a distinguished historian of the history of ideas, this study locates the gardens within a detailed cultural and political world.
  906.  
  907. Find this resource:
  908.  
  909. Boyceau, Jacques. Traité de jardinage selon les raisons de la nature et de l’art, divisé en trois livres. Nordlingen, Germany: A. Uhl, 1997.
  910.  
  911. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  912.  
  913. The earliest modern work on garden making. Originally published in 1638.
  914.  
  915. Find this resource:
  916.  
  917. Hyde, Elizabeth. Cultivated Power: Flowers, Culture and Politics in the Reign of Louis XIV. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.
  918.  
  919. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  920.  
  921. An unusual work that shows how central the flower culture was to Louis XIV and his gardens; detailed and scholarly.
  922.  
  923. Find this resource:
  924.  
  925. La Main du Jardinier, l’Oeil du graveur. Paris: Musée de l’Ile-de-France, 2000.
  926.  
  927. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  928.  
  929. A very useful work, presenting the lost gardens of Le Nôtre, described with original engravings.
  930.  
  931. Find this resource:
  932.  
  933. Mariage, Thierry. The World of André Le Nôtre. Translated by Graham Larkin. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.
  934.  
  935. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  936.  
  937. First published in 1990. An important book that has moved discussion of Versailles beyond art-historical discourse toward interpretation; situates Le Nôtre within complex social and cultural worlds, technology, hydrology, and military practice.
  938.  
  939. Find this resource:
  940.  
  941. Mollet, André. Le jardin de plaisir. Stockholm, 1651.
  942.  
  943. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  944.  
  945. After Boyceau 1997, an important early writer in garden design, whose second volume, Théatre des plans et jardinages (Paris, 1652) set out some of Mollet’s wide-ranging work, including for Queen Christina of Sweden.
  946.  
  947. Find this resource:
  948.  
  949. Morgan, Luke. Nature as Model: Salomon de Caus and Early Seventeenth-Century Landscape Design. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006.
  950.  
  951. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  952.  
  953. Discusses this Huguenot designer, who worked in Brussels, England (Somerset House, Hatfield House, etc), and, most famously, at the Hortus Palatinus at Heidelburg. An important work in its focus upon an early modern garden designer.
  954.  
  955. Find this resource:
  956.  
  957. Mukerji, Chandra. Territorial Ambitions and the Gardens of Versailles. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  958.  
  959. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  960.  
  961. Takes up themes from Mariage 1999, to review in great and well-researched detail military contributions to garden making, the cultural and political choreography of place, and the history of “material power.”
  962.  
  963. Find this resource:
  964.  
  965. The 18th and 19th Centuries
  966. Recent work has extended the focus on 17th-century French gardens to gardens of the Enlightenment and Romanticism. Re-publications of original works and commentaries in Le Rouge 1772–1788, Morel 1776, Thouin 1819, and Watelet 2003 have documented and clarified the account in the early narrative in Wiebensen 1978. Cayeaux 1987 and Chatel de Branion 2003 explore the work of two garden makers, also painters and stage designers, and the range of Romantic writing is taken, and commented on, in Ménahèze 2001.
  967.  
  968. Cayeux, Jean de. Hubert Robert et les jardins. Paris: Herscher, 1987.
  969.  
  970. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  971.  
  972. Working for Louis XVI and for private patrons, the painter Hubert Robert designed some of the new romantic gardens (Ermenonville, Moulin-Joly); records of his designs are represented in many of his own paintings.
  973.  
  974. Find this resource:
  975.  
  976. Chatel de Branion, Laurence. Carmontelle au jardin des illusions. Château de Saint-Rémy-en-l’Eau, France: Editions Monelle Hayot, 2003.
  977.  
  978. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  979.  
  980. Louis Carmontelle was a theater designer turned gardenist, famous above all for the Jardin Monceau (bits of which remain today in Parc Monceau). He was also the inventor of landscape scrolls, which (lit from behind) allowed the viewer the illusion of promenading as if in the countryside or large garden.
  981.  
  982. Find this resource:
  983.  
  984. Le Rouge, Georges-Louis. Détails des nouveaux jardins à la mode. Paris, 1772–1788.
  985.  
  986. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  987.  
  988. Also known as Jardins anglo-chinois. An eclectic collection of many images of modern gardens from across Europe and China that charted the range of “new” gardening. A vital resource. A modern facsimile reprint of these twenty-one individual cahiers, boxed, was issued in Paris by Editions Connaissance et Mémoires in 2004, accompanied by a detailed catalogue by Véronique Royet, et al. of all these images from Jardins anglo-chinois.
  989.  
  990. Find this resource:
  991.  
  992. Ménahèze, Sophie Le. L’Invention du jardin Romantique en France 1761–1808. Preface by Michel Baridon. Neuilly-sur-Seine, France: Editions Spiralinthe, 2001.
  993.  
  994. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  995.  
  996. An anthology of over one hundred texts, with linked commentary, illustrations, and extensive bibliography.
  997.  
  998. Find this resource:
  999.  
  1000. Morel, Jean-Marie. Théorie des jardins. Paris, 1776.
  1001.  
  1002. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1003.  
  1004. The most important new voice in landscape design at the end of the 18th century. Morel, a designer and engineer, started work in the 18th century, but his influence became even more important after the publication of the second edition of his work, which now includes a long list of tree specimens; a second and augmented edition of 1896 incorporates a long list of trees.
  1005.  
  1006. Find this resource:
  1007.  
  1008. Thouin, Gabriel. Les Plans Raisonnés de toutes espèces de jardins. Paris, 1819.
  1009.  
  1010. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1011.  
  1012. Published when its author was sixty-five, and dedicated to his brother André, this collection of different garden styles (Jardin Champêtre, Jardin pastoral, Jardin d’agrément, etc.), with brief commentaries, marks a decisive entry of the bourgeois garden into what had been hitherto an aristocratic preserve.
  1013.  
  1014. Find this resource:
  1015.  
  1016. Watelet, Claude-Henri. Essay on Gardens. Translated by Samuel Danon and with an introduction by Joseph Disponzio. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.
  1017.  
  1018. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1019.  
  1020. A translation of and detailed commentary on one of the essential early garden writings, Essai sur les jardins (1774), with illustrations of Watelet’s Moulin Joli on the banks of the Seine.
  1021.  
  1022. Find this resource:
  1023.  
  1024. Wiebenson, Dora. The Picturesque Garden in France. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978.
  1025.  
  1026. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1027.  
  1028. A first stab at dissecting the French mode of picturesque, but somewhat modified by later writers (see introduction to Watelet 2003).
  1029.  
  1030. Find this resource:
  1031.  
  1032. Modern
  1033. France has produced a remarkable crop of contemporary landscape architects and garden designers, beginning with early modernist works described in Imbert 1993, only a few of which can be noted here: Desvigne 2009; Mosbach 2010; Rocca 2008 on Giles Clément; Koenecke, et al. 2010 on Bernard Lassus; and Péna 2010, all of whom came out of the Landscape School at Versailles. Even younger professionals have emerged strongly, as chronicled in Magrou 2008.
  1034.  
  1035. Desvigne, Michel. Intermediate Natures. The Landscapes of Michel Desvigne. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser, 2009.
  1036.  
  1037. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1038.  
  1039. Buttressed with essays by the American landscape architect James Corner and the French philosopher Gilles A. Tiberghien, Desvigne discusses seven themes among others: landforms in cities; territories and time; the “between” spaces between urban sprawl and the “landscape”; urban fields; and vegetation as setting. This last is perhaps his distinctive mode of design, a “kind of Ur landscape” or “intermediate landscape,” as on the Greenwich Peninsula.
  1040.  
  1041. Find this resource:
  1042.  
  1043. Imbert, Dorothée. The Modernist Garden in France. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993.
  1044.  
  1045. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1046.  
  1047. A pioneering survey of recent French work from the Duchêches, J. C. N. Forestier, the Véra brothers, Pierre-Emily Legrain, Gabriel Guevrehian, and Le Corbusier.
  1048.  
  1049. Find this resource:
  1050.  
  1051. Koenecke, Andrea, Udo Weilacher, and Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn, eds. Die Kunst, Landschaft neu zu erfinden: Werk und Wirken von Bernard Lassus. Zentrum für Gartenkunst und Landschaftsarchitktur der Leibniz Universität Hannover. Munich: Meidenbauer, 2010.
  1052.  
  1053. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1054.  
  1055. Essays in English and German on the landscape design of Bernard Lassus, one of the most inventive theoreticians of gardens and landscapes in France today.
  1056.  
  1057. Find this resource:
  1058.  
  1059. Magrou, Rafaël, ed. Les Nouveaux architects paysagistes. Blou, France: Monografik Editions, 2008.
  1060.  
  1061. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1062.  
  1063. France is witnessing a rise in the numbers of young architects, some trained at the École Nationale Supérieure du Paysage de Versailles, some abroad in the United States, and twenty are featured after a jury made the awards in 2008. The collection may be placing some blind bets, but the rigor of these designers, across a range of sites and countries and with a range of inventions, enlarged the spirit of French garden design in the modern world.
  1064.  
  1065. Find this resource:
  1066.  
  1067. Mosbach, Catherine. Traversées. Paris: ICI Consultants, 2010.
  1068.  
  1069. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1070.  
  1071. A well-established designer of over fifty sites introduces her work (in French and English) and explains in detail some of the more intricate proposals.
  1072.  
  1073. Find this resource:
  1074.  
  1075. Mosser, Monique, et al. Le style Duchêne: Henri & Achille Duchêne, architectes paysagistes 1841–1947. Neuilly, France: Editions du Labyrinthe, 1998.
  1076.  
  1077. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1078.  
  1079. Essays on the family Duchêne (Henri [b. 1841–d. 1902] and Achille [b. 1866–d. 1947]), who both revived the classic French garden and also found ways to introduce its forms into modern estates. Their style, at once original and atavistic, is registered in the list of their parks and of their clients in two appendices.
