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Ottonians, Salians and Hohenstaufens

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  1. OTTONIANS
  2. Jeep, John, ed. Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland, 2001. An outstanding resource for the English-speaking scholar beginning an investigation into any aspect of Ottonian studies by virtue of its many pithy entries, accompanied by short bibliographies.
  3. Bachrach, Bernard, and David Bachrach, eds. and trans. Deeds of the Saxons. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2014. Widukind, monk of Corvey (925–after 973), wrote this history of the Saxon people (Res gestae Saxonicae) emphasizing the events of Henry I’s and Otto I’s reigns, for presentation to Henry’s granddaughter Mathilde when she became abbess of the royal convent of Quedlinburg in 968. Important text for the Ottonian concept of rulership.
  4.  
  5. Squatriti, Paolo, ed. and trans. The Complete Works of Liudprand of Cremona. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2007. Liudprand, bishop of Cremona (b. c. 920–d. 972), was a member of Otto I’s court from 961 until his death. His most important text is the Antapodosis, or Retribution. Squatriti’s introduction supplies context for this and Liudprand’s other historical writings.
  6. Warner, David, ed. and trans. Ottonian Germany: The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2001. Informative introduction and genealogical charts significantly enhance the contemporary reader’s experience of this text, written by the Bishop of Merseburg (r. 1009–1018) between 1013 and 1018. Relies on the author’s personal experience as well as literary sources, including the Res Gestae Saxonicae and the Annales Quedlinburgenses. DOI: 10.7765/MMSO.49262
  7. Wilson, Katharina, ed. and trans. Hrotsvit of Gandersheim: A Florilegium of Her Works. Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer, 2000. Selections in English from Hrotsvit’s writings.
  8. Althoff, Gerd. Otto III. Translated by Phyllis Jestice. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003. English translation of Otto III (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1996). This short biography serves as an excellent introduction to issues of kingship fundamental to Ottonian society. Bibliography includes a complete list of relevant primary sources.
  9. Blumenthal, Uta-Renate. The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century. Translated by Uta-Renate Blumenthal. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988. English translation of Der Investiturstreit (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1982). The power struggle between the papacy and the Salian emperors dominated the 11th century. This text elucidates the causes and nature of the dispute. A bibliography is provided specific to each chronologically arranged chapter.
  10. Fichtenau, Heinrich. Living in the Tenth Century: Mentalities and Social Orders. Translated by Patrick Geary. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991. English translation of Lebensordnung des 10. Jahrhunderts: Studien über Denkart und Existenz im einstigen Karolingerreich (Stuttgart: A. Hiersemann, 1984). A study of the structure and psychology of Ottonian society. Includes discussion of social orders, family and kinship, kingship, secular and ecclesiastical nobility, role of the monastery, and the peasantry.
  11. Fuhrmann, Horst. Germany in the High Middle Ages, c. 1050–1200. Translated by Timothy Reuter. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986. English translation of Deutsche Geschichte im hohen Mittelalter (Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1978). Chapters 1–3 cover the Salian era.
  12. Leyser, Karl. Rule and Conflict in an Early Medieval Society: Ottonian Saxony. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1979. Has three main sections: “Otto I and His Saxon Enemies,” “The Women of the Saxon Aristocracy,” and “Sacral Kingship.” Its thematic approach is a useful augmentation of Reuter 1991.
  13. Reuter, Timothy. Germany in the Early Middle Ages, c. 800–1056. London: Longman, 1991. Part 2 is a chronological overview of Ottonian history. Part 3 addresses various aspects of Ottonian society, such as kingship, the role of the church, the economy, and culture.
  14. Weinfurter, Stefan. The Salian Century: Main Currents in an Age of Transition. Translated by Barbara Bowlus. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. English translation of Herrschaft und Reich der Salier: Grundlinien einer Umbruchszeit (Sigmaringen, Germany: J. Thorbecke, 1991). Highly readable study of 11th-century Germany, with political developments culturally contextualized. Many maps, plans, and reproductions of manuscript illuminations and imperial objects. Good bibliography, with selected list of English-language sources.
  15. Dodwell, Charles, and D. H. Turner. Reichenau Reconsidered: A Reassessment of the Place of Reichenau in Ottonian Art. London: Warburg Institute, 1965. Authors reject the identification of Reichenau as the site of a major scriptorium, preferring to localize the relevant manuscripts at Lorsch or Trier. Subsequent research has confirmed the role of Reichenau, but this book acquaints the scholar with some of the problematic aspects of Reichenau illumination.
