API tools faq
paste
Advertisement
jonstond2

Portugal

jonstond2
Dec 20th, 2015
167
0
Never
Add comment
Not a member of Pastebin yet? Sign Up, it unlocks many cool features!
text 72.76 KB | None | 0 0
raw download clone embed print report
  1. ntroduction
  2.  
  3. Resulting from the Iberian Reconquest, the kingdom of Portugal has maintained its independence since the 12th century, except for a brief period of incorporation into the Spanish Habsburg composite monarchy between 1580 and 1640. Portuguese, already spoken in the kingdom by the mid-12th century, became the language used in royal official documents in the late 13th century. Portuguese society and Culture have been marked since the medieval period by the geographical position of the country on the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula. Although the reconquest of the territory of Portugal was completed by 1250, the Portuguese maintained strong links with the various polities and cultures of the rest of Iberia. By means of Atlantic navigation, the relations with the Atlantic port cities of France, England, and Flanders as well as with the Mediterranean were also strengthened after the 13th century. Renaissance Portugal was shaped by the process of overseas expansion, beginning with the conquest of the North African city of Ceuta in 1415 and the colonization of the Atlantic islands of Madeira and the Azores in 1418–1420. After the rounding of the Cape of Good Hope by Bartolomeu Dias in 1487 and the voyage of Vasco da Gama, India became the point of departure for the establishment of a maritime empire in Asia. Brazil (first visited in 1500) gained importance with the arrival of the first governor in 1549 and the establishment of a network of sugar plantations on its coastal Atlantic regions. This article provides a guide to the scholarship on the history of Portugal between 1350 and 1600, the so-called “golden” or “classical” age of Portuguese culture epitomized by the poet Luís de Camões (d. 1580). The article focuses on peninsular Portugal. The reader should keep in mind, however, the profound influence of the imperial endeavor on the evolution of a kingdom that was home to between 1.5 million (1527–1532) and 2 million (1590s) inhabitants in Europe, but was also considered the homeland of as many as 350,000 Portuguese spread throughout the globe during the 15th and 16th centuries. The long duration of the Portuguese diasporas since the 1400s can be considered a defining trait of the history of the Portuguese nation.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
  6.  
  7. The modern historiography of Portugal flourished after the fall of the authoritarian regime and the end of the colonial state in the 1970s, moving beyond the hitherto almost exclusive attention given to “the Portuguese discoveries.” The works of Godinho 2009 and Marques 1998 are good examples of a new critical approach, the latter becoming influential also for its identification of the many areas still awaiting modern research by the 1970s. These works established new scholarly standards for Portuguese historiography, for most of the 20th century often devoid of critical apparatus and characteristically isolated from the rest of Europe in terms of research agendas and methodologies. Marques 1998 remains the standard general synthesis in Portuguese, and Disney 2009 is the most useful and updated one in English. Livermore 1970 is a good introduction to the specific traditions of the English-speaking historiography of Portuguese Studies. Both Magalhães 1993 and Dias 1998 are composite volumes providing in-depth essays covering different aspects of the history of Renaissance Portugal.
  8.  
  9. Dias, João Alves, ed. Portugal: Do Renascimento à crise dinástica. Vol. 5 of Nova história de Portugal. Edited by António H. Oliveira Marques and Joel Serrão. Lisbon: Presença, 1998.
  10. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  11. Composite volume with fifteen different authors, essays of unequal coverage and depth. Separates factual narrative from structural analysis. Sound surveys about demography, institutional and financial history, social structure, and the coming of the printing press. Extensive bibliographies.
  12. Find this resource:
  13. Disney, Anthony. A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire: From Beginnings to 1807. 2 vols. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  14. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  15. Updated two-volume survey of the history of Portugal, providing coverage of the Portuguese “golden age” in both volumes. Volume 2, The Portuguese Empire, organized by geographical areas outside Europe, is also relevant to the study of cultural and social transformations of the kingdom of Portugal. Useful glossaries of Portuguese terms.
  16. Find this resource:
  17. Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães. “A concepção da história de Portugal.” In Ensaios e estudos. Uma maneira de pensar. Vol. 1. By Vitorino Magalhães Godinho, 21–47. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 2009.