  1080.  
  1081. Find this resource:
  1082.  
  1083. Péna, Christine, and Michel Péna. Pour une troisième nature. Paris: ICI Consultants, 2010.
  1084.  
  1085. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1086.  
  1087. A pair of landscape architects respond to a variety of French sites and bring their own often unusual and amusing ideas into play on thirty sites. Texts (in French and English) discuss sites from places to utopias.
  1088.  
  1089. Find this resource:
  1090.  
  1091. Rocca, Alesandro, ed. Planetary Gardens: The Landscape Architecture of Gilles Clément. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser, 2008.
  1092.  
  1093. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1094.  
  1095. Famous for his writings on the “planetary garden,” Clément discusses his work here, offers “guidelines” for the planetary garden, and presents nine case studies of planetary gardens throughout France. A list of his writings is given in the bibliographical section.
  1096.  
  1097. Find this resource:
  1098.  
  1099. Low Countries
  1100. The focus here is on the high point of Dutch gardening in the 17th century; many of the books also show the afterlife of these places, when issues of maintenance or new styles of layout replaced the earlier forms. de Jong and Dominicus-van Soest 1996–1999 chronicles the long narrative of garden making, with useful visual material; Van der Wijck 1982 looks at country houses; Chesnot and Callewaert 1984 and Ligne 1991 review some famous sites of the 18th and 19th centuries. One of the most prominent contemporary landscape architects, Adriaan Geuze, responds with great imagination to the legacy of Dutch garden and landscape making (Geuze 2007).
  1101.  
  1102. Chesnot, Henry, and Adrienne Callewaert, eds. Bruxelles, Jardins retrouvés: 11 septembre–30 octobre 1984, Banque Bruxelles Lambert. Brussels: Cardon, 1984.
  1103.  
  1104. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1105.  
  1106. An illustrated catalogue of paintings and engravings, with essays on Brussels and a narrative of the Belgian garden; entries and essays in French and Flemish.
  1107.  
  1108. Find this resource:
  1109.  
  1110. de Jong, Erik, and Marleen Dominicus-van Soest. Aardse Paradijzen. 2 vols. Ghent, Belgium: Snoech-Ducaju, 1996–1999.
  1111.  
  1112. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1113.  
  1114. A richly illustrated narrative of Dutch gardens, using mainly paintings and plans: Volume 1 covers the 15th to 18th centuries; Volume 2 brings it up to date in 2000. A publication of exhibitions at Noordbrabants Museum & the Frans Halsmuseun.
  1115.  
  1116. Find this resource:
  1117.  
  1118. Geuze, Adriaan. MOSAICS West 8. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser, 2007.
  1119.  
  1120. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1121.  
  1122. A lively and inventive contemporary landscape architect displays his work, but also provides an essay on the “flatness” of the Dutch landscape before presenting over a dozen sites from his firm WEST8 in Rotterdam.
  1123.  
  1124. Find this resource:
  1125.  
  1126. Ligne, Prince Charles-Joseph de. Coup d’Oeil at Beloeil and a Great Number of European Gardens. Translated and edited by Basil Gay. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
  1127.  
  1128. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1129.  
  1130. Published first in French in 1781 without illustrations, this modern edition illustrates amply the “great number” of gardens that the prince visited, while establishing his own at Beloeil in Belgium.
  1131.  
  1132. Find this resource:
  1133.  
  1134. Van der Wijck, H. W. M. De Nederlandse Buitenplaats. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Canaletto, 1982.
  1135.  
  1136. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1137.  
  1138. A collection of material and documents on Dutch country houses and gardens.
  1139.  
  1140. Find this resource:
  1141.  
  1142. The 17th Century
  1143. Early work in the age of Rubens (Harting 2001) and writings by Jan van der Groen (Van der Groen 1988) precede the high-water mark of Dutch gardening, for which a cluster of books commemorated the tercentenary of the ascension to the English and Scottish thrones of William and Mary in 1968: Hoak and Feingold 1996, Hunt 1990, Jacques and van der Horst 1988, and de Jong and Hunt 1988. de Jong 2001 and Sellers 2001 have considerably amplified upon the design, culture, and aesthetics of this period.
  1144.  
  1145. de Jong, Erik. Nature and Art: Dutch Garden and Landscape Architecture, 1650–1740. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001.
  1146.  
  1147. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1148.  
  1149. Probably the best volume to come out, a dozen years after 1987, on Dutch country life, ideas of Arcadia and the Hesperides in Dutch gardens, botanical gardens at Leiden and Haarlem, and city gardens; includes a detailed examination of David van Mollem’s Zijdebalen on the Vecht River. A rich archival basis to this study.
  1150.  
  1151. Find this resource:
  1152.  
  1153. de Jong, Erik, and John Dixon Hunt, eds. The Anglo-Dutch Garden in the Age of William and Mary. London: Taylor and Francis, 1988.
  1154.  
  1155. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1156.  
  1157. Catalogue of an exhibition held at Paleis Het Loo, Apeldoorn, 1988, and Christie’s, London, 1989. This was the only exhibition to celebrate 1688 in both The Netherlands and England. Text contains long and interpretative catalogue entries, prefaced by essays, among others, from historians (J. R. Jones) and a horticulturist (D. O.Wijnands) on the role of botany.
  1158.  
  1159. Find this resource:
  1160.  
  1161. Harting, Ursula, ed. Gärten und Höfe der Rubenszeit. Munich: Hirmer Verlag, 2001.
  1162.  
  1163. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1164.  
  1165. Richly illustrated collection of essays and bibliography of gardens at the time of Rubens, whose garden images are also discussed. Catalogue of 2001 German exhibition.
  1166.  
  1167. Find this resource:
  1168.  
  1169. Hoak, Dale, and Mordechai Feingold. The World of William and Mary: Politics, Commerce, Ideas and Culture. Essays commemorating the tercentenary of the Glorious Revolution. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996.
  1170.  
  1171. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1172.  
  1173. This and three of the following items all respond to the tercentenary of 1668: some authors appear in more than one collection. But this volume focuses largely on political and constitutional history.
  1174.  
  1175. Find this resource:
  1176.  
  1177. Hunt, John Dixon, ed. The Dutch Garden in the Seventeenth Century. Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture 12. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1990.
  1178.  
  1179. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1180.  
  1181. Includes contributions by a historian and an expert on Dutch planting, and extensive essays on Constantjin Huygens’s Hofwick and the Maurits Gardens at Cleves; this also contains essays on the building of Het Loo and the influence of Dutch styles in England.
  1182.  
  1183. Find this resource:
  1184.  
  1185. Jacques, David, and Arend Jan van der Horst. The Gardens of William and Mary. London: Christopher Helm, 1988.
  1186.  
  1187. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1188.  
  1189. With numerous contributors, this volume takes a look at the phenomenon of the “Dutch” in England by the end of the 17th century, with sections on parterres, waterways, wildernesses, flower gardens, and kitchen and orchard gardens.
  1190.  
  1191. Find this resource:
  1192.  
  1193. Sellers, Vanessa Bezener. Courtly Gardens in Holland 1600–1650. Amsterdam: Architectura & Natura, 2001.
  1194.  
  1195. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1196.  
  1197. A detailed study of this high point of Dutch gardening.
  1198.  
  1199. Find this resource:
  1200.  
  1201. Van der Groen, Jan. Den Nederlandtsen Hovenier. Edited by Carla S. Oldenburger-Ebbers and D. Onno Wijnands. Utrecht, The Netherlands: Stichting Matrijs, 1988.
  1202.  
  1203. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1204.  
  1205. A famous book on Dutch gardens from 1687, in facsimile and with a plant list.
  1206.  
  1207. Find this resource:
  1208.  
  1209. Spain and Portugal
  1210. Spain’s garden designs were largely derived from those of baroque Europe, given her territories in the Low Countries and southern Italy, and her alliance with France at various times. Añòn and Sancho 1998 explores this rich European legacy for Spanish gardens, while Spanish Gardens reviews the larger history of Spain. Both Spain and Portugal also drew on Roman and strong Islamic legacies (the azulejo, glazed tile, is a particular feature of Portuguese gardens, and the Islamic water tank was adapted in both): see Ruggles 1999 (cited under Islamic/Mughal) and Castel-Branco 2008. Both brought riches and wealth from South America and the East Indies, and the Portuguese, especially, invested it in land: see Andersen and Marques 2001. A resurgence of contemporary garden making in Barcelona is the topic of Celestini 2002. See also the section on Islamic/Mughal.
  1211.  
  1212. Andersen, Teresa, and Teresa Portela Marques. Jardins Historicos do Porto. Lisbon, Portugal: Edicoes Inapa, 2001.
  1213.  
  1214. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1215.  
  1216. Discusses private as well as public gardens (quintas) and uses old plans and old and modern photography to display this important center of wine and social culture. In Portuguese.
  1217.  
  1218. Find this resource:
  1219.  
  1220. Añòn, Carmen, and José Luis Sancho, eds. Jardin y Naturaleza en el reinado de Felipe II. Madrid: Union Fenosa, 1998.
  1221.  
  1222. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1223.  
  1224. To celebrate the reign of King Felipe (Philip) II (1556–1598); contains an immense gathering of materials on gardens of nobility, monasteries, and the court; on horticulture, botany, and their decoration; and on the European context for these Spanish gardens, which continued to be vital for later gardens such as Aranjuez and Buen Retiro.
  1225.  
  1226. Find this resource:
  1227.  
  1228. Castel-Branco, Christina. The Gardens of the Viceroys: Fronteira. Alfragide, Portugal: Oceanas, 2008.
  1229.  
  1230. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1231.  
  1232. An in-depth study of Fronteira’s gardens: setting them in a history of 15th- and 16th-century Portuguese gardens; examining their water systems, in particular, and their tiles; and decoding their meanings.
