I'm just compiling the dumps and planet screenshots that /vg/ has been posting. I haven't been to these planets and only know as much as people post about.  I know the format is bad, but I've been compiling this since the first starbound thread. Hopefully someone who visits all of them or the original co-ordinate posters can fill in the holes.

Sectors/Planets have been organized. Co-ords with no sector and/or no notables listed are at the end.  They may be interesting to visit, but I don't know what they have. Co-ords that are notable with no useful information above them.
There may be sub-planets listed, please look for roman numerals or letters after the main planet to tell.  If that fails, try to match up biome and threat level.

Listed in order of Threat Level.

-= Alpha Sector =-

Alpha HR 306 Cep 680 II
Biome: Forest
Threat Level: 1
Notable Features: Mushrooms, chests containing mushroom blueprints. Apex buildings.
Notable Ore: Surface iron and silver. Underground unexplored.
Co-ords: X 17480841, Y 42227906

Alpha Vadrock Majoris I
Biome: Arid
TL: 3
Notable: Glitch Crown
Co-ords: X 96929202, Y -41030170

Alpha Datoa 3983 III a
Biome: Forest
Threat Level: 3
Notable: Avian Village to the left.
Co-ords: X 70921073, Y -66335868

Alpha Alcyone 270 II
Biome: N/A
Threat Level: 3
Notable: Glitch Settlement to left of spawn.
Co-ords: X -74077478, Y 5707050

Alpha Omega CMa 672 IX
Biome: Forest
Threat Level: 3
Notable: Glitch Settlement
Co-ords: X -26865480, Y -26929003

Alpha Tiko 58V
Biome: Snow
Threat Level: 4
Notable: Apex Complex.  Includes zombies and armed guards.
Co-ords: X -49168457, Y -10977727

Alpha Copernicus Majoris IV
Biome: Forest
Threat Level: 5
Notable: Avian Merchant Ship
Co-ords: X -18703225, Y -19322517

Alpha Maia 73 IV
Biome: Arid
Threat Level: 9
Underground Prison, armed guards.
Co-ords: X 18698049, Y 13934959

Alpha Bram Majoris V
Biome Desert
Threat Level: 9
Notable: Avian Merchant Ship
Co-ords: X -26865500, Y -26929003

Alpha Mu Vel 4751 II
Biome: Arid
Threat Level: 9
Notable: Glitch Village to left of spawn
Co-ords: X 724, Y 626

Alpha Rappart Minoris IV a
Biome: Arid
Threat Level: 10
Notable: Avian Temple.  Guards reportedly tough.
Co-ords: X -49168521, Y -10977648

Alpha Eps Ser 93 III
Biome: N/A
Threat Level: N/A
Notable: Florian Settlement
Co-ords: X -95225182, Y 76739561


-= Beta Sector =-

Beta Altais 563 I
Biome: Desert
Threat Level: 11
Co-ords: X 112268, Y -2931789

Beta Theta Vir 23 III
Biome: Forest
Threat Level: 11
Notable: Music items
Co-ords: X -95489706, Y -62899874

Beta 67 Oph 74 I
Biome: Snow
TL: 12
Notable: Apex Base
Co-ords: X 59877333, Y -70634374

Beta Kyren 53 IV
Biome: Desert
Threat Level: 14
Notable: Glitch Village
Co-ords: X -71188858, Y 64169612

Beta Beta mus 9290 4 C
Biome: Forest
Threat Level: 15
Notable: Crown and Wizardry spell in castle to the left.
Co-ords: X 57723262, Y -8474898

Beta Theta Vir 23 II
Biome Jungle
Threat Level: 17
Notable: Gravity Neutralize Tech, in water to the left
Co-ords: X -95489706, Y -62899874

Beta Rigil Kentaurus 5920 II
Biome: Jungle
Threat Level: 17
Notable: Contains Ancient Avian Weapon in Sewer beneath house on the right.  Only 2 uses, so use it wisely
Co-ords: X 52974482, Y -31626420

Beta Alpha Sci 644 I
Biome: Arid
Threat Level: 20
Notable: Apex Tech Lab to the left
Co-ords: X -98020891, Y -25605286

Beta Deneb Algedi 7097
Biome: Forest
Threat Level: 20
Notable: Tier 2 guns to left of spwan.
Co-ords: X -95254252, Y 71131658

Beta Venator B c
Biome: N/A
Threat Level: N/A
Notable: Morph Ball Tech
Co-ords: X -77835203, Y 54727385