  18. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  19. Critical analysis of the period divisions proposed since the 18th century for the history of Portugal. First published in 1963, it proposes influential alternatives to the traditional political/dynastic division by identifying structural changes in the socioeconomic history of Portugal and its empire at the end of the 14th century, around 1550, and in 1670–1680.
  20. Find this resource:
  21. Livermore, Harold V., ed. Portugal and Brazil: An Introduction. Oxford: Clarendon, 1970.
  22. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  23. Collection of essays including useful bibliographies of writings by Aubrey Bell and Edgar Prestage, early-20th-century British pioneers of Portuguese Studies and major protagonists of a revival of interest in the country and its culture among English-speaking publics.
  24. Find this resource:
  25. Magalhães, Joaquim Romero de, ed. No alvorecer da modernidade (1480–1620). Vol. 3 of História de Portugal. Edited by José Mattoso. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1993.
  26. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  27. Composite volume with eleven different authors, proposes “long 16th century” as distinctive period in Portuguese history. In-depth and balanced essays provide coverage of economy, society, and culture while discussing the impact of overseas expansion and processes of imperial construction on Portugal itself. Abundant and annotated visual documentation.
  28. Find this resource:
  29. Marques, António H. de Oliveira. História de Portugal. Vol. 2, Do Renascimento às revoluções liberais. Rev. ed. Lisbon: Presença, 1998.
  30. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  31. Authoritative survey of Portuguese history first published in 1972 and successively updated, with abundant maps, chronological list of rulers, genealogical tables, comprehensive indexes, and rigorous establishment of factual narrative. Encompassing but succinct description of government and administration, as well as social, economic, and cultural evolution of Renaissance Portugal.
  32. Find this resource:
  33. Bibliographies and General Reference
  34.  
  35. The Bibliografia de Textos Antigos Galegos e Portugueses (BITAGAP) database provides a current itemized guide to the study of the original texts produced until 1500. For the reference works and secondary literature, thematic bibliographies such as Curto 2003 and Martins 1986 are the most useful. The single most important bibliographical dictionary of authors writing in Portuguese is Silva, et al. 1973, generally referred to by scholars of Portuguese Studies as “o Inocêncio,” to which Moraes 1983 provides a complement for Brazilian authors and texts about Brazil. Bell 1970 and West 1984 give access to two domains of choice for British scholarship about Portugal: vernacular literature and the maritime empire.
  36.  
  37. Bell, Aubrey F. G. Portuguese Bibliography. Oxford: Clarendon, 1970.
  38. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  39. General presentation and short introduction to the major works of Portuguese literature and history, first published in 1922. A classic work of Portuguese Studies.
  40. Find this resource:
  41. Bibliografia de Textos Antigos Galegos e Portugueses.
  42. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  43. Continuing database project hosted by the Bancroft Library (University of California, Berkeley) and edited by Charles B. Faulhaber, covering Portuguese and Galician literature up to and including the 1500s. Provides selected secondary literature and textual scholarship, as well as references to electronically available materials. An indispensable tool for the study of the primary sources to 1500.
  44. Find this resource:
  45. Curto, Diogo Ramada, ed. Bibliografia da história do livro em Portugal: Séculos XV a XIX. Lisbon: Biblioteca Nacional, 2003.
  46. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  47. Guide to the bibliography of books printed before the 1800s in Portugal or elsewhere using the Portuguese language (updated to 2001). Includes available works for the identification of authors, texts, and printers of Renaissance Portuguese literature and a selection of secondary bibliography about main themes in the history of the book.
  48. Find this resource:
  49. Martins, Isaltina. Bibliografia do humanismo em Portugal no século XVI. Textos humanísticos portugueses 3. Coimbra, Portugal: Instituto Nacional de Investigação Científica, 1986.
  50. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  51. A mix between a guide and an annotated bibliography, composed of seventeen thematic sections, followed by a list of two hundred authors from the 16th century with their respective bibliographies (updated to 1984).
  52. Find this resource:
  53. Moraes, Rubens Borba de. Bibliographia Brasiliana: Rare Books about Brazil Published from 1504 to 1900 and Works by Brazilian Authors of the Colonial Period. 2 vols. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center, 1983.
  54. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  55. Repertory including many texts from the Renaissance with abundant annotation about the content, biography of authors, and careful bibliographical description of each work.