  1233.  
  1234. Find this resource:
  1235.  
  1236. Celestini, Gianni. L’architettura dei parchi a Barcellona: Nuovi paesaggi metropolitani. Rome: Gangemi Editore, 2002.
  1237.  
  1238. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1239.  
  1240. Barcelona has been a city with important modernist buildings and landscapes; this work tackles and analyzes twenty-one sites.
  1241.  
  1242. Find this resource:
  1243.  
  1244. Ruggles, D. F. Gardens, Landscape and Vision in the Palaces of Islamic Spain. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999.
  1245.  
  1246. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1247.  
  1248. A well-researched exploration of the Islamic legacy, with detailed accounts of Cordoba, Madinat Az-Zahra, and the Alhambra, as well as a discussion of the landscape and its botany and agriculture.
  1249.  
  1250. Find this resource:
  1251.  
  1252. Teresa Ozores y Saavedra Casa Valdés (marquesa de). Spanish Gardens. Woodbridge, UK: Antique Collectors’ Club, 1987.
  1253.  
  1254. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1255.  
  1256. First published in 1973. A history from Roman times to the 20th century (J. C. Forestier; Gaudi), with an emphasis on the dynasties from Philip II to Philip IV and the history of botanical expeditions to the New World. Largely descriptive and well illustrated.
  1257.  
  1258. Find this resource:
  1259.  
  1260. Britain
  1261. The long 18th century gets the bulk of attention, by virtue of its “invention” of the English, “natural,” or picturesque garden and its influence abroad. Renaissance gardens, with perspectives into Italian design, and especially Victorian gardening, eclectic and working to absorb the varieties of previous garden design, have gained less attention; but Edwardian, or Arts and Crafts gardening, has elicited a wide range of analyses. Hunt and Willis 1988 offers a collection of writings on the whole range of British garden-making, while Hunt 1982 republishes facsimiles of major texts, not many of which had been extracted for Hunt and Willis 1988. The presentation of garden imagery in Alfrey, et al. 2004 allows the visualizations of British gardens by artist.
  1262.  
  1263. Alfrey, Nicholas, Stephen Daniels, and Martin Postie, eds. The Art of the Garden: The Garden in British Art, 1800 to the Present Day. London: Tate Gallery, 2004.
  1264.  
  1265. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1266.  
  1267. A survey of images, sharply described and interpreted, of the British garden.
  1268.  
  1269. Find this resource:
  1270.  
  1271. Hunt, John Dixon, and Peter Willis, eds. The Genius of the Place: The English Landscape Garden 1620–1820. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988.
  1272.  
  1273. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1274.  
  1275. An early anthology (first published in 1975) of key landscape texts, with explanatory headpieces, bibliography, and a narrative introduction.
  1276.  
  1277. Find this resource:
  1278.  
  1279. Hunt, John Dixon, ed. The English Landscape Garden. New York: Garland, 1982.
  1280.  
  1281. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1282.  
  1283. A reprint of fifty texts in twenty-nine volumes. An essential assemblage of primary texts, often in reduced facsimile, from the 16th- (Thomas Hill) to the mid-19th century (J. C. Loudon), with brief introductions by John Dixon Hunt in each volume.
  1284.  
  1285. Find this resource:
  1286.  
  1287. The 17th Century
  1288. Britain in the 17th century worked to accommodate ideas from Europe, as discussed in such works as Green 1956, Evelyn 2000, and O’Malley 1998, while also beginning to assert its own cultural identity (Strong 1979 and Hunt 1996). The rich fund of botanical and horticultural writings is listed and described in Henrey 1975.
  1289.  
  1290. Evelyn, John. Elysium Britannicum: Or the Royal Gardens. Edited by John Ingram. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000.
  1291.  
  1292. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1293.  
  1294. Unpublished until 2000, this huge and incomplete manuscript by John Evelyn (b. 1620–d. 1706) attempts to map and explain the history and development of English gardening, with notes on the editing and transcription.
  1295.  
  1296. Find this resource:
  1297.  
  1298. Green, David Brontë. Gardener to Queen Anne: Henry Wise (1653–1738) and the Formal Garden. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1956.
  1299.  
  1300. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1301.  
  1302. An account of a landscape designer in the midst of changing states in British garden making; emphasizes the “formal” garden yet suggests, with hindsight, how that style was already evolving.
  1303.  
  1304. Find this resource:
  1305.  
  1306. Henrey, Blanche. British Botanical and Horticultural Literature before 1800. 3 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975.
  1307.  
  1308. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1309.  
  1310. A survey of 17th- and 18th-century books on all aspects of garden making and a key reference book that not only touches upon botanical and horticultural matters but also engages with the forms and styles of early garden making.
  1311.  
  1312. Find this resource:
  1313.  
  1314. Hunt, John Dixon. Garden and Grove: The Italian Renaissance Garden in the English Imagination; 1600–1750. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.
  1315.  
  1316. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1317.  
  1318. Like Strong 1979, this book explores garden making in England with a main focus on the debts to, and modifications of, Italian garden making. It first describes visits to Italy by English visitors and then their uses of that experience on English soil (including by those whose knowledge of Italy was derived at second hand); the “naturalization” of Italian forms and ideas is extended beyond the 17th century into early versions of the “English” style.
  1319.  
  1320. Find this resource:
  1321.  
  1322. O’Malley, Therese, and Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn, eds. John Evelyn’s “Elysium Britannicum” and European Gardening. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1998.
  1323.  
  1324. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1325.  
  1326. Essays on Evelyn’s MS and its larger context in anticipation of its publication (see Evelyn 2000).
  1327.  
  1328. Find this resource:
  1329.  
  1330. Strong, Roy. The Renaissance Garden in England. London: Thames & Hudson, 1979.
  1331.  
  1332. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1333.  
  1334. The first modern narrative of Elizabethan and Jacobean garden making, its iconography, and its debts to earlier, largely foreign work, by a distinguished historian of early modern arts and culture.
  1335.  
  1336. Find this resource:
  1337.  
  1338. Early to Mid-18th Century
  1339. The 18th century marks the resurgence of the “English” garden and is discussed in a variety of ways. Chambers 1993 discusses new plantings and layouts, and so does Laird 1999, in even greater detail; Harris 1985 looks to the visual representations of gardens; Willis 2002 explores the earliest of the “English” designers, Charles Bridgeman, and Hunt 1987 illustrates and discusses all of William Kent’s landscape drawings and his one surviving garden at Rousham. One of the foremost gardens, Stowe, which has attracted a substantial set of publications and guides, has collected descriptions of it (see Clarke 1990). Some more skeptical perspectives come from Barrell 1980, which sees the darker social and cultural aspect of representations of landscape, and Williamson 1995, which chooses to see the different local conditions across England as making for a more subtle and varied “English” landscape tradition.
  1340.  
  1341. Barrell, John. The Dark Side of the Landscape: The Rural Poor in English Painting, 1730–1840. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
  1342.  
  1343. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1344.  
  1345. Despite its title, this work focuses upon how landscape was envisaged; it is an influential commentary on the negative aspects of the “new,” elitist gardening. Has been very influential in shaping later narratives of 18th-century English landscape.
  1346.  
  1347. Find this resource:
  1348.  
  1349. Chambers, Douglas. The Planters of the English Landscape Garden: Botany, Trees, and the Georgics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993.
  1350.  
  1351. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1352.  
  1353. An account of the development of the new English gardening, its debts to literary ideas (Virgil, especially), and its use of new plantings, notably in the wood groves of major estates.
  1354.  
  1355. Find this resource:
  1356.  
  1357. Clarke, G. B., ed. Descriptions of Lord Cobham’s Gardens at Stowe 1700–1750. Buckingham, UK: Buckinghamshire Record Society, 1990.
  1358.  
  1359. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1360.  
  1361. A collection of descriptions of this most famous and important landscape, showing how it was viewed and commented upon and advertised in guidebooks (some of the first such to be available in England).
  1362.  
  1363. Find this resource:
  1364.  
  1365. Harris, John. The Artist and the Country House. London: Sotheby’s, 1985.
  1366.  
  1367. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1368.  
  1369. First published in 1979, this is a great authority on English gardening, with references to books on Williams Chambers, Thomas Robins the Elder, and Lord Burlington. Harris uses this volume to display how English estates were depicted in paintings, engravings, and drawings; a history through the eyes of those who imaged it as the century progressed.
  1370.  
  1371. Find this resource:
  1372.  
  1373. Hunt, John Dixon. William Kent: Landscape Garden Architect; An Assessment and Catalogue of His Designs. London: Zwemmer, 1987.
  1374.  
  1375. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1376.  
  1377. Contains the known drawings of William Kent (some others have appeared more recently, in the build-up to a major Kent exhibition in New York in 2013); introduces his Italian years, his debts to painting and, specifically, his best known and only intact landscape at Rousham, Oxfordshire.
  1378.  
  1379. Find this resource:
  1380.  
  1381. Laird, Mark. The Flowering of the Landscape Garden, English Pleasure Grounds, 1720–1800. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.
  1382.  
  1383. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1384.  
  1385. With a wealth of original documentation and the author’s own watercolors of planting patterns and layouts, this volume provides a historical reconstruction of how estates were planted and how this skill was passed down by generations of gardeners and utilized in both theory and practice by such designers as Lancelot “Capability” Brown and William Chambers.
  1386.  
  1387. Find this resource:
  1388.  
  1389. Williamson, Tom. Polite Landscapes: Gardens and Society in 18th-Century England. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.
  1390.  
  1391. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1392.  
  1393. A nuanced perspective that situates designed landscapes in a world of local customs and agricultural and estate practice; it makes clear that a “narrative” of English garden making needs to attend to the variety of local contingencies—both gentry and aristocracy—and is neither homogeneous nor straightforward.
  1394.  
  1395. Find this resource:
  1396.  
