Top Notch 2 2013-10-02

Greg Malivuk
greg.malivuk@gmail.com
Notes at http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
"Top Notch 2 2013-10-02"
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Homework: workbook p. 28
(C)
1 'm going to see
  will go
2 're going to go
  are you going to leave
  are going to fly
  are you going to stay
  are going to camp
(There is a plan for everything in this

conversation.)
3 am going to move
  will help
  am going to pick up
(D)
1 had to (past necessity)
2 must not
3 ought to = should
4 were supposed to
5 Could
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be going to:
- very certain predictions
  "It's going to rain." = I see the black clouds
- plans I have already made
  "I'm going to help you move." = we already

talked about this and made a plan

will:
- less certain predictions
  "It will probably rain." = weather.com says so
- decisions I just now made (no plan before)
  "I'll help you move." = this is my offer. I

didn't know you were moving, but I can help if

you want.

present continuous:
- planned future actions
  "I'm going to India." = I already bought

tickets.

simple present:
- scheduled events
  "My flight arrives at 7:00." = this is what I

can read on the ticket
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Please stop tapping your pencil.
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Unit 4 - Cars and Driving - p. 38
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VAT = Value-Added Tax

zipcar.com - for short car rental around Boston

(for example if you need to go grocery shopping)

Just a moment.
Just a second.
Just a minute.
Hold on (a moment/second/minute).

taillight, tailgate - back of the car
headlight - front of the car

tailgating: driving very close behind another

car

Concern: I am worried about something.
I'm so sorry (to hear that).
Are you OK?
How awful!
Oh, no!
Are you hurt? / Did you break something?
Is everyone okay?

Relief: I was worried, but now everything is OK.
Thank God.
Thank goodness.
Oh I'm so glad to hear that.

replace: get a new one to take the place of the

old one (the old one is broken or missing)

gearshift (manual) = stick shift
"Can you drive stick?" = can you drive a manual

transmission car?

emergency brake = handbrake = parking brake

airbag
sunroof
convertible
gas cap

British English:
hood = bonnet
windshield = windscreen
trunk = boot
tire = tyre
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Past Continuous (p. 41)

continuous = [be] + verb(ing)
present continuous: "be" is in the present
past continuous: "be" is in the past

I am teaching English right now.

I was teaching English yesterday at 5pm.
I was teaching English when you took a photo.
We were eating dinner when the phone rang.
He was tailgating me when the accident happened.
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We were wearing warm gloves.

We weren't wearing warm mittens.

Were we wearing warm gloves?
- Yes, we were. / No, we weren't.

Where were we wearing warm gloves?
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(tongue twister)
She sells seashells by the seashore,
So surely the shells she sells are seashore

shells.
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(C)
1 had
2 was driving
3 was paying
4 was waiting for
5 rang
6 answered
"all of a sudden" = "suddenly" = quickly and

unexpectedly
7 stopped
8 hit
9 learned
10 was wearing
11 had

We use the continuous for verbs that take some time.
Non-action verbs take no time (want, need, believe, have), and we never use them with continuous.
Very short actions also don't take much time (hit, start, stop), and usually aren't continuous.
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(D)
1 A tree fell on the car in the storm.
2 He hit a parked car because he fell asleep.
3 The brakes failed and he hit a tree.
4 Another car crashed into her trunk.
  "It's going to cost an arm and a leg to fix."
 = The repair will be very expensive.
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"I was speeding." = I was driving faster than the speed limit.
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Homework: workbook p. 31 (3-4) and 32 (part 5)