  56. Find this resource:
  57. Silva, Innocêncio Francisco da, Ernesto Soares, and Martinho da Fonseca. Dicionário bibliográfico Português: Estudos aplicáveis a Portugal e ao Brasil. 25 vols. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda, 1973.
  58. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  59. Facsimile edition. Comprehensive dictionary of authors writing in Portuguese, initially published in twenty-two volumes between 1858 and 1922. The new facsimile edition includes several additional volumes published since 1927. Readers are advised to consult the indispensable index added by Ernesto Soares in 1958 (Guia Bibliográfica, Volume 23 of the series).
  60. Find this resource:
  61. West, George. A List of the Writings of Charles Ralph Boxer Published between 1926 and 1984: Compiled for His Eightieth Birthday. London: Tamesis, 1984.
  62. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  63. Comprehensive bibliography of the most influential English-speaking historian (also an important book collector) of the Portuguese empire and the Luso-Brazilian world between 1500 and 1800. As a prolific writer of book reviews, herein listed, Boxer produced a well-informed, episodic chronicle of the field. See also Boxer 2002 (cited under History Writing and Study of Languages).
  64. Find this resource:
  65. Primary Sources in English Translation
  66.  
  67. Portuguese texts from the late medieval and Renaissance periods remain for the most part unavailable in modern English. Literary works of Camões, António Ferreira, or Gil Vicente are the few exceptions, but the available translations merely represent a sample of the works of these authors. Largely due to the initiative of the Hakluyt Society, the literature of travel and exploration is comparatively better served, although some of the translations date from the 19th and early 20th century and new, updated versions are now needed. Hakluyt offers a print-on-demand service for its out-of-print volumes.
  68.  
  69. Literary Sources
  70.  
  71. Portuguese Renaissance poetry, above all, has attracted scholars and translators, echoing its importance in the culture of the period. Epic and lyric poetry are the object of more recent translations in English of Camões (Camões 2008, Camões 1997, and Camões 2009) and also of the early poetry of the Resende Cancioneiro (Reckert 1998). Theater is available in English versions of the verse of António Ferreira (Ferreira 1987), as well as a choice of the genial plays of Gil Vicente (Vicente 1997).
  72.  
  73. Camões, Luís de. The Lusíads. Translated by Landeg White. World’s Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
  74. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  75. Portuguese national epic, first printed in 1572; while it narrates the voyage of Vasco da Gama to India, it also celebrates the imperial destiny of Portugal as well as the Portuguese people and its history. This late-20th-century translation includes explanatory notes, selected bibliography, and maps. Early edition in Portuguese available online.
  76. Find this resource:
  77. Camões, Luís de. The Collected Lyric Poems of Luís de Camões. Translated by Landeg White. Lockert Library of Poetry in Translation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008.
  78. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  79. Collection of 280 translated lyric compositions with abundant notes, organized by stages of the poet’s life. Useful introductory essay and selected bibliography about Camões’s life and work. Early edition in Portuguese of Camões’s Rimas available online.
  80. Find this resource:
  81. Camões, LuÍs de. Sonnets and Other Poems. Translated by Richard Zenith. Adamaster Book Series 3. Dartmouth: University of Massachusetts, Center for Portuguese Studies and Culture, 2009.
  82. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  83. Bilingual short selection of Camões’s poetry, with an introductory essay about the texts and the method used in translation.
  84. Find this resource:
  85. Ferreira, António. The Tragedy of Ines de Castro. Translated by John R. C. Martyn. Coimbra, Portugal: Universidade de Coimbra, 1987.
  86. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  87. Influential verse tragedy, fashioning an important myth of Portuguese culture based on an episode of medieval history: the death in 1355 of the noble concubine of Prince Pedro of Portugal, Inês de Castro. Ferreira (b. 1528–d. 1569) was a major classical poet whose life and work are succinctly analyzed in this edition’s introduction. Early edition in Portuguese available online. See also Earle 1988 (cited under Renaissance Vernacular Literature).
  88. Find this resource:
  89. Reckert, Stephen, ed. From the Resende Songbook. Papers of the Medieval Hispanic Research Seminar 15. London: University of London, Department of Hispanic Studies, 1998.
  90. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  91. Selection of translated poems from the main collection of Portuguese court poetry of the early 16th century: the Cancioneiro compiled by Garcia de Resende, first printed in 1516. Includes an introductory literary study of the poems. Early edition in Portuguese available online.