  1397. Willis, Peter. Charles Bridgeman and the English Landscape Garden. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Elysium, 2002.
  1398.  
  1399. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1400.  
  1401. Republishes Willis’s earlier 1977 monograph with a large annex of documents and drawings. Bridgeman was a major figure in realigning continental garden styles for English consumption and estates. This book is especially useful for its documents of Bridgeman’s work at Stowe and the drawings and engravings that his widow published about this.
  1402.  
  1403. Find this resource:
  1404.  
  1405. The Late 18th Century
  1406. This phase of the 18th-century “English” garden saw the emergence of the iconic Brown (Stroud 1975) and Humphry Repton (Daniels 1999). At this time, too, came more theoretical perspectives, that of Horace Walpole above all (Chase 1943) and the work of picturesque designers (Hunt 2003), where English took a prime role in its European vogue. Jacques 1983 surveys the larger picture while Woodbridge 1970 focuses on one supreme garden and its cultural connects and design.
  1407.  
  1408. Chase, Isabel W. U., ed. Horace Walpole; Gardenist; an edition of Walpole’s The History of the Modern Taste in Gardening, with an estimate of Walpole’s contribution to landscape architecture. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1943.
  1409.  
  1410. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1411.  
  1412. The fundamental edition of this important book, in which Walpole sets out his own, very patriotic view of English gardening, including an intriguing claim that its origins were laid in Norman hunting parks; Walpole singles out William Kent as the key figure in the “new” gardening.
  1413.  
  1414. Find this resource:
  1415.  
  1416. Daniels, Stephen. Humphry Repton: Landscape Gardening and the Geography of Georgian England. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999.
  1417.  
  1418. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1419.  
  1420. A magisterial account of Repton’s works, attentive to the unfolding pattern of his designs but also to the cultural world in which he had to negotiate his career. As a cultural geographer, Daniels engages freshly with both the history of English gardening and its changing conditions.
  1421.  
  1422. Find this resource:
  1423.  
  1424. Hunt, John Dixon. The Picturesque Garden in Europe. London: Thames & Hudson, 2003.
  1425.  
  1426. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1427.  
  1428. Charts the fortunes and progress of the English picturesque, which is also redefined, and explores its spread throughout Europe into France, Italy, Scandinavia, and Russia.
  1429.  
  1430. Find this resource:
  1431.  
  1432. Jacques, David. Georgian Gardens: The Reign of Taste. London: B. T. Batsford, 1983.
  1433.  
  1434. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1435.  
  1436. This maps an interesting range of garden makers beyond but including the more famous names (Kent, Brown, Repton), looking to the social and cultural aspects of the age with sections on chinoiserie, patronage, the picturesque and regency landscapes, and the cottage garden.
  1437.  
  1438. Find this resource:
  1439.  
  1440. Stroud, Dorothy. Capability Brown. London: Faber & Faber, 1975.
  1441.  
  1442. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1443.  
  1444. The study of Brown, first published in 1950, was followed by her later work on Repton, Humphry Repton (London: Country Life, 1962). These are the basic studies of the two leading designers in the late 18th century.
  1445.  
  1446. Find this resource:
  1447.  
  1448. Woodbridge, Kenneth. Landscape and Antiquity: Aspects of English Culture at Stourhead, 1718–1838. Oxford: Clarendon, 1970.
  1449.  
  1450. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1451.  
  1452. Both a study of the gardens at Stourhead, on which Woodbridge was the leading commentator, and an intriguing commentary on the ways in which this area of England was recorded and envisaged for its cultural meanings.
  1453.  
  1454. Find this resource:
  1455.  
  1456. The 19th Century
  1457. While the early years saw a consolidation of the “English” work of the preceding century, chronicled here in detail in Rogger 2007 and the complete writings of Humphry Repton (see Loudon 1840)), new professionals appeared on the scene, like J. C. Loudon, who published the Repton writings, and who expanded his work into more urban and other projects (Simo 1988). Elliott 1986 offers an incisive and detailed survey of a complex and even muddled century.
  1458.  
  1459. Elliott, Brent. Victorian Gardens. London: B. T. Batsford, 1986.
  1460.  
  1461. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1462.  
  1463. Traces the eclectic ways of Victorian gardening, from landscapes to gardens, the uses of the past (Dutch and Italian styles), and horticulture and its displays (carpet bedding, conservatories, rock gardens, the uses of color); discusses key examples such as Biddulph Grange, Chatsworth, and the Crystal Palace.
  1464.  
  1465. Find this resource:
  1466.  
  1467. Loudon, J. C., ed. The Landscape Gardening and Landscape Architecture of the late Humphry Repton, Esq. London, 1840.
  1468.  
  1469. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1470.  
  1471. Collected and published by a 19th-century landscape architect, this volume gathers together all of Repton’s individually issued texts. A collection that had considerable influence in the United States.
  1472.  
  1473. Find this resource:
  1474.  
  1475. Rogger, André. Landscapes of Taste: The Art of Humphry Repton’s Red Books. London: Routledge, 2007.
  1476.  
  1477. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1478.  
  1479. Since one of Repton’s distinctive creations is his water-colored “Red Books,” this is a detailed and well-illustrated inquiry into how they were made, designed, and used; includes discussions of his topographical strategies, with an appendix of his 123 Red Books and transcripts of selected ones.
  1480.  
  1481. Find this resource:
  1482.  
  1483. Simo, Melanie Louise. Loudon and the Landscape: From Country Seat to Metropolis, 1783–1843. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988.
  1484.  
  1485. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1486.  
  1487. Studies Loudon’s career in detail from 18th-century estate designs to his work on urban sites, arboreta, and cemeteries; his concern with function rather than style, especially in modest establishments and gardens; and his role in fostering the profession of landscape architects and in his extensive publications, continued by his widow.
  1488.  
  1489. Find this resource:
  1490.  
  1491. Arts and Crafts Gardens
  1492. After the so-called “English” garden in the 18th century, the arts and crafts garden became the most discussed and featured example in British gardening, copied eventually, especially in the United States. Ottewill 1989 provides the most extensive coverage, with discussions of William Robinson, who is also treated in Allan 1982. Brown 1994 looks at the most prominent of these designers. But a very early attempt to place the arts and crafts garden, as it is now termed, came with Sedding’s 1891 collection of essays.
  1493.  
  1494. Allan, Mea. William Robinson, 1838–1935: Father of the English Flower Garden. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.
  1495.  
  1496. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1497.  
  1498. A study of one of the two “embattled” designers in the arts and crafts movement, an Irishman whose interest in wild (not necessarily native) plants was taken up in the much-exaggerated quarrels with Reginald Blomfield, an architect who felt gardens should be in the hands of architects; Robinson’s ideas were widely appreciated in later, especially American, design.
  1499.  
  1500. Find this resource:
  1501.  
  1502. Brown, Jane. Gardens of a Golden Afternoon: The Story of a Partnership; Edwin Lutyens & Gertrude Jekyll. London: Penguin, 1994.
  1503.  
  1504. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1505.  
  1506. The partnership between two great designers who transformed and clarified the Victorian garden scene.
  1507.  
  1508. Find this resource:
  1509.  
  1510. Ottewill, David. The Edwardian Garden. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989.
  1511.  
  1512. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1513.  
  1514. This book sets the stage for that garden-making by analyzing the “conflict” between William Robinson (see Allan 1982) and Reginald Blomfield, but more crucially explores the work of Lutyens and Jekyll and, most interestingly, because so little commentary has been offered on him, of Inigo Thomas, the designer of gardens such as Athelhampton, Dorset; and Barrow Court, Somerset.
  1515.  
  1516. Find this resource:
  1517.  
  1518. Sedding, John. Garden-Craft Old and New. London: Kegan Paul, 1891.
  1519.  
  1520. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1521.  
  1522. A posthumous publication by a thoughtful historian of English gardens, drawing comparisons between different styles and uses and offering fresh ideas (at that time) for a theory and an art of gardens, for techniques of gardening, and a plea for no “battle” between architects and horticulturists.
  1523.  
  1524. Find this resource:
  1525.  
  1526. Modern Design
  1527. Modern design is various, as its name implies: Brown 1990 surveys some of this variety, but Colvin 1970, Crowe 1981, and Spens 1994 offer examples of the work of three foremost practitioners. Tunnard 1948, a revised and crucially emended version of the author’s earlier 1938 book with the same title, was a very important plea for modernist work, but was somewhat hampered by his own uncertainty about how to use historical work in modern design and by his own learning curve as he moved from a concern with English landscapes to both European and American work on “landscape,” community housing, and agriculture.
  1528.  
  1529. Brown, Jane. Eminent Gardeners: Some People of Influence and Their Gardens, 1880–1980. New York: Viking, 1990.
  1530.  
  1531. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1532.  
  1533. Brown focuses most on garden making at the turn of the century, with special emphasis on Lutyens and Jekyll (see also Brown 1994, cited under Arts and Crafts Gardens), and here extends her range to look at other figures, now in an extended period of time.
  1534.  
  1535. Find this resource:
  1536.  
  1537. Colvin, Brenda. Land and Landscape: Evolution, Design, and Control. London: John Murray, 1970.
  1538.  
  1539. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1540.  
  1541. Originally published in 1947. Colvin narrates a history of English design, then sets out the “principles” of landscape design and ends with a section on “design in practice today”; Colvin, who later worked with another excellent landscape designer, Hal Moggridge, focused on both private sites and, as here, on the larger implications of environmentalism.
  1542.  
  1543. Find this resource:
  1544.  
  1545. Crowe, Sylvia. Garden Design. 2d ed. Funtington, UK: Packard, 1981.
  1546.  
  1547. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1548.  
