2020-11-02 TOEFL: word roots, R practice

Homework: Look at the five sample responses to the integrated writing. What’s good and bad about each one? What score should each response receive out of 5?
https://www.ets.org/s/toefl/pdf/toefl_writing_rubrics.pdf - description of writing scores
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A - 3 - There are some missing details and grammar problems. The biggest problem is that the badly written final sentence is so hard to understand, that basically the third point from the lecture is missing.
B - 1 - This doesn’t include any (correct) information from the lecture. It only (incorrectly) states that the lecture is about benefits of appearing on TV.
C - 5 - This includes all the points and is well organized and developed. There are some language errors, but they “do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections,” so it can still earn the maximum score.
D - 2 - This includes only one supporting point from the lecture and has a lot of language errors that interfere with understanding.
E - 4 - “The fact that some details from the lecture are left out or conveyed imprecisely, along with minor problems in the connection of ideas and language errors that occasionally interfere with clarity, all contribute to the score of 4 for this response.”
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“what the lecture is about”
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Make sure that at least in the introduction paragraph, you explain clearly what the overall relationship is between the lecture and the passage (i.e. do they agree or disagree).
(I’d recommend stating this clearly with each supporting point as well, but at minimum you should state it once.)
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Word Roots (list 3) - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain each root.

ego (egocentric, egotistical, egomania) = self
endo (endotherm, endocrine) = inside
epi (epiphyte, epidermis, epidemic) = on/upon
	(An epidemic affects a whole people population, but may not affect other populations.)
equi (equidistant, equation, equilateral, equal) = same (quantity)
erg (ergonomic, energy) = work
esth/aesth (anesthetic, kinesthesia) = feel/perceive
	(Many words that start with this root have to do with perceiving beauty.)
eu (eulogy, euphemism, euphoria) = good (The opposite is “dys”.)
ex/ect (ex-husband, exit, excavate, ectotherm) = out (These are opposite prefixes to “endo” and “in”.)
extra (extraordinary, extrovert, extraterrestrial) = outward/beyond
	(The “tra” morpheme adds a direction or comparative to the root.)
fac/fact (artifact, factory) = make
fer (transfer, ferry) = carry
flect/flex (deflect, reflection, flexible) = bend
fore (foreground, forecast) = in front/before
	(This is related to “front”, “former”, “first”, “pre”, “pro”, and “prime”.)
fract/frag (fracture, fragment) = break
fug (refugee, fugitive) = escape/flee
funct (function, defunct) = perform
gen (generation, generate, genealogy) = make/create
	(From words like “generations”, this also extends to words like “genus” and “genre” for families or types of things.)
geo (geography, geology, geocentric) = earth
graph (autograph, graphite, seismograph) = draw/write
grat (gratify, gratuity, grateful) = please
helio (heliocentric, heliograph) = sun
hemo (hemophilia, hemorrhage, hemoglobin) = blood
hetero (heterogeneous, heteronym) = different
homo (homogeneous, homonym) = same (but not quantity)
	(By itself, like in Homo sapiens, it’s a Latin root that refers to humans.)
hydro (hydrate, hydraulic, hydrophobia) = water
hyper (hyperextend, hyperactive, hypertension) = super/over
hypo (hypodermic, hypothermia, hypotension) = sub/under
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BREAK
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Reading Practice - Take 20 minutes to answer the questions about the Petroleum Resources reading passage.
Submit your answers online when you’re finished.

Questions most people got wrong:
30 - fact - D (“decompose” means the microscopic organisms are already dead; the organic material in sediments is the decaying marine organisms)
32 - paraphrase - C (The original sentence says sedimentation -> high temp+press -> formation of oil. A switches the first two around, B deletes the third point, and D skips the middle step.)
34 - inference - D (The contrast in the sentence implies that gushers come from an uncontrolled rise of oil, which almost never happens today.)
36 - fact/purpose - B (The development of the field is an example of the great expense and difficulty.)
38 - negative fact - D (The most straightforward way to answer this type of question is to look for each of the answer choices in the paragraph and choose the one you can’t find. The paragraph lists reasons why some oil can’t be recovered, and the answer choices are things that are needed before it can.)
40 - purpose - A (The first and last sentence are about environmental problems. This should push you toward A, and then you should check that the body of the paragraph really is about examples, which it is.)