  92. Find this resource:
  93. Vicente, Gil. Three Discovery Plays: Auto da Barca do Inferno, Exortação da Guerra, Auto da Índia. Edited and translated by Anthony Lappin. Warminster, UK: Aris & Phillips, 1997.
  94. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  95. Bilingual edition of three major plays of the main author of early-16th-century Portuguese theater. Useful introduction to each play, critical textual annotation, and explanatory notes. The works of Gil Vicente were first printed in 1562. Early edition in Portuguese available online.
  96. Find this resource:
  97. Travel Narratives and Descriptions: Asia
  98.  
  99. Arguably the most influential text of Portuguese Renaissance travel literature is the “peregrination,” or “travels,” of Mendes Pinto (Pinto 1989), covering the main areas and routes of Portuguese travelers. Most of the sources available in English, however, refer to one particular region of Asia. The curious narrative on the Moluccas attributed to Galvão (Galvão 1971) and the texts about China compiled in Cruz 1953, for instance, provide accounts of early Portuguese experiences beyond the strait of Malacca. Different types of text altogether are the panoramic or composite visions of “Portuguese India” (i.e., the regions connected by the Indian Ocean from the East African coast to the Malaysian straits) that can be read in Barbosa 1918–1921 and Pires 1944. From all the material available in the late 1940s, Ley 2000 compiled an anthology that continues to be helpful to undergraduate students and the general public.
  100.  
  101. Barbosa, Duarte. The Book of Duarte Barbosa: An Account of the Countries Bordering on the Indian Ocean and Their Inhabitants. 2 vols. Translated by Mansel Longworth Dames. London: Hakluyt Society, 1918–1921.
  102. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  103. Panoramic description of regions connected by the Indian Ocean (from the Cape of Good Hope to the China Sea), written between 1511 and 1516 by a commercial agent of the Portuguese king in India. First published in Italian by Giovanni Battista Ramusio in 1563. Modern edition in Portuguese available online.
  104. Find this resource:
  105. Cruz, Gaspar da. South China in the Sixteenth Century, Being the Narratives of Galeote Pereira, Fr. Gaspar da Cruz, O.P., Fr. Martín de Rada, O.E.S.A., 1550–1575. Translated by Charles R. Boxer. London: Hakluyt Society, 1953.
  106. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  107. Compilation of main texts about Portuguese direct contacts with China in the 16th century. Pereira’s text, composed between 1557 and 1561, was published in Italian in 1565. The extensive treatise of Gaspar da Cruz was printed in Portugal in 1569, becoming a main source for Martín de Rada. Boxer’s introductory essay offers a valuable contribution to the history of European contacts with China in the 1500s. Early edition of Gaspar da Cruz in Portuguese available online.
  108. Find this resource:
  109. Galvão, António. A Treatise on the Moluccas (c. 1544). Translated by Hubert M. Jacobs. Rome and St Louis, MO: Jesuit Historical Institute, 1971.
  110. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  111. Raised at the Portuguese court, Galvão travelled extensively in East Africa, South Asia, and the Indonesian archipelago in the 1520s and 1530s. Charged in 1533 with the captaincy of “the Moluccas,” his four years of incessant activity there inspired this work. His single authorship, however, remains in dispute. Galvão published in 1563 in Lisbon another general narrative of the “discoveries” in India until 1550. Early edition in Portuguese available online.
  112. Find this resource:
  113. Ley, Charles D., ed. Portuguese Voyages, 1498–1663: Tales from the Great Age of Discovery. London: Phoenix, 2000.
  114. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  115. First published in 1947, this useful anthology for undergraduate teaching includes: the diary of the first voyage of Vasco da Gama to India; the letter on the discovery of Brazil by Caminha; a Portuguese embassy to Ethiopia in 1520–1526; the travels of Fernão Mendes Pinto (China, Vietnam and China Sea, Japan); shipwreck narratives; the voyages to the Red Sea and Ethiopia in 1625–1634; and overland travel from India to Portugal in 1663.
  116. Find this resource:
  117. Pinto, Fernão Mendes. The Travels of Mendes Pinto. Translated by Rebecca D. Catz. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.