  1549. In comparison with other countries (France and the United States, especially) the United Kingdom has not produced a host of new designers, perhaps because it has been more concerned with its own long traditions of garden making and their conservation and also because it is particularly attentive to horticulture (the Chelsea Flower Show). But three figures stand out: Dame Sylvia Crowe (along with Brenda Colvin and the Jellicoes [see Colvin 1970, above, and Jellico and Jellico 1989, cited under Early Surveys and Histories]), who wrote also on Gardens of Mughal India (1972), explored in a variety of other books the modern landscape of roads, woods and forests, power and power lines, and garden design. In this book, Crowe sets out her ideas on gardening itself.
  1550.  
  1551. Find this resource:
  1552.  
  1553. Spens, Michel. Complete Landscape Designs and Gardens of Geoffrey Jellicoe. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1994.
  1554.  
  1555. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1556.  
  1557. Jellicoe was one of the most distinguished modern landscape architects, and a prolific writer and designer. With his wife, Susan, he published Landscape of Man (cited under Early Surveys and Histories) and with J. C Shepherd, Italian Gardens of the Renaissance (London: E. Benn, 1925 and later editions); this volume chronicles his wide-ranging design work from early private projects to the Kennedy Memorial and to the ambitious Moody Gardens at Galveston, Texas, that sought to lay out a history of gardens throughout the world.
  1558.  
  1559. Find this resource:
  1560.  
  1561. Tunnard, Christopher. Gardens in the Modern Landscape. London: Architectural Press, 1948.
  1562.  
  1563. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1564.  
  1565. First published in 1938. These two editions are important, because after first publishing this set of Feldstudien and later having moved first to Harvard to teach landscape architecture and then to Yale to teach regional planning, Tunnard reissued the unaltered text, but with a new foreword, in which he lamented some too “cursory” remarks on early garden history. He also added an afterword on “The Modern Garden” by Joseph Hudnant, the dean of the Graduate School of Design at Harvard.
  1566.  
  1567. Find this resource:
  1568.  
  1569. Germany
  1570. Germany is a large country in which gardens and parks were very dependent on local dukedoms and archbishopric seats of power. The narrative therefore depends much—perhaps more so than in Italy—on local culture and contemporary, local expertise. But a rich and various world of parks (including the first genuinely “public” park, the Englische Garten in Munich) flourished in the 19th century. More prominence is given to baroque garden art in Schopf 1988 and to later Enlightenment projects like Der Englische Garten zu Wörlitz (see Rode, et al. 1987); there is a more general survey in Maier-Solgk and Greuter 1997. Significant contributions to garden theory and practice were taken up by Hirschfeld, of which an abridged English text (Parshall 2001) provides a sensible and readable account. A notable interest in garden and landscape conservation was pioneered by Dieter Hennebo (see Schmidt, et al. 1994), and his colleagues joined to celebrate some of the most important. Among modern landscape studies both Peter Latz (Weilacher 2008) and the work of designers in the Ruhr (Regionalverband Regionalverband Ruhr, and Weilacher 2010) suggest the modern range of professionals responding to the dereliction of industrial fabrics and landscapes.
  1571.  
  1572. Maier-Solgk, Frank, and Andeas Greuter. Landschaftsgärten in Deutschland. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1997.
  1573.  
  1574. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1575.  
  1576. After a survey of German landscaping’s English origins, offers a detailed analysis of German landscaping in theory and practice, followed by detailed discussions of the work of Fredrich Ludwig von Sckell, Pere Joseph Lenné, and Hermann Fürst von Pückler-Muskau.
  1577.  
  1578. Find this resource:
  1579.  
  1580. Parshall, Linda, ed. Theory of Garden Art. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2001.
  1581.  
  1582. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1583.  
  1584. This is an English and abridged edition of the original 5 volumes by Hirschfeld published in German and French between 1779 and 1785, with the editor’s succinct précis of those passages not translated in full and with a long introduction. Hirschfeld is one of the most important theorists of garden making in the years around 1780.
  1585.  
  1586. Find this resource:
  1587.  
  1588. Regionalverband Regionalverband Ruhr, and Udo Weilacher. Feldstudien: Zur neuen Ästhestik urbaner Landwirtschaft. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser, 2010.
  1589.  
  1590. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1591.  
  1592. A crucial modern development in landscape thinking, here focused on Germany, but one that is assuming increasing importance in the United States as well; in German and English, with an introduction by Udo Weilacher and discussions about how to mediate between the competing interests of housing developments and agricultural land.
  1593.  
  1594. Find this resource:
  1595.  
  1596. Rode, August, Harmut Ross, and Ludwig Trauzettel. Der Englische Garten zu Wörlitz. Berlin: Verlag für Bauwesen, 1987.
  1597.  
  1598. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1599.  
  1600. One of the most acclaimed “English” gardens in Germany; this book contains 126 photographs by Manfred Paul, a facsimile description of the site by August Rode written in 1798, and a discussion of that work by Hartmut Ross.
  1601.  
  1602. Find this resource:
  1603.  
  1604. Schmidt, Erika, Wilfried Hansmann, and Jörg Gamer. Garten, Kunst, Geschichte: Festschrift für Dieter Hennebo zum 70. Geburtstag. Worms am Rhein, Germany: Werner, 1994.
  1605.  
  1606. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1607.  
  1608. A rich commentary on a variety of, mostly German, gardens for the leading German garden historian of his day, with essays for over forty, mostly German, garden designers and critics.
  1609.  
  1610. Find this resource:
  1611.  
  1612. Schopf, Regina von. Barockgärten in Westfalen. Worms am Rhein, West Germany: Werner, 1988.
  1613.  
  1614. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1615.  
  1616. Typical of (i) Germany baroque gardens, of which there were many superb examples, and (ii) Germany’s localizing response to gardens in different states and principalities (here Westfalia); well illustrated with original plans and early photographs in its discussion of the forms and elements of baroque gardens.
  1617.  
  1618. Find this resource:
  1619.  
  1620. Weilacher, Udo. Syntax of Landscape. The Landscape Architecture of Peter Latz and Partners. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser, 2008.
  1621.  
  1622. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8277-3Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1623.  
  1624. With a worldwide reputation, Peter Latz and Partners have responded to a series of fresh environmental concerns— disused factories, derelict harbors, and steel works (the most famous of these is their reformulation of the parkland at Duisburg-Nord); Weilacher discusses in detail seven of their most prominent sites, with further notes on other projects and publications.
  1625.  
  1626. Find this resource:
  1627.  
  1628. Wimmer, Clemens Alexander, ed. Geschichte der Garten theorie. Darmstadt, West Germany: Wissenschafliche Buchgesellschaft, 1989.
  1629.  
  1630. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1631.  
  1632. Includes texts in German of garden theorists from Varro to Alberti, but with useful extracts from German theorists such as Joseph Furttenbach, Will Lange, and Leberecht Migge, and an appendix with commentaries on the authors invoked. It usefully puts German writers within a wider context of garden thinking, but does have some odd omissions, such as Matthias Diesel, Erlustierende Augenweide (1717 & 1723), and Jean-Charles Krafft, Plans des plus beaux jardins pittoresques de France, d’Angleterre et de l’Allemagne (1809).
  1633.  
  1634. Find this resource:
  1635.  
  1636. Switzerland
  1637. A (perhaps) surprising history of early gardens, and, unsurprisingly, one that reflects a national interest in modern parks (see Heyer 1980). A few distinguished modern and contemporary landscape designers have made their mark locally and abroad, as Weilacher 2001, Bürgi 2011, Vogt 2012, and Hager, et al. 1999 illustrate. Public parks have elicited much good public work, as seen in Sigel, et al. 2006.
  1638.  
  1639. Bürgi, Paolo. Paesaggi—Passaggi. Melfi, Italy: Libria, 2011.
  1640.  
  1641. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1642.  
  1643. Photographs of Bürgi’s most important projects, with introductions by Bürgi and Carlo Magnani; also includes a select list of his projects. Bürgi has published articles in Topos and has taught in Philadelphia and in Venice. An extended interview with Bürgi by Raffaella Fabiono Giannetto on one project at Cardada, in the Ticino, was published by Princeton Architectural Press in 2009.
  1644.  
  1645. Find this resource:
  1646.  
  1647. Hager, Guido, Marie-Anne Lerjen, and Marc Schwarz. Dieter Kienast: Lob der Sinnlichkeit. Zurich, Switzerland: ETH Zurich, 1999.
  1648.  
  1649. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1650.  
  1651. Essays by Werner Oechslin, Bernard Lassus, Arthur Ruegg, and Guido Hager on a distinguished Swiss landscape architect, with a list of his publications and a disk of his projects.
  1652.  
  1653. Find this resource:
  1654.  
  1655. Heyer, Hans-Rudolf. Historische Gärten der Schweiz. Bern, Switzerland: Benteli Verlag, 1980.
  1656.  
  1657. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1658.  
  1659. A chronological survey from St. Gall to Le Corbusier, covers monastic to medieval to modern gardens, private and public.
  1660.  
  1661. Find this resource:
  1662.  
  1663. Sigel, Brigitt, Catherine Waeber, and Katharina Medici-Mall, eds. Utilité et Plaisir: Parcs et jardins historiques de Suisse. Gollion, Switzerland: Infolio Éditions, 2006.
  1664.  
  1665. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1666.  
  1667. Various authors tackle different foreign and Swiss designers across the centuries, all with plans and modern photographs.
  1668.  
  1669. Find this resource:
  1670.  
  1671. Vogt, Gunther. Miniature and Panorama: Vogt Landscape Architects Projects 2000–12. Baden, Switzerland: Lars Müller, 2012.
  1672.  
  1673. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1674.  
  1675. A partner of the older, deceased Kienast (see Hager, et al. 1999), Vogt has now established his own firm with offices in Zurich and London; his international reputation is clearly apparent in this and a second volume by Alice Foxley from his office, Distance and Engagement. Walking, Thinking and Making Landscapes (Baden, Switzerland: Lars Müller, 2010), which reveals his distinctive way of exploring sites and their contexts. Vogt, along with colleagues from the office, writes essays that draw out his dual interest in close-up (miniature; engagement) and extended vision (panorama; distance) of landscapes and gardens.
