2019-04-01 Grammar: modals - social uses

Greg Malivuk
gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - Notes from all classes
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Modals (and similar expressions = “phrasal modals” in the book)
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Modals: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to, had better
	- the modal has to be the first verb in a verb phrase (so there can’t be more than one)
	- the verb after the modal is always base form
	- modals do not change for person or number
Similar Expressions: have to, have got to, be able to, be supposed to, be allowed to, be going to, used to
	- “similar” because they have almost the same meaning as some modals
	- these change for person, number, and tense
	- they don’t have to be first in a verb phrase: “You’re going to have to be able to do this.”
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p. 66-67 show affirmative, negative, and question forms for these words.
NOTE: “have got to”, “had better”, and “ought to” can appear in negative sentences, but usually not in questions.
p. 67 exercise 1 - With your partner, fix the mistakes in each sentence.
1 Victor doesn’t have to do his homework.
2 Is Victor able to speak Spanish at home?
3 Can Victor speak Spanish? Yes, he can. OR Yes, he can speak Spanish.
4 Where is he allowed to speak Spanish?
5 Why can’t he speak Spanish at school?
6 Should Victor speak Spanish at school? (We usually use “should” for questions and negatives instead of “ought to”.)
7 Should Victor speak English at school? (We always use “should” for questions instead of “had better”.)
8 Did victor use to speak Spanish?
9 Is Victor allowed to speak Spanish in school? No, he isn’t.
10 Why should he speak English in school? Why shouldn’t he speak Spanish? OR Why not Spanish?
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“should” vs. “had better”
You should park over there because it’s cheaper than parking here.
You had better park over there because you’ll get a ticket if you park here.
negative forms:
You shouldn’t park here.
You had better not park here.
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Social Uses of Modals
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You have to arrive on time. = You must arrive on time. = You must not arrive late.
	- All three sentences mean there is an obligation.
You don’t have to do your homework, but you should.
	- This sentence means there’s not an obligation (even though it is a good idea).
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p. 71 exercise 2 - What social use is expressed by each sentence?
requests: 11
permission: 1, 18
invitations: 3, 4
offers: 2, 12, 17
promises/intentions: 14, 15
suggestions: 5, 6, 13
advice/obligation: 7, 8 (no obligation), 9, 10, 16
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Homework: Write one more sentence for each function.