  16. Kingsley, Jennifer P. The Bernward Gospels: Art, Memory, and the Episcopate in Medieval Germany. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2014. Detailed and nuanced study of an important manuscript whose illuminations relate to Bishop Bernward and elucidate his role as both a churchman and a patron of the arts. Superior illustrations and extensive bibliography. With Mayr-Harting 1999 (cited under Manuscript Illumination), Cohen 2000 (cited under Regensburg), and Garrison 2012 (cited under Patronage), the most useful resource in English for Ottonian art.
  17. Lutz, Gerhard, and Angela Weyer, eds. 1000 Jahre St. Michael in Hildesheim: Kirche-Kloster-Stifter. Petersberg, Germany: Michael Imhof Verlag, 2012. The first two sections of this well-illustrated volume include numerous essays focusing on Bishop Bernward and his many commissions, particularly at St. Michael’s. Shorter chapters address the late- and post-medieval history of this important Ottonian foundation.
  18. Cohen, Adam. The Uta Codex: Art, Philosophy, and Reform in Eleventh-Century Germany. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000. Author’s elucidation of the complex illustrations in this 11th-century Gospel lectionary, which he places within the context of Benedictine monastic reform during the Ottonian era, is sophisticated and clearly written. With Garrison 2012 (cited under Patronage), Kingsley 2014 (cited under Hildesheim), and Mayr-Harting 1999 (cited under Manuscript Illumination), the most useful resource in English for Ottonian art.
  19. King, James, and Werner Vogler, eds. The Culture of the Abbey of St. Gall. Translated by James King. Stuttgart: Belser Verlag, 1991. English translation of Die Kultur der Abtei Sankt Gallen (Stuttgart: Belser Verlag, 1990). General cultural study of medieval St. Gall, with an emphasis on manuscript illumination in the Carolingian and Ottonian periods.
  20. Garrison, Eliza. Ottonian Imperial Art and Portraiture: The Artistic Patronage of Otto III and Henry II. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2012. Study of imperial patronage in various media at the end of the 10th and beginning of the 11th centuries, with a particular focus on portraiture. With Cohen 2000 (cited under Regensburg), Kingsley 2014 (cited under Hildesheim), and Mayr-Harting 1999 (cited under Manuscript Illumination), the most useful resource in English for Ottonian art.
  21. Hiscock, Nigel. “The Ottonian Revival: Church Expansion and Monastic Reform.” In The White Mantle of Churches: Architecture, Liturgy, and Art around the Millennium. Edited by Nigel Hiscock, 1–28. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2003. Discusses the increase of church building in the period leading up to the turn of the millennium in the linked contexts of ecclesiastical reform and programmatic concerns of the Ottonian rulers. DOI: 10.1484/M.IMR-EB.3.2797
  22. Plant, Richard. “Architectural Developments in the Empire North of the Alps: The Patronage of the Imperial Court.” In The White Mantle of Churches: Architecture, Liturgy, and Art around the Millennium. Edited by Nigel Hiscock, 29–56. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2003. Discussion of important Ottonian churches associated with the Ottonian rulers, including St. Michael’s at Hildesheim, St. Cyriakus at Gernrode, and St. Pantaleon at Cologne. DOI: 10.1484/M.IMR-EB.3.2798
  23. Mayr-Harting, Henry. Ottonian Book Illumination: An Historical Study. 2d ed. London: Harvey Miller, 1999. Single-volume edition of the original two-volume publication of 1991, which was the first significant English-language publication on Ottonian art. In Part 1, the author emphasizes Christological narrative in manuscript illustration, by and large an Ottonian innovation. In Part 2, he discusses various scriptoria, including Reichenau, Trier, Cologne, Fulda, and Corvey. With Cohen 2000 (cited under Regensburg), Garrison 2012 (cited under Patronage), and Kingsley 2014 (cited under Hildesheim), the most useful resource in English for Ottonian art.
  24. Demus, Otto. Romanesque Mural Painting. New York: Abrams, 1970. An essay on German and Austrian painting in the 11th and 12th centuries appears on pages 126–140. See also the sections titled “The Ottonian Legacy,” with plates 240–242, and “The Early Romanesque in North-West Germany,” with plates 244–248. Includes among others St. George, Reichenau-Oberzell, and Sts. Peter and Paul, Reichenau-Niederzell.
  25. Mayr-Harting, Henry. Ottonian Book Illumination: An Historical Study. 2d ed. London: Harvey Miller, 1999. Single-volume edition of the original two-volume publication of 1991, which was the first significant English-language publication on Ottonian art. Although the author’s primary interest is manuscript illumination, he discusses related wall paintings sporadically throughout.