  1676.  
  1677. Find this resource:
  1678.  
  1679. Weilacher, Udo. Visionary Gardens: Modern Landscapes by Ernst Cramer. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser, 2001.
  1680.  
  1681. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1682.  
  1683. A book about another Zurich landscape architect, whose work is largely in Switzerland, but some in Italy and Germany; his work is largely unknown outside Switzerland, but this book in English will do much to make his wonderfully poetic landscapes better known. Beautifully illustrated and with an introduction by Peter Latz.
  1684.  
  1685. Find this resource:
  1686.  
  1687. Russia
  1688. Like other countries, Russia leaned heavily upon its western neighbors for garden making; Tsar Paul I visited France and was much taken with Chantilly, while his mother, Catherine the Great, was (on her own confession) absorbed by Anglomania. Russia drew English designers such as William Gould (a follower of “Capability” Brown) to St. Petersburg and the Scots Charles Cameron and James Meader to Pavlovsk and Peterhof. Most of the current scholarship focuses therefore on Peter and Catherine (Cross 1993 and Shvidkovsky 1996). But useful images also come from foreign visitors (Angelini, et al. 1996) and written descriptions (Coxe 1784). Floryan 1996 enlarges that picture, though keeping Catherine firmly at center stage, as does one of the first articles published in English (Iljin 1964). Roosevelt 1990 invoked written material to illuminate one particular parkland in Pushkin.
  1689.  
  1690. Angelini, Piervalerino, Miliza Korsunova, and Giovanna Nepi Sciré, eds. Disegni di Giacomo Quarenghi, vedute e caricci. Milan: Electa, 1996.
  1691.  
  1692. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1693.  
  1694. Like William Coxe, this Italian artist drew many Russian parks in St. Petersburg and its environs. This catalogue illustrates and references these sites.
  1695.  
  1696. Find this resource:
  1697.  
  1698. Coxe, William. Travels into Poland, Russia, Sweden and Denmark. London: T. Cadell, 1784.
  1699.  
  1700. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1701.  
  1702. An early chronicle of gardens; the Archdeacon Coxe found Russian estates very familiar with English tastes.
  1703.  
  1704. Find this resource:
  1705.  
  1706. Cross, Anthony. “The English Garden in Catherine the Great’s Russia.” Journal of Garden History 13.3 (1993): 172–181.
  1707.  
  1708. DOI: 10.1080/01445170.1993.10412485Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1709.  
  1710. Discusses Catherine’s garden taste and designs.
  1711.  
  1712. Find this resource:
  1713.  
  1714. Floryan, Margrethe. Gardens of the Tsars: A Study of the Aesthetics, Semantics and Uses of 18th-Century Russian Gardens. Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus University Press, 1996.
  1715.  
  1716. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1717.  
  1718. Focused mainly on Catherine the Great and Russia’s relationships with other continental garden cultures.
  1719.  
  1720. Find this resource:
  1721.  
  1722. Iljin, M. “Russian Parks of the 18th Century.” Architectural Review (February 1964): 100–111.
  1723.  
  1724. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1725.  
  1726. One of the first essays on this topic, by a historian in Moscow; discusses, with plans and old photographs, the estates of Bratsevo, Neskuchnoye, Voronovo, and Archangelskoye, with good material on native species and serf labor on these estates.
  1727.  
  1728. Find this resource:
  1729.  
  1730. Roosevelt, Priscilla. “Tatiana’s Garden: Noble Sensibilities and Estate Park Design in the Romantic Era.” Slavic Review 49.3 (1990): 335–349.
  1731.  
  1732. DOI: 10.2307/2499982Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1733.  
  1734. Basing itself on Alexander Pushkin’s novel Eugene Onegin, and its gardening heroine Tatiana, this article discusses the ambivalence that emerged between the noble Russian’s desire for an “English” and “natural” garden and his/her sense of local Russian reality; draws on the travels in England of Alexander Kurakin and the agrarian work of Andrei Bolotov. A typical but exceptionally sophisticated invocation of literary resources to probe cultural cross-currents, in this case, Russia’s nativist impulses.
  1735.  
  1736. Find this resource:
  1737.  
  1738. Shvidkovsky, Dimitri. The Empress and the Architect. British Architecture and Gardens in the Court of Catherine the Great. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996.
  1739.  
  1740. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1741.  
  1742. Discusses the work of Charles Cameron; the estates of Tsarkoye Selo and Pavlovsk; Catherine’s orientalism and her growing taste for the neogothic; and the role of Scottish works in Russia, notably those of Adam Menalaws and William Hastie (who went on to work for the School of Practical Agriculture from 1798).
  1743.  
  1744. Find this resource:
  1745.  
  1746. Scandinavia
  1747. With its strong trading connections with China, Sweden profited from a more international exchange, and Denmark profited from German territories, to which it belonged before the 20th century. Garden history in Norway has still to be written, though see Stephensen 1997 for one such essay. Andersson, et al. 2000 explores the major landscape designers in Sweden from the earliest to the contemporary, while Lund 1997 and Stephensen 2007 do this for Denmark. Finland’s parkscape is covered in Härynen 1994. Modern landscape design is the topic of Hauxner 2003. Olausson 1993 surveys the range of 18th-century Swedish landscaping, in which Fredrick Magnus Piper (see Piper 2004) was the most prominent. Some monographs/catalogues of 20th-century work and designers suggest the rich vein of modern garden making. See also Coxe 1784 (cited under Russia) for early travels in Scandinavia.
  1748.  
  1749. Andersson, Thornbjörn, K. Lundquist, and T. Jonstoij. Svensk Trädgårdskonst under fryrahundra år. Stockholm: Byggförlaget, 2000.
  1750.  
  1751. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1752.  
  1753. Text in Swedish, but well illustrated with designs from the earliest designers (Tessin) to the modern (Bauer) and with a bibliography covering five centuries.
  1754.  
  1755. Find this resource:
  1756.  
  1757. Hauxner, Malene. Open to the Sky: The Second Phase of the Modern Breakthrough, 1950-1970. Copenhagen: Danish Architectural Press, 2003.
  1758.  
  1759. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1760.  
  1761. A study of building and landscape, including urban spaces in Denmark between 1950 and 1970. This landscape architect has written much on modern Danish design: see also her Fantasiens Have (Copenhagen: The Danish Architectural Press, 1992), with English summary.
  1762.  
  1763. Find this resource:
  1764.  
  1765. Häyrynen, Mauna. Maisemapuistosta Reformipuistoon. Helsingin Kaupunkipuistot ja Puistopolitiikka 1880-Luvulta 1930-Luvulle. Helsinki: Helsinki-Seura Helsingfors-Smfundet, 1994.
  1766.  
  1767. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1768.  
  1769. A study of the transition from so-called scenic parks to reform parks in Helsinki between the 1880s and the 1930s. With English captions to an extensive photography and an English summary.
  1770.  
  1771. Find this resource:
  1772.  
  1773. Lund, Annemarie. Guide to Danish Landscape Architecture, 1000–1996. Copenhagen: Arkitektens Forlag, 1997.
  1774.  
  1775. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1776.  
  1777. This is, unusually, a serious and extremely well-annotated guide (in English) to Danish landscape architecture, by a practitioner.
  1778.  
  1779. Find this resource:
  1780.  
  1781. Magnus Piper, Fredrik. Description of the Idea and General-Plan for an English Park. 2 vols. Stockholm: Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts, 2004.
  1782.  
  1783. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1784.  
  1785. A manuscript treatise for an ideal English-style park by the famous Swedish designer Fredrik Magnus Piper (1746–1824), written in 1811–1812. Facsimile in one volume; translation and commentary in English and Swedish. Also contains essays by John Harris and Magnus Olausson.
  1786.  
  1787. Find this resource:
  1788.  
  1789. Stephensen, Lulu Salto, ed. Special Issue: Scandivanian Gardens. Journal of Garden History 17.4 (1997): 231–313.
  1790.  
  1791. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1792.  
  1793. A wider coverage of Scandinavian garden-making, with essays on Danish gardens in the Enlightenment, nature and art in Norway, Tessin, and Piper.
  1794.  
  1795. Find this resource:
  1796.  
  1797. Olausson, Magnus. Den Engelska parken I Sverige under Gustaviansk. Stockholm: Piper, 1993.
  1798.  
  1799. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1800.  
  1801. Has a long English summary of Sweden’s debts to English landscaping, but includes its Chinese connections. Detailed discussions of Drottingholm, Haga, and Rosersberg.
  1802.  
  1803. Find this resource:
  1804.  
  1805. Stephensen, Lulu Salto, ed. Garden Design in Denmark: G. N. Brandt and the Early Decades of the Twentieth Century. Chichester, UK: Packard, 2007.
  1806.  
  1807. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1808.  
  1809. Translated from the author’s doctoral dissertation, Tradition og Fornyelse I Dansk Havekunst (Lunds University, 1993). A study of the foremost Danish landscape designer, G. N. Brandt, and his Swedish context in the early 20th century.
  1810.  
  1811. Find this resource:
  1812.  
  1813. North America
  1814. Despite a few remarks on making pleasure gardens, garden making or the establishment of “country seats” was essentially a 19th-century development, when North America caught up with European ideas and modified them for its newfound land, most prominently in parks and public areas. Given the prominent role of both A. J. Downing and Frederick Law Olmsted and his firm, it is no surprise that the United States has assumed a major role in modern design. The United States has in fact produced large numbers of professional landscape architects, as Birnbaum 2000 makes clear. General surveys tended to predominate in the early years of landscape history, as seen in Leighton 1987 and Griswold and Weller 1991, but these have been now been supplemented by more detailed accounts of regional work (O’Malley and Treib 1995), of ideas that determined landscape making (McGuire 1994), and of architects practicing in the Midwest (Tischler 2000).
