2019-08-29 TOEFL: listening signals, int writing

https://ed.ted.com/lessons/from-pacifist-to-spy-wwii-s-surprising-secret-agent-shrabani-basu
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Homework: finish exercise 2.2 on the handout
passage 4
27 A
28 A
29 D
30 C
31 A
32 D
33 B
passage 5
34 A
35 C
36 C
37 C
38 A
39 D
40 B
41 C
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hither = to here (“hitherto” = until now)
thither = to there
whither = to where
hence = from here (or “from this” or “therefore”)
thence = from there
whence = from where
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Listening Question Types:
- main idea (could be about the content or the reason)
- detail (specific information, like fact questions in reading)
- purpose (Why does a speaker mention a specific thing?)
- inference
- prediction (What will the speaker probably do next?)
- attitude (How does the speaker feel about this?)
- rhetorical function/replay (Listen again. Why does the speaker say this particular word or phrase?)
- complete a chart or table
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Signal Words and Predicting
p. 25 - What are the key signal words in each sentence?
a Why? Number one...
b today we’ll be / four major types
c For instance
d let’s move on to / What happens then?
e our next topic on the agenda
f The major difference between
g we’re going to be looking at
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p. 26 part 1L2 - What content can you predict after each signal phrase?
b) The process of how pheromones work. (What do they do? How?)
c) Examples of types of messages.
d) yes/no answer, explanation of how, research that shows that it does or doesn’t apply
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Listen and take notes about the lecture.
p. 27 part 1L4 - Use your notes to answer the questions.
1 d (Not ‘a’ because some are odorless = no smell.)
2 d
3 b
4 a d (not ‘b’ because it sends messages to the brain but isn’t in the brain itself)
5 d (If the genes are different, their baby will probably have a better chance to fight off disease.)
6 d (The professor doesn’t say anything about how or why male humans choose.)
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p. 28 - Predictions in a conversation.
part 1L5 - After this opening, what will they discuss?
- why she’s going away
- what they’ll do about the midterm (this is the purpose of the conversation)
	- do the test later
	- do other homework to compensate
Listen to the first part of the conversation and take notes. What will they talk about for the rest of it?
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BREAK
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p. 29 - Listen again. Then Answer the questions in part 1L6.
1 c (This is the student’s initial suggestion.)
2 c
3 no no yes no yes yes (A summary is a “brief review”.)
4 b
5 a b d
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Integrated Writing
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Take 3 minutes to read and note the main points of ETS Guide test 1
- Remember, you’ll see the text again while you write your response, so you don’t need detailed notes about definitions or specific details, just the main points.
R0 (main point) = there are many examples of altruism in humans and animals
	(The main point is the idea that the rest of the text supports.)
R1 = humans donate food or even organs to others
R2 = sentinal meerkats don’t eat while the other meerkats eat
R3 = sentinal meerkats put themselves in danger when they alert to predators
Now listen to the lecture about the same topic. Take notes on the main points and any details you can.
	(Notice that the order of the points is different from the reading.)
L0 = those behaviors aren’t really altruistic
L2 = sentinals eat before they stand guard (so they don’t give up food to protect others)
L3 = they see predators first and can escape more easily (other meerkats might run around and attract attention)
L1 = people who donate things get social approval, which benefits them
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A point-by-point response can be organized like this:
paragraph 1 - Introduction: explain the topic (what is altruism?) and summarize R0 and L0
paragraph 2 - First point: summarize R1, then summarize L1 and explain how it relates to R1
paragraph 3 - Second point: summarize R2, then summarize L2 and explain how it relates to R2
paragraph 4 - Third point: summarize R3, then summarize L3 and explain how it relates to R3
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Example:
	First, the text gives an example in humans. Humans give each other everything from food to organs and expect nothing in return. However, the speaker argues that people do benefit from this, because they get social approval from others. Therefore, it is not true altruism.
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Citation Language: to say where each idea comes from, especially for the main ideas
The [text/passage/reading/article] [says/states/argues/explains] that…
	[lecture/listening/audio]
The [author/writer / speaker/professor/lecturer] [says/etc. / thinks/believes] that
According to the [text/passage/lecture/speaker/etc.], …

Contrast Language: to explain how the lecture differs from the text
beginning a sentence: However, / On the other hand, / In contrast,
verbs: The speaker [disagrees with/opposes/challenges/refutes/contradicts/casts doubt on] this by…

Supporting Language: to explain how the lecture supports the text
beginning a sentence: In support of this,
verbs: The speaker [supports / demonstrates / illustrates / proves] the point from the text by…
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If you miss information from the lecture, do your best to guess about the points it made.
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Independent Writing
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WRONG: *It was raining, we stayed inside. (This is called a comma splice.)

If you have words that can form two correct sentences, you have three options in English:
- write two sentences (separated with a period)
	It was raining. We stayed inside.
- If there’s a relationship you can express with a conjunction (“and”, “but”, “so”, etc.), put a conjunction between them (after the comma)
	It was raining, so we stayed inside.
- If they are closely related and you don’t want a conjunction, use a semicolon ( ; ).
It was raining; we stayed inside.
Second, it is better not to tell someone serious facts that can possibly discourage him or her. I speak this from my experience. About one year ago, my nephew got into a terrible car accident and the doctor said he won’t be able to walk again. We were all shocked and felt desprate. However, my other nephews decided not to tell the fact to their mother as she could pass off or be shocked to generate other problems of her own. I felt guilty about not telling the truth to her, who was relieved and became hopeful by the white-lies that her son would be okay. One year since, my nephew is getting better and his mother has been a good supporter. If we had told her the truth, she would have been so desparate that she couldn’t have taken good care of her son and her own health would have been in danger