  118. DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226923239.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  119. Also part of the canon of Portuguese literature, this fictionalized autobiography composed c. 1578 by a Portuguese adventurer in the East contains vivid descriptions of Portuguese “India” and also includes Malaysia, Sumatra, Vietnam, China, and Japan. First published in 1614, as a travel narrative, it became an instant success in Europe with versions in Spanish, French, English, German, and Dutch. This edition includes textual notes, glossary, map, and extensive bibliography. Early edition in Portuguese available online.
  120. Find this resource:
  121. Pires, Tomé. The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, Written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515; and, the Book of Francisco Rodrigues: Pilot-Major of the Armada That Discovered Banda and the Moluccas: Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack, and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East before 1515. 2 vols. Translated by Armando Cortesão. London: Hakluyt Society, 1944.
  122. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  123. Description of the economic geography of the Indian Ocean, written in 1515 in Malacca by the royal officer Tomé Pires and first printed in Italian in an incomplete version by Giovanni Battista Ramusio in 1550. The second text is a nautical work by the pilot and cartographer Francisco Rodrigues, extracted from a manuscript codex including maps and coastal drawings and available online under the title Journal de Francisco Rodrigues.
  124. Find this resource:
  125. Travel Narratives and Descriptions: Africa and South America
  126.  
  127. A specific textual genre resulted from the important Portuguese shipwreck narratives related to the “carreira da Índia” (from Goa to Lisbon, sailing around Africa), compiled in the two volumes of the Tragic History of the Sea, 1589–1622 and Further Selections from The Tragic History of the Sea, 1559–1565. These texts describe African coastal areas from a maritime perspective. A good sample of Portuguese texts about Ethiopia is available with Álvares 1961 and Castanhoso 1902, revealing the political and religious involvement of Portugal in the area. Gândavo 1922 provides a general description of late-16th-century Brazil similar to those of Asia in Pires 1944 and Barbosa 1918–1921 (both cited under Travel Narratives and Descriptions: Asia).
  128.  
  129. Álvares, Francisco. The Prester John of the Indies: A True Relation of the Lands of the Prester John, Being the Narrative of the Portuguese Embassy to Ethiopia in 1520. 2 vols. Edited and translated by Charles F. Beckingham and George W. Huntingford. Cambridge, UK: Hakluyt Society, 1961.
  130. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  131. Eye-witness account of Portuguese official embassy to Ethiopia in 1520–1526, first published in 1540 and widely read in 16th-century Europe in translated versions in Spanish, Italian, French, and German. Early edition in Portuguese available online.
  132. Find this resource:
  133. Boxer, Charles R., trans. The Tragic History of the Sea, 1589–1622: Narratives of the Shipwrecks of the Portuguese East Indiamen São Thomé (1589), Santo Alberto (1593), São João Baptista (1622), and the Journeys of the Survivors in South East Africa. London: Hakluyt Society, 1957.
  134. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  135. Selected shipwreck narratives originally compiled by Bernardo Gomes de Brito and included in História Trágico-Marítima, first printed in 1735–1736. Boxer’s annotated translations are preceded by an important essay addressing the provenance, authorship, and historical value of the texts. Modern edition in Portuguese available online. See also Further Selections from The Tragic History of the Sea, 1559–1565.
  136. Find this resource:
  137. Boxer, Charles R., trans. Further Selections from The Tragic History of the Sea, 1559–1565: Narratives of the Shipwrecks of the Portuguese East Indiamen Aguia and Garça (1559), São Paulo (1561), and the Misadventures of the Brazil-Ship Santo António (1565). Cambridge, UK: Hakluyt Society, 1968.
  138. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  139. Shipwreck narratives of the ships Águia and Garça (1559), the São Paulo (1561), and the Santo António (1565), with an introductory essay establishing provenance and authorship of the texts. See The Tragic History of the Sea, 1589–1622.
  140. Find this resource:
  141. Castanhoso, Miguel de. The Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1543: As Narrated by Castanhoso, with Some Contemporary Letters, the Short Account of Bermudez, and Certain Extracts from Corrêa. Translated by Richard S. Whiteway. London: Hakluyt Society, 1902.
  142. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  143. First-hand account of a disastrous Portuguese military expedition in support of the Ethiopian ruler, first published in Portugal in 1564. Early edition in Portuguese available online.
  144. Find this resource:
  145. Gândavo, Pero de Magalhães. The Histories of Brazil. Translated by John B. Stetson Jr. New York: Cortes Society, 1922.