  1815.  
  1816. Birnbaum, Charles, ed. Pioneers of American Landscape Design (with Robin Karson). New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000.
  1817.  
  1818. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1819.  
  1820. This volume was succeeded by a second, Shaping the American Landscape (with Stephanie S. Foell) (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2009). Together they list over two hundred American landscape designers, each with biographies, analyses of work, illustrations of plans and photographs, and articles and books on them.
  1821.  
  1822. Find this resource:
  1823.  
  1824. Griswold, Mac, and Eleanor Weller. The Golden Age of American Gardens. Proud Owners, Private Estates 1890–1940. New York: H. N. Abrams, 1991.
  1825.  
  1826. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1827.  
  1828. Drawing on the rich illustrative materials in the Garden Club of America, this showcases private gardeners and their designs throughout the nation, with a detailed commentary on owners and garden styles.
  1829.  
  1830. Find this resource:
  1831.  
  1832. Leighton, Ann. Early American Gardens, American Gardens in the Eighteenth Century, and American Gardens of the Nineteenth Century. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1987.
  1833.  
  1834. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1835.  
  1836. First published in 1970 by Houghton Mifflin, later in 1976. Though recent scholarship has advanced garden history on many more focused fronts, these three books chart the whole gamut of garden making from layout to plants to literature on them, illustrated with a range of materials.
  1837.  
  1838. Find this resource:
  1839.  
  1840. McGuire, Diane Kostial, ed. American Garden Design: An Anthology of Ideas That Shaped Our Landscape. New York: Macmillan, 1994.
  1841.  
  1842. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1843.  
  1844. American gardening looked to European and later Japanese gardening, but more importantly wished to establish its own ideas, indigenous forms, and social responses, which have dominated the field in the late 19th century and throughout the 20th century.
  1845.  
  1846. Find this resource:
  1847.  
  1848. O’Malley, Therese, and Marc Treib. Regional Garden Design in the United States. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1995.
  1849.  
  1850. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1851.  
  1852. Publication of a symposium, with essays on (among others) New Orleans, prairie landscaping, modernist design in California, landscaping before the Civil War, O. C. Simonds, Jens Jensen, and Hanna/Olin, Ltd. (later to become the Olin Studio).
  1853.  
  1854. Find this resource:
  1855.  
  1856. Tishler, William H., ed. Midwestern Landscape Architecture. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000.
  1857.  
  1858. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1859.  
  1860. Essays on Horace Cleveland, Jens Jensen, Warren Manning, the Olmsteds, among others; a fresh focus on landscaping in the Midwest and its responses to cultural and topographical conditions.
  1861.  
  1862. Find this resource:
  1863.  
  1864. The 19th Century and Earlier
  1865. Despite early garden making that tended to focus upon southern states like Virginia (Martin 1991 and notably Jefferson 1944), it was only by the 19th century that Americans began to reflect thoughtfully about this practice: first by viewing country seats (described in Birch 2008) and then in the flourishing writings of Downing 1841 and Downing’s great successor, Olmsted (Beveridge and Rocheleau 1995 and McLaughlin and Beveridge 1977–2007). The range of keywords utilized in American garden making has been exhaustively explored in O’Malley 2010.
  1866.  
  1867. Beveridge, Charles E., and Paul Rocheleau. Frederick Law Olmsted: Designing the American Landscape. New York: Rizzoli, 1995.
  1868.  
  1869. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1870.  
  1871. As the collected papers of Olmsted proceed, this book, co-authored by the editor of his standard publication, is the fullest and most authoritative panorama of his work on a selection of sites from the US Capitol to Yosemite, Biltmore, and cemeteries and campuses in the western states.
  1872.  
  1873. Find this resource:
  1874.  
  1875. Birch, William. The Country Seats of the United States. Edited with an introduction by Emily T. Cooperman. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.
  1876.  
  1877. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1878.  
  1879. The first modern edition of a rare, original set of images of gardens and estates, published in 1808. Birch’s engravings have verbal glosses and a short preface in which Birch pleads for country seats; here with a long introduction that provides a context for this very early response to American country seats. Essentially one of the first statements about what it means to make “country seats” in North America.
  1880.  
  1881. Find this resource:
  1882.  
  1883. Downing, Andrew Jackson. A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening. New York, 1841.
  1884.  
  1885. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1886.  
  1887. The first of many editions, including other modern editions. The author of books on Cottage Residences, and The Architecture of Country Houses, and the editor of the crucial journal The Horticulturist, Downing’s seeks in his Treatise to “adapt” to the social life of North America the practices and theories of landscape gardening, mainly drawn from England. An important book, more so since Downing’s career was cut short by his drowning in 1852.
  1888.  
  1889. Find this resource:
  1890.  
  1891. Jefferson, Thomas. Thomas Jefferson’s Garden Book. Annotated by Edwin Morris Betts. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1944.
  1892.  
  1893. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1894.  
  1895. Jefferson’s notes on his gardens (design, planting, expenditures, etc.) between the years 1766 and 1824, with extracts from his other writings; a companion to his Farm Book, also annotated by Betts (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1987).
  1896.  
  1897. Find this resource:
  1898.  
  1899. Martin, Peter. The Pleasure Gardens of Virginia: From Jamestown to Jefferson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991.
  1900.  
  1901. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1902.  
  1903. Given that Virginia saw a flourishing of gardens and plantations, this study focuses on early gardening in Williamsburg, Mount Vernon, and Monticello.
  1904.  
  1905. Find this resource:
  1906.  
  1907. McLaughlin, Charles Capen, and Charles E. Beveridge, series eds. The Papers of Frederick Law Olmsted. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977–2007.
  1908.  
  1909. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1910.  
  1911. This is an ongoing publication of all of Olmsted’s writings and papers in chronological order, of which seven volumes have so far been published, bringing his work up to 1882; but supplementary volumes have also been published, one with a focus on Public Parks, Parkways and Park Systems (1997). Separate works on his southern journeys and his work as a farmer and selections from his writings have also been published, but this is the definitive, fully annotated edition.
  1912.  
  1913. Find this resource:
  1914.  
  1915. O’Malley, Therese, ed. Keywords in American Landscape Design. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010.
  1916.  
  1917. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1918.  
  1919. An enormous collection of writings that used keywords in early American garden and landscape design; cited passages (with the keyword in italics) and a commentary establish a firm basis for technical terms and common garden usage, drawn from a wide range of publications. Keywords are all illustrated with available visual documents.
  1920.  
  1921. Find this resource:
  1922.  
  1923. Twentieth-Century and Contemporary Design
  1924. By the 20th century, it is difficult to root practitioners in one country alone, so works listed in Contemporary International Design must also be consulted. Among the trend-setters and important landscape architects come, first, Beatrix Farrand (see Balmori, et al. 1985), Thomas Church (see Treib 2003, Eckbo 1956, Bye 1988, Kiley and Amidon 1999), Michael van Valkenburg (see Berrizbeitia 2009), and Martha Schwartz (see Waugh 2012). Another very recent direction for garden making has been the various international garden festivals, of which Metis in Canada has received much attention, as seen in Johnstone 2007.
  1925.  
  1926. Balmori, Diane, Diane Kostial McGuire, and Eleanor M. McPeck. Beatrix Farrand’s American Landscapes: Her Gardens and Campuses. Sagaponack, NY: Sagapress, 1985.
  1927.  
  1928. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1929.  
  1930. Discusses the work of an early, female landscape architect who worked on private sites (Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, DC, most particularly), and on university campuses like Princeton.
  1931.  
  1932. Find this resource:
  1933.  
  1934. Berrizbeitia, Anita, ed. Michael Van Valkenburg and Associates: Reconstructing Urban Landscapes. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009.
  1935.  
  1936. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1937.  
  1938. Focuses on ten carefully selected American sites, each described and analyzed by a different scholar and/or designer. Eschewing a whole survey of van Valkenburg’s work, this focused look at a few places draws out the skill and imagination of this designer, whose work (unsurprisingly) is not seen here outside the United States.
  1939.  
  1940. Find this resource:
  1941.  
  1942. Bye, Arthur Edward. Art into Landscape, Landscape into Art. 2d ed. Mesa, AZ: P. D. A., 1988.
  1943.  
  1944. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1945.  
  1946. Another distinguished American architect discusses what was/is a fundamental challenge in modern landscape design in America—making art of landscape work, yet allowing landscape to be itself.
  1947.  
  1948. Find this resource:
  1949.  
  1950. Eckbo, Garrett. The Art of Home Landscaping. New York: F. W. Dodge, 1956.
  1951.  
  1952. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1953.  
  1954. Together with Urban Landscape Design (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), Eckbo addressed both private and public realms, publishing his ideas of what they should be, with photographs and his own sketches. Along with Kiley (see Kiley and Amidon 1999) and James Rose, Eckbo graduated from Harvard in the late 1930s, where he took courses with Walter Gropius, and moved west to work mainly in California; the three of them published a sequence of articles on primeval, rural, and urban environment in the monthly magazine Architectural Record (1939 and 1940).
  1955.  
  1956. Find this resource:
  1957.  
  1958. Johnstone, Lesley. Hybrids: Reshaping the Contemporary Garden in Métis. Vancouver, BC: Blueimprint, 2007.
  1959.  
  1960. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1961.  
  1962. A recent development in garden making has been its focus on garden festivals, where designers have the chance of siting, for short periods and in limited space, experimental work; such festivals have been featured in Britain with its garden festivals, in France at Chaumont-sur-Loire, and, importantly, at the International Garden Festival at Métis in Canada. Short essays and presentation of work there.
  1963.  
  1964. Find this resource:
  1965.  
  1966. Kiley, Dan, and Jane Amidon. Dan Kiley: The Complete Works of America’s Master Landscape Architect. Boston: Little, Brown, 1999,
  1967.  
  1968. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1969.  