  26. Lasko, Peter. Ars sacra, 800–1200. 2d ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994. Standard English-language study, originally published in 1972, of small-scale sculpture, primarily in metal but also including ivory carving. See especially Part 2, “The Art of the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries.”
  27. Dodwell, Charles R. The Pictorial Arts of the West, 800–1200. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993. Discussion of textiles includes the famous copes associated with Henry II and Empress Kunigunde.
  28. Verhulst, Adriaan. The Carolingian Economy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002. A fine introduction to the economic life of early medieval Europe, with various sections and references to peasants.
  29. Goetz, Hans-Werner. “Serfdom and the Beginnings of a ‘Seigniorial System’ in the Carolingian Period: A Survey of the Evidence.” Early Medieval Europe 2.1 (2007): 29–51. Addresses the question of the origins of medieval serfdom in the West. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0254.1993.tb00009.x
  30. Groenman–van Waateringe, W., and L. H. van Wijngaarden-Bakker, eds. Farm Life in a Carolingian Village. Assen and Maastricht, The Netherlands: Van Gorcum, 1987. A groundbreaking collection of articles on ecological, social, and economic context in an excavated early medieval village, based on paleobiological evidence.
  31. Kibler, William W., and Grover A. Zinn, eds. Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland, 1995. Useful definitions and scholarly snapshots of important topics, though not always as French scholars might conceive of them.
  32. Alberi, Mary. “Alcuin and the ‘New Athens.’” History Today 39.9 (1989): 35–41. This summary of Alcuin’s activities at Charlemagne’s court is well suited to undergraduates. With appealing photos and apt references to primary texts, the piece provides an accessible explanation of Alcuin’s educational and intellectual goals and accomplishments, particularly underlining his contributions to the Carolingian Renaissance.
  33. Bullough, Donald. Alcuin: Achievement and Reputation: Being Part of the Ford Lectures Delivered in Oxford in the Hilary Term 1980. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2004. Published posthumously, this magisterial book is a treasure trove of references. Although indispensable to specialists, it is difficult and not suitable for general readers, and it provides little information past 796 when Alcuin became abbot of Tours. The book’s greatest strength is its discussion of manuscripts. It is notable for redating a few key events in Alcuin’s life and its discussion of Alcuin’s sexuality.
  34. Morris, Colin. “Discord of Empire and Papacy.” In The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250. By Colin Morris, 109–133. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. Morris draws on his wide knowledge of the changing attitudes of European scholars to Gregory VII and offers a convincing assessment of the significance of the pontificate. For an excellent introduction to the pontificate, also see “Papal Reform 1046–1073” (pp. 79–108).
  35. Tellenbach, Gerd. Church, State and Christian Society at the Time of the Investiture Contest. Translated by R. F. Bennett. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991. English translation of Libertas: Kirche und Weltordnung im Zeitalter des Investiturstreites (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1936). The classic introduction to the age of reform, identifying the defining preoccupation of the age as the “freedom of the Church,” which resulted in a revolution as a distinction emerged between clergy and laity, sacred and secular.
  36. Ullmann, Walter. “The Gregorian Age.” In A Short History of the Papacy in the Middle Ages. 2d ed. By Walter Ullman, 92–111. London: Routledge, 2003. Ullmann’s assessment of Gregory in this very influential work is perhaps a little dated, but it remains important because it sets the pontificate into the context of an ideological battle between priesthood and kingship, traditionally described as “Church” and “State.” Ullmann’s work remains useful and explains the terms in which Gregory’s pontificate was viewed for much of the 20th century.