  146. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  147. Written between 1568 and 1571, this geographical and economic description of Brazil was first printed in Lisbon in 1576. The author was an officer of the Brazilian city of Bahia in the 1570s and also wrote an important grammar of the Portuguese language. Early edition in Portuguese available online.
  148. Find this resource:
  149. Chronicles, Historical Narratives, and Other Official Sources
  150.  
  151. The authors of Zurara 1896–1899 and Correia 1869 are two influential historians of the overseas expansion, although both of their translations are sorely in need of revision and an update taking into account the findings of more than one century of scholarship. The work of João de Barros (b. 1496?–d. 1570), the most important historian of the Portuguese Renaissance, is not yet available in translation. Albuquerque 1990 provides access to texts of fundamental importance to an understanding of the early period of Portuguese presence in South Asia and the Indian Ocean. The anthology put together in Greenlee 1938, including many official sources buried in the archives for centuries, is still useful to the study of Cabral’s voyage to Brazil and India. Lucena 1958 is an excellent introduction to the texts of Portuguese official diplomacy and to one genre that has been extensively studied by Portuguese scholars: the diplomatic “orations” delivered at the papal curia on behalf of the monarchs of Portugal.
  152.  
  153. Albuquerque, Afonso de. Albuquerque, Caesar of the East: Selected Texts from Afonso de Albuquerque and His Son. Edited and translated by Thomas F. Earle and John Villiers. Warminster, UK: Aris & Phillips, 1990.
  154. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  155. Conqueror of Hormuz and Malacca, Albuquerque was governor of Portuguese India from 1509 to 1515. This volume includes annotated selections from the letters of Albuquerque to King Manuel I, and from the “Commentaries” written by Albuquerque’s son about his father’s career, first published in 1557. Introductions, both historical and literary, provide a short narrative of Albuquerque’s career. Early edition in Portuguese available online.
  156. Find this resource:
  157. Correia, Gaspar. The Three Voyages of Vasco da Gama, and His Viceroyalty, from the Lendas da India of Gaspar Corrêa. Tanslated by Henry E. J. Stanley. London: Hakluyt Society, 1869.
  158. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  159. Selections from a historical work by an author living in India between 1512 and c. 1563 who served as secretary of Afonso de Albuquerque. The texts included in this volume are part of a narrative of deeds of each Portuguese governor in India until 1550. Modern edition in Portuguese available online.
  160. Find this resource:
  161. Greenlee, William B., trans. The Voyage of Pedro Álvares Cabral to Brazil and India: From Contemporary Documents and Narratives. London: Hakluyt Society, 1938.
  162. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  163. Collection of sources relative to the voyage of Cabral in 1500, including English versions of Portuguese letters, accounts, and narratives of the voyage, as well as Italian reports. As the state of the question in 1938, this work remains an indispensable point of departure for the study of the voyage. Erudite apparatus including textual annotations and introductions.
  164. Find this resource:
  165. Lucena, Vasco Fernandes de. The Obedience of a King of Portugal. Translated by Francis Rogers. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1958.
  166. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  167. Latin oration presented in 1485 by an envoy of the king of Portugal João II to Pope Innocent VIII that refers to the extent of maritime explorations and the legendary foundation of the kingdom. This edition contains the facsimile of the eight-folio text printed in Rome in 1492, translation, and extensive commentary. See also Matos 1991 (cited under Travel, Science, and Cartography).
  168. Find this resource:
  169. Zurara, Gomes Eanes de. The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea. 2 vols. Translated by Charles R. Beazley and Edgar Prestage. London: Hakluyt Society, 1896–1899.
  170. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  171. Chronicle composed c. 1452–1453 by the official historian of King Afonso V’s court. It narrates 15th-century exploration of the Atlantic coast of Africa by Portuguese navigators under the leadership of Prince Henry (d. 1460). First printed in 1841, this text remains the unique source of a laudatory vision of the life of “Henry the Navigator.” Modern edition in Portuguese available online.
  172. Find this resource:
  173. Economy and Society
  174.  