  1970. Kiley surely deserved this title: inspired, subtle, and dedicated to showing how a site could perform to the satisfaction of itself and others, he worked in natural settings as well as in urban centers. Witty (as in his introduction to this volume) and in public talks sharp and even irreverent, Kiley is most inventive. Modernist without thrusting modernism in your face, these projects show the range of his designs and the sites to which he was called to respond.
  1971.  
  1972. Find this resource:
  1973.  
  1974. Treib, Marc, ed. Thomas Church, Landscape Architect: Designing a Modern California Landscape. San Francisco: William Stout, 2003.
  1975.  
  1976. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1977.  
  1978. This volume contains four essays on this early Californian designer: on his relationship with Sunset Magazine, where his now-famous Donnell Garden was illustrated; approaches to his modernism; a brief account of archive holdings at Berkeley; and his work for the book Gardens Are for People: How to Plan for Outdoor Living (New York: Reinhold, 1955).
  1979.  
  1980. Find this resource:
  1981.  
  1982. Waugh, Emily. Recycling Spaces: Curating Urban Evolution; The Work of Martha Schwartz Partners. Pt. Reyes Station, CA: ORO Editions, 2012.
  1983.  
  1984. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1985.  
  1986. A second publication on her work (the first being The Vanguard Landscapes and Gardens of Martha Schwartz [New York: Thames & Hudson, 2004]), this one focuses on “curating the urban evolution” with characteristic flair and a love of the startling (colors, especially). Schwartz, along with Ken Smith, with whom she once collaborated on a project in Toronto, is a forthright, energetic, and even mischievous designer; her work on derelict or dying urban spaces around the world, is buttressed with essays by Charles Waldheim and Elizabeth Meyer.
  1987.  
  1988. Find this resource:
  1989.  
  1990. South America
  1991. The two most prominent designers from South America were Robert Burle Marx (for which see Adams 1991, Leenhardt 1994, and Berrizbeitia 2005) and Luis Baragan (for which see Eggener 2001 and Rispa 1996). But more recent ones like Mario Schjetnan have come to prominence, as seen in Truelove 2002. South America is still waiting for more designers to build on the shoulders of these giants, the reputations of whom are now well registered outside South America.
  1992.  
  1993. Adams, William Howard. Roberto Burle Marx: The Unnatural Art of the Garden. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1991.
  1994.  
  1995. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1996.  
  1997. One of the rare garden exhibitions at New York’s Museum of Modern Art (MOMA), showing early drawings and projects, private and public gardens, and what a critic called Marx’s “great horticultural adventure.” A book somewhat limited by the format of an exhibition.
  1998.  
  1999. Find this resource:
  2000.  
  2001. Berrizbeitia, Anita. Roberto Burle Marx in Caracas, Parque del Este, 1956–1961. Penn Studies in Landscape Architecture. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.
  2002.  
  2003. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  2004.  
  2005. A unique study of a single project, the non-Brazilian park in Venezuela by Roberto Burle Marx, that moves beyond formal analysis to explore the multiple contexts and cultural conditions of this work built between 1956 and 1961.
  2006.  
  2007. Find this resource:
  2008.  
  2009. Eggener, Keith L. Luis Barragan’s Gardens of El Pedregal. With a foreword by Marc Treib. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2001.
  2010.  
  2011. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  2012.  
  2013. Intensive exploration of one of Barragan’s great designs, a housing project on the lava beds south of Mexico City, the story and context for which is told here.
  2014.  
  2015. Find this resource:
  2016.  
  2017. Eliovson, Sima. The Gardens of Roberto Burle Marx. Foreword by Roberto Burle Marx. New York: H. N. Abrams, 1991.
  2018.  
  2019. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  2020.  
  2021. Published at the time of the MOMA show (see Adams 1991), this book offers a more intensive look at the design forms and horticultural richness of Roberto Burle Marx’s pioneering exploration of the Brazilian hinterland.
  2022.  
  2023. Find this resource:
  2024.  
  2025. Leenhardt, Jacques, ed. Dans les Jardins de Roberto Burle Marx. Arles, France: Actes Sud, 1994.
  2026.  
  2027. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  2028.  
  2029. A collection of essays by eight French designers and critics (including Jacques Sgard and Gilles Clément), with a list of Roberto Burle Marx’s principal projects and of the plants discovered by him; extends the international awareness of his South American work.
  2030.  
  2031. Find this resource:
  2032.  
  2033. Rispa, Raúl, ed. Barragan: The Complete Works. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1996.
  2034.  
  2035. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  2036.  
  2037. Covers the full range of Barragan’s architectural and landscape work, clearly of great local importance and, with its distinctive forms, begging any attempt to emulate or copy it.
  2038.  
  2039. Find this resource:
  2040.  
  2041. Truelove, James Grayson, ed. Ten Landscapes: Mario Schjetnan. Gloucester, MA: Rockport, 2002.
  2042.  
  2043. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  2044.  
  2045. A younger and extremely talented designer, Mario Schjetnan was trained in the United States, committed to modernism, and had an explicitly politicized social mission. With a strong interest in pre-Hispanic cultures (Aztec, Mayan) and, like Barragan, loving bright colors on sculptural walls and structures.
  2046.  
  2047. Find this resource:
  2048.  
  2049. Contemporary International Design
  2050. It is no longer easy to position designers within one cultural context (though some still wish to work mainly in one—see Kiley and Amidon 1999 and Bye 1988 (both cited under Twentieth-Century and Contemporary Design). More and more famous designers are crossing frontiers and flying around the world to introduce their work in a multitude of different places—hence the international coverage of Disponzio 2007 and Reed 2005. We need to look at the work of a few selected designers who do work across different cultural zones, like the Portuguese designers (Silva 2010, Hargreaves 2009, or Olin 2008; some of these volumes are issued by their own firms with invited commentary by outsiders). Other designers who work worldwide are Peter Latz (see Germany), Gunter Vogt and Paolo Bürgi (see Switzerland), and Adriaan Geuze (see Low Countries). The international scope of such designers is registered in works published by the Japanese publisher of Process Architecture, as with Walker 1989. An increasingly strong interest by the turn of the century in 2000 concerns the role of gardens within the larger landscape profession, as seen in Weilacher 2005.
  2051.  
  2052. Disponzio, Joseph, ed. Territories: Contemporary European Landscape Design. Washington, DC: Spacemaker, 2007.
  2053.  
  2054. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  2055.  
  2056. With six essays by international figures on twenty-four sites (by alphabet, A–Z) in Western Europe, as various as waterside fronts, kindergartens, rest stops on auto routes, jails, and quarries.
  2057.  
  2058. Find this resource:
  2059.  
  2060. Hargreaves, George. Landscape Alchemy. The Work of George Hargreaves. Pt. Reyes Station, CA: ORO editions, 2009.
  2061.  
  2062. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  2063.  
  2064. Covers many American sites, and competitions in Korea, London (London Olympics), and Sydney (Australia). A firm committed to the role of culture and water in infrastructural designs. Three useful essays explain Hargreaves’s often usual-looking work.
  2065.  
  2066. Find this resource:
  2067.  
  2068. Olin, Laurie. OLIN Placemaking. New York: Monacelli, 2008.
  2069.  
  2070. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  2071.  
  2072. Landscape designer and university teacher Laurie Olin has established a large firm that undertakes works worldwide: US embassies in Berlin and London; Canary Wharf, London; the J. Paul Getty Center, Los Angeles; Vancouver, and Romania. This volume contains essays by other people outside the firm and an introduction by John R. Stilgoe.
  2073.  
  2074. Find this resource:
  2075.  
  2076. Reed, Peter, ed. Groundswell: Constructing the Contemporary Landscape. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2005.
  2077.  
  2078. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  2079.  
  2080. An extremely influential publication for the Museum of Modern Art in New York, featuring work by international designers of over a dozen American and foreign sites. In retrospect somewhat conservative in its choice of exhibitors, who are mostly well established: James Corner, Christophe Girot, Tom Leader, Catherine Mosbach, Gustafson + Porter, Martha Schwartz, Peter Walker, and West 8 (Adriaan Geuze), among others.
  2081.  
  2082. Find this resource:
  2083.  
  2084. Silva, Bárbara, ed. PROAP: Arquitectura Paisagista. Lisbon, Portugal: Note, 2010.
  2085.  
  2086. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  2087.  
  2088. PROAP is a Portuguese firm, with offices in Luanda and Treviso, and work in Greece, Belgium, Italy, and Algiers, besides much urban work in Portugal. This book contains an “Informal Lexicon of the Landscape” (pp.153–181) that addresses some of the basic materials of their craft (a good theoretical work, too). Text in Portuguese and English.
  2089.  
  2090. Find this resource:
  2091.  
  2092. Walker, Peter. Peter Walker: Landscape as Art. Process Architecture 85. Tokyo: Process Architecture, 1989.
  2093.  
  2094. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  2095.  
  2096. Peter Walker is a leading American designer and a thoughtful critic. This survey (containing dozens of images) and a text in Japanese and English features mainly American sites, with a further listing of foreign sites, designed by Walker and Martha Schwartz. Since 1989 Walker, now in practice by himself, has designed widely throughout the world. Other books by him include Minimalist Gardens (Washington, DC: Spacemaker, 1997) and (with Melanie Simo) Invisible Gardens: The Search for Modernism in the American Landscape (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994).
  2097.  
  2098. Find this resource:
  2099.  
  2100. Weilacher, Udo. In Gardens: Profiles of Contemporary European Landscape Architecture. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser, 2005.
  2101.  
  2102. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  2103.  
  2104. Twenty presentations and analyses of garden work throughout Europe (but also in Chandigarh, India) of works by mostly European designers, as well as Katherine Gustafson, Jenny Holzer, and Niki de Saint-Phalle. Weilacher is one of the most intelligent commentators on contemporary landscape, himself both a university teacher and designer.
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