2019-11-16 Saturday: 8 Weird news

Greg Malivuk
gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - Notes from all classes.
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Homework: Write a promotional description of your current city for people who might want to live there. Use the text on p. 89 as an example.
Also: read p. 99 and do p. 98 parts 2, 3, 4
part 2
1 The theory that she crashed on Nikumaroro
2 DNA testing
3 It will prove that Earhart was on Nikumaroro.
part 3
1 His family is funding the project.
2 There are no known hair samples.
3 Human DNA is 99% identical, so they would need a larger amount of material to compare.
part 4
1 funding
2 reveal
3 archive
4 ensure
5 assumption
6 profile
7 identical
8 log
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blog = web + log
(vlog = video + blog)
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p. 94 part 1 - What are the pictures?
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Vocabulary: the natural world

part 2 - Complete the sentences with words from the box. If you and your partner don’t know a word, look it up in a dictionary (not translator) or an image search.
1 Oxygen, nitrogen, atmosphere
2 butterflies, flies, insects
3 Radiation
4 Ants, beetles
5 stem
  (The vertical part of a tree is the trunk.)
6 Particles
7 Predators, species
8 spikes
  (We might describe leaves or grass as “spiky”. More common pointy plant parts are thorns [e.g. roses], needles [pine trees], and spines [cactus].)
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part 4 - Are these statements true or false?
1 F
2 T
3 T
4 T
5 F
6 T
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part 6 - How can we explain these sentences with different words?
1 They can’t be natural. = It’s impossible that they’re natural.
2 They must be man-made. = I’m certain they’re man-made.
3 This might be a painting. = It’s possible that it’s a painting.
4 It may not seem logical. = It’s possible that it’s not logical.
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Grammar: modals for speculation and conclusions about the present
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You must be sick. = I conclude (from some evidence) that you are sick. This is the only explanation.
You may/might/could be sick. = I think it’s possible that you’re sick. This is one possibile explanation.
You may/might not be sick. = I think it’s possible that you’re healthy.
You must not be sick. = I conclude that you are not sick. Sickness is not an explanation.
You can’t/couldn’t be sick. = I think it’s impossible that you’re sick.
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part 8 - Read the text “Navigation in Nature”. Write the options that are possible. (Sometimes both are okay.)
1 must be
2 might recongize / could recognize
3 could use / may use
4 could mean
5 can’t be
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part 9 - Match the beginnings and ends of the sentences
1 c
2 d
3 b
4 a
Vocabulary: “look”
look + adjective - descriptive verb for appearance: “You look tired.” “That looks delicious.”
look + adverb - action verb for focusing on something you see: “Look carefully.” “Look quickly.”
look like + noun (or sentence, informally) - descriptive verb
look as though + sentence - descriptive verb
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The action “look” is like these other sense verbs:
watch
listen
smell
taste
feel
The desctiptive verb “look” is like these verbs:
sound
smell
taste
feel
(seem - not a particular sense, but the grammar is the same)
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part 10 - Complete the sentences with expressions using “look”
1 look
2 looks like
3 looks as though (or “looks like”, informally)
4 look
5 look as though (or “look like”)
6 look
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“see” and “hear” are for everything you perceive with your eyes and ears but don’t necessarily pay attention to (the other sences still just use “smell”, “taste”, and “feel”).
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You look at appearances, you watch actions.
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The perfect form ([have] + past participle) is for things that happen before other things.

You must be tired now.
You must have been tired yesterday.
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BREAK
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Vocabulary: History

p. 96 part 1 - Complete the sentences with the correct words from the box.
Then ask your partner the questions.
1 ancient / sacred
2 period
3 prehistoric
4 century
5 sacred
6 society
belief = something that people believe
tradition = something that people do (and have done for a while)
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Read about the Nazca Lines
What sentences speculate or draw conclusions about the past?

The Nazca people couldn’t have seen them from above. = It’s impossible that they saw from above.
The lines must have been part of an astronomical calendar. = This was the only explanation she had.
They might have been ancient Inca roads or irrigation systems. = These are some possibilities.
They could have been landing strips for alien spacecraft. = This is another “possibility”.
Water must have had an incredible significance to these societies. = This is a strong conclusion.
This must have seemed an astonishing phenomenon.
The same group of people can’t have created them.
The Nazca lines may have been part of a long tradition.
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Pronunciation: modals + auxiliary “have”
- Helping verbs are usually reduced in English.
must have been -> must’ve been -> “musta been”
could have been -> could’ve been -> “coulda been”
couldn’t have been -> “couldn’t’ve been” -> “couldna been”
can’t have been -> “can’t’ve been” -> “canta been”
(The final reduction to ‘a’ doesn’t happen before vowels.)
(You will sometimes see native speakers spell these phrases like “could of been”. This is incorrect.)
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part 8 - Rewrite the sentences using the correct word in parentheses.
(Phrases like “we know” and “perhaps” can be removed. The modal expresses that meaning.)
1 Water can’t have been easy to find.
2 The rivers might have dried up.
3 The lines must have been very important.
4 The lines may have had a religious significance.
5 The animal drawings couldn’t have been roads.
6 The animals must have lived in the region.
7 The Nazca people could have used simple tools.
8 People must have maintained the lines carefully.
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passive = [be] + past participle
example: The lines must have been maintained carefully.
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Focus on Grammar handout - With your group, speculate about what these things might have been and try to agree on a conclusion. Use the grammar from this unit in your discussion.
active: People might have used this as a footstool. People might have rested their feet on it.
passive: This might have been used as a footstool.
1 It could have been either a jewelry box or a kind of doll.
  It could have been a portrait of an important baby.
  It might have been a religious symbol.
	- It was a pillow.
2 It could have been used as a brooch. / People could have used it as a brooch
  It may have been a pin.
	- It was a brooch or clasp to hold clothing together.
3 They could have been a mirror and a toothbrush.
  They could have been a mirror and a razor.
  They could have been dentist tools.
	- These were a razor and a mirror.
4 These might have been traps.
  They may have been knife sheathes.
  They might have made sounds to communicate with each other.
  They could have been used to start fires.
	- These were snow goggles.
5 This could have been used as a map.
  This might have been used for fishing.
  This may have been a compass.
  It might have been used for cooking.
	- This was a map.
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Remember: “like” means something is similar to another thing, “as” means it is/was the other thing
p. 89 part 6 - Complete the sentences with “like” or “as”
1 As
2 like
3 as
4 like
5 Like
6 like
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“as” can also mean “becuase” - We stayed inside, as it was raining.
“such as” and “like” can also give examples - There are good restaurants like Mast. / such as Mast.
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Homework: units 7-8 test