Beta Omnicron Tau 4201 I
Biome: Jungle/Moon/Forest/Desert
Threat Level: N/A
Notable:
Jungle: Big Apex complex just left of the spawn with two chests.
Moon:   A short distance to the left leads to an Avian pirate ship. Look for the anchor.
Forest: Lots of chests, plus many Apex facilities. One tech chest to the left.
Desert: Human Prison for the majority of the surface.
Co-ords: X: 79460166, Y: 33017892

Beta Theta Vir 23 VI
Biome: N/A
Threat Level: N/A
Notable: Glitch Village to the West
Co-ords: X -95489706, Y -62899874


-= Gamma Sector =-

Gamma Thormiun Majoris V
Biome: N/A
Threat Level: N/A
Notable: Avian Tower Temple.  Underground Frog Temple and Rabbit Burial Site under Tower to the SE. Frog Temple has vendors.
Instructions:  From your spawn point, head left to the Avian Tower Temple. From the throne dig straight down and every so often go slightly SOUTH, EASTERN direction (SE) until you come across an ancient Rabbit Burial Site. From there continue going East and then go South again.  Eventually you should come across a HUGE Underground Frog Temple.
Co-ords: X -95489615, Y -62899904

Gamma Alpha Ant Majoris
Biome: Desert
Threat Level: 23
Notable: Titanium deposits on surface.
Co-ords: X 81445631, Y -9019804


-= Notable =-

<No Name>
Biome: N/A
Threat Level: 2
Notable: Glitch Settlement
Co-ords: X 70921081, Y -66335850

<No Name>
Biome: Snow
Threat Level: 5
Notable: Lead Guitar
Co-ords: X 34254980, Y 63961702

<No Name> II a
Biome: N/A
Threat Level: N/A
Notable: Apex Lab with Dash tech in basement.  Look for mushrooms.
Co-ords: X -61954292, Y,23458740

<No Name> - Alpha Sector
Biome: N/A
Threat Level: N/A
Notable: Avian Merchant Ship to left of spawn sells guns.
Co-ords: X 59877410, Y -70634402

<No Name>
Biome: N/A
Threat Level: N/A
Notable: Glitch Crown
Co-ords: X -80853935, Y -50610572


-= Not Notable =-

- Alpha Sector -

Alpha HR 4067 UMa 4744 III
Biome: Desert
Threat Level: 1
Notable: N/A
Co-ords: X 65776994, Y -97449476

Alpha Tiko 58 V
Biome: Arid
Threat Level: 5
Notable: N/A
Co-ords: X -49168457, Y -10977727

Alpha Orionis 34 V
Biome: Snow/Forest System
Threat Level: N/A
Notable: N/A
Co-ords: X -44731137, Y 33351497

Alpha Syrinx Minoris III
Biome: N/A
Threat Level: N/A
Notable: N/A
Co-ords: X -17, Y -19

Alpha GG Lup 571 III
Biome: N/A
Threat Level: N/A
Notable: N/A
Co-ords: X -2548424, Y -79268017

Alpha Eps Lyr 978 IV
Biome: N/A
Threat Level: N/A
Notable: N/A
Co-ords: X -83190677, Y 12336719


- Gamma Sector -

Gamma Zanian 837 VI
Biome: Moon
Threat Level: 24
Co-ords: X -39038612, Y 99697159

Gamma Zaniah 837 VI a/b/Horsebutt moon
Biome: Moon/Forest/Moon
Threat Level: 24/24/25
Notable: N/A
Co-ords: X -53528731, Y 69505199

Gamma Zaniah 837 III
Biome: Forest
Threat Level: 26
Notable: N/A
Co-ords: X -39038612, Y 99697159

Gamma Sheliak 5352 II
Biome: Desert
Threat Level: 27
Notable: N/A
Co-ords: X -83190650, Y 13226861

Gamma Vixxarius 12 II a
Biome: Magma
Threat Level: 35
Notable: N/A
Co-ords: X 92975670, Y -42041620

Gamma Decimata 97 I
Biome: Tentacles
Threat LevelL: 37
Co-ords: X -42021844, Y 55047910

Gamma Zeta Ara Minoris
Biome: Forest
Threat Level: 40
Co-ords: X 92975588, Y -42041626

Gamma Kullat Nunu 36 II
Biome: N/A
Threat Level: N/A
Notable: N/A
Co-ords: X -98844046, Y 96036927


- Unknown -

<No Name>
Biome: N/A
Threat Level: N/A
Notable: N/A
Co-ords: X 70921081, Y -66335850

<No Name>
Biome: N/A
Threat Level: N/A
Notable: N/A
Co-ords: X -98329486, Y 51118091

<No Name>
Biome: N/A
Threat Level: N/A
Notable: N/A
Co-ords: X -69022460, Y -77032454

<No Name>
Biome: N/A
Threat Level: N/A
Notable: N/A
Co-ords: X 2419289, Y 27632222