  37. Weinfurter, Stefan. The Salian Century: Main Currents in an Age of Transition. Translated by Barbara Bowlus. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. An assessment of the Romano-German Empire at a time of key changes. The controversy over Gregory VII and the fascination that he has held for German historians can be appreciated with the help of this volume, which shows that reform affected Germany at a crucial time in its development. A similar introduction is provided by Horst Fuhrmann, Germany in the High Middle Ages, c. 1050–1200, translated by Timothy Reuter (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
  38. Cowdrey, Herbert E. J. Pope Gregory VII, 1073–1085. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. This splendid biography is highly recommended to specialists and non-specialists alike. Cowdrey worked on Gregory VII for his entire academic career and was the translator and editor of the pope’s correspondence, and here every judgment is justified with a citation from sources. Shows Gregory as a rounded character and personality and a man of deep spiritual convictions, rather than an opportunist. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206460.001.0001
  39. Cowdrey, Herbert E. J. “King Henry IV’s Minority and Early Years.” In Pope Gregory VII, 1073–1085. By Herbert E. J. Cowdrey, 80–89. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Cowdrey shows how the regency of the Empress Agnes (who from 1062 was a “widow and pilgrim” at Rome) led to a series of appointments that left her son without natural allies once he had assumed power. Henry’s support for the unsuccessful antipope Honorius II, in an attempt to reclaim imperial prerogatives in the papal election, earned him the hostility of the reform party at Rome. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206460.001.0001
  40. Reuter, Timothy. “The ‘Imperial Church System’ of the Ottonian and Salian Rulers: A Reconsideration.” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 33.3 (1982): 347–374. Reuter investigates the control exercised by the Ottonian and Salian rulers over the Church in their dominions. Although he is skeptical of the idea of a “system,” he nevertheless shows that the Church was a major force in the stability of their rule. Any challenge to that influence was likely to be met with fierce opposition. Available online for purchase or by subscription. DOI: 10.1017/S0022046900026245
  41. Robinson, Ian S. “The Minority, 1056–1065.” In Henry IV of Germany, 1056–1106. By Ian S. Robinson, 19–62. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999.Robinson’s fine biography of Henry IV is essential for any student wishing to understand the resistance of the imperial court to the reformers at Rome. The problems of the minority are clearly explained here, as the unfortunate child king was the victim of groups and individuals with conflicting interests and unbounded ambition. Ironically, many of the problems that Henry later had to confront were caused by bishops whose powers had grown during the minority.
  42. Tellenbach, Gerd. The Church in Western Europe from the Tenth to the Early Twelfth Century. Translated by Timothy Reuter. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993. A thorough guide to the origins and progress of the reform party in Rome and its early reliance on and later veneration for Henry III. DOI: 10.1017/CBO978113917042
  43. Cowdrey, Herbert E. J. “Hildebrand’s Election to the Papacy.” In Pope Gregory VII, 1073–1085. By Herbert E. J. Cowdrey, 71–74. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Cowdrey gives a full account of the election of Gregory VII, clearly explaining the author’s own interpretation of the sources and showing definitively that there was no doubt that it was a valid and canonical election. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206460.001.0001
  44. Blumenthal, Uta-Renate. The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988. This volume is translated from the German edition of 1982 and its chief value is that it sets out clearly the complicated historiography of the question, which has been developed mainly by German scholars. The result is a sound guide to the origins and development of reform ideas and the process by which lay investiture became the central issue at stake, although this was after the deaths of Gregory and Henry IV.
  45. Brooke, Zachary N. “Lay Investiture and Its Relation to the Conflict of Empire and Papacy.” Proceedings of the British Academy 25 (1939): 217–247. Although inevitably dated in some of its arguments, Brooke’s analysis was remarkably cogent; he cautioned against taking too seriously some of the polemic about the importance of lay investiture to the reformers and their opponents, and he has been shown to have been correct.
  46. Lynch, Joseph H. The Medieval Church. Harlow, UK: Longman, 1992. A useful and informative survey of the medieval Church. Lynch sets the developments of the 11th century in the context of the development of the Church out of the Roman Empire and through the Carolingian age. Complex questions are discussed and explained; especially useful for students who are new to the study of the Church. Also see the Struggle for Reform.
  47. Robinson, Ian S. “Civil War in Germany, 1077–1081.” In Henry IV of Germany, 1056–1106. By Ian S. Robinson, 171–210. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Robinson sets the mutual depositions in the context of the civil war in Germany, which had been encouraged but not caused by Gregory’s earlier deposition of Henry. The complex mix of grievances against Henry that fuelled the rebellion against him is explained, and the irritation of the bishops at the behavior of Gregory VII is also emphasized.
  48. Stickler, Alfons M., Ovidio Capitani, Horst Fuhrmann, Michele Maccarrone, Rudolf Schieffer, and Raffaello Volpini, eds. Special Issue: Gregory VII and Europe. Studi Gregoriani per la Storia della “Libertas Ecclesiae” 13 (1989). A series of articles that pays particular attention to the influence of Gregory VII and the reform movement on areas outside the pope’s traditional sphere of activity in central Italy, such as France, Spain, Germany, northern Italy, England, Scandinavia, and Byzantium and southern Italy.
  49. Hay, David J. The Military Leadership of Matilda of Canossa, 1046–1115. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2010. A useful survey of the career of Matilda that covers far more than her military leadership, although she was responsible for the destruction of Henry IV’s military reputation in Italy. Analyzes Matilda’s role in the patronage and diffusion of reform polemic and asserts that the autonomy of the Italian communes had its origin in the opposition to the empire that she championed.
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