  175. The study of political and economic expansion and the discoveries of the Portuguese has reduced the economy and society of peninsular Portugal to a mere background picture, a trend supported by a teleological interpretation that sees “the discoveries” as the inevitable product of the country’s history or geographical position. This tendency is progressively giving way to a more integrated approach that does not set aside the Iberian and European dimensions of the history of Portugal. In addition to the general surveys provided in Disney 2009 and Marques 1998 (cited under General Overviews), the classic work Azevedo 1989 and the more recent monograph of Saunders 1982 discuss important aspects of the society of Renaissance Portugal (the social category of “New Christian” and the important African presence). Magalhães 1970 and Oliveira 1971–1972 represent well a renewed vision of peninsular Portugal due to the impact of regional studies influenced by French historiography. Daily life in the 1400s is covered in Marques 1971, and Abreu-Ferreira 2000 provides a discussion of gender history outside the more usual picture centered on princely and aristocratic women. Some grasp of Portuguese society can also be gained from available biographies in English: both Rogers 1961 and Russell 2001 are sound biographical studies of two major protagonists of 15th-century Portuguese history, and Subrahmanyam 1997 proposes a multilayered portrait of Vasco da Gama.
  176.  
  177. Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. “Fishmongers and Shipowners: Women in Maritime Communities of Early Modern Portugal.” In Special Issue: Gender in Early Modern Europe. Sixteenth Century Journal 31.1 (2000): 7–23.
  178. DOI: 10.2307/2671287Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  179. Detailed study of the economic role of women in maritime and fishing communities of the North of Portugal. Based on archival sources, it includes a discussion of gendered division of labor and the dynamics of common people’s family relations in Renaissance Portugal. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  180. Find this resource:
  181. Azevedo, João Lúcio de. História dos Cristãos-Novos Portugueses. 3d ed. Lisbon: Clássica Editora, 1989.
  182. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  183. Important social study of the New Christian populations of Portugal and its empire; first published in 1921, it discusses the emergence and influence of religious and racial categories in Portuguese society in the 16th and 17th centuries.
  184. Find this resource:
  185. Magalhães, Joaquim Romero de. Para o estudo do Algarve económico no século XVI. Lisbon: Edições Cosmos, 1970.
  186. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  187. Classic regional study of the economy and society of the southernmost territory of Portugal; describes economic relations to other Portuguese regions and the neighboring areas of Spanish Andalucía, providing a general panorama of agriculture and fishing activities and the evolution of cities and small towns.
  188. Find this resource:
  189. Marques, António H. de Oliveira. Daily Life in Portugal in the Late Middle Ages. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971.
  190. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  191. Reconstruction of the daily life of the Portuguese based on literary, visual, and archival sources dating mostly from the 1300s and 1400s. Includes critical bibliography and quotes numerous texts relevant to the study of work, food, dress, domesticity and courtship, popular culture, religious practices, and leisure.
  192. Find this resource:
  193. Oliveira, António de. A vida económica e social de Coimbra de 1537 a 1640. 2 vols. Coimbra, Portugal: Instituto de Estudos Históricos da Universidade de Coimbra, 1971–1972.
  194. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  195. Classic regional study of the city of Coimbra and its economic hinterland, analyzing population fluctuations in relation to economic evolution. Provides a detailed portrait of a small town of less than nine thousand inhabitants and the siege of Portugal’s only university at the time.
  196. Find this resource:
  197. Rogers, Francis M. The Travels of the Infante Dom Pedro of Portugal. Harvard Studies in Romance Languages 26. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961.
  198. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  199. By reconstructing the European travels of Pedro (b. 1392–d. 1449), second surviving son of the king of Portugal, this detailed study also evokes the cultural and social atmosphere of Portugal in the first half of the 15th century.
  200. Find this resource:
  201. Russell, Peter. Prince Henry “the Navigator”: A Life. New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2001.
  202. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  203. Taking full advantage of the abundant archival materials related to the Duke of Viseu Henry (b. 1394–d. 1460) published in the wake of the official commemorations of 1960, this excellent biography proposes a new, balanced vision of a familiar protagonist and legendary figure of Portuguese culture.
  204. Find this resource:
  205. Saunders, A. C. de. A Social History of Black Slaves and Freedmen in Portugal, 1441–1555. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
  206. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  207. Indispensable monograph for the study of the experience of black slaves in Portugal and the impact of slavery on society. Discusses the onset of the Portuguese slave trade and traces the origins of the debate surrounding the treatment of blacks in Portugal.
  208. Find this resource:
  209. Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  210. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  211. Detailed study of the public career of Vasco da Gama with an emphasis on political factors, such as messianic imperial ideologies and elite factionalism at the Portuguese court; it evokes Portuguese society mostly through the lens of high politics and the overseas expansion.
  212. Find this resource:
  213. Politics and Governance
  214.  
  215. General descriptions of the administration, political institutions, and government of Renaissance Portugal can be found in Magalhães 1993 and Dias 1998 (in Portuguese) or Disney 2009 (in English) (all cited under General Overviews). Godinho 2009 proposes the classic synthesis of the history of the monarchical state in its relation to the evolution of financial resources and institutions. Aubin 1996–2006 and Costa-Gomes 2012 identify some protagonists and discuss the political dynamics of central institutions of governance, namely the royal council. Magalhães and Coelho 2008 describes one fundamental structure of local politics and governance: the Portuguese municipality whose essential traits were replicated throughout the empire in places such as Bahia (Brazil), Cape Verde, Luanda, and Macao.
  216.  
  217. Aubin, Jean. Le latin et l’astrolabe: Recherches sur le Portugal de la Renaissance, son expansion en Asie et les relations internationales. 3 vols. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1996–2006.
  218. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  219. Collection of essays devoted to main figures and historical problems of the political and diplomatic history of the 16th century, with a special focus on the imperial projects and entourage of King Manuel I (r. 1495–1521).
  220. Find this resource:
  221. Costa-Gomes, Rita. “Le Conseil Royal au Portugal (1400–1520).” In Conseils et conseillers dans l’Europe de la Renaissance (v. 1450–v. 1550). Edited by Cédric Michon, 147–174. Rennes, France: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2012.
  222. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  223. Study of the recruitment, composition, and regular functioning of the royal council until the reign of Manuel I; discusses well-known episodes of political conflict and makes use of nonnarrative sources such as the notes and memories of royal secretaries.
  224. Find this resource:
  225. Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães. “A formação do estado e as finanças públicas.” In Ensaios e estudos: Uma maneira de pensar. Vol. 1. Edited by Vitorino Magalhães Godinho, 123–173. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 2009.
  226. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  227. Influential essay about the early Portuguese monarchical state from medieval times to the 1700s, putting together the concepts used in doctrinal sources and the available quantitative data extracted from early budgetary documents; discusses and clarifies the impact of overseas activities on the fiscal and institutional evolution of the kingdom.
  228. Find this resource:
  229. Magalhães, Joaquim Romero, and Maria Helena da Cruz Coelho. O poder concelhio: Das origens às cortes constituintes: Notas da história social. 2d ed. Coimbra, Portugal: Centro de Estudos e Formação Autárquica, 2008.
  230. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  231. Brief synthesis of the evolution of the municipalities in Portugal, discussing the sociological aspects of their institutional changes and explaining the evolving articulation of the different levels of territorial administration before the 19th century.
  232. Find this resource:
  233. Religion and Church History
  234.  
  235. Three domains of study predominate in the ecclesiastical and religious history of Renaissance Portugal: overseas religious institutions and missionary activity; the Inquisition and the persecution of New Christians; and the Catholic Reformation, before and after Trent. Both Azevedo 2000–2001 and Marques and Gouveia 2000 provide coverage of the first and the third aspects with updated treatment of the major themes and respective bibliographies. Paiva 2006 is a sound guide to the study of a fundamental structure of the Catholic Church, the episcopate. Herculano 1972 is a classic work of Portuguese historiography and a factually detailed account of the origins of the Inquisition, while Bethencourt 2009 proposes a global and comparative interpretation of the early modern Inquisitorial institutions in which the case of Portugal gains new contours within the Catholic world. Révah 1975 and Saraiva 2001 represent two different approaches to the interpretation of New Christian persecution, the former uniquely anchored in archival research and the latter arguing for a radical sociological interpretation that doubts the existence of Jewish identities in Portugal after the 16th century. The authors famously sustained a public debate on the topic whose texts are available in Saraiva 2001. Wilke 2007 provides an updated synthesis of the field.
  236.  
  237. Azevedo, Carlos Moreira, ed. Dicionário de história religiosa de Portugal. 4 vols. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 2000–2001.
  238. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  239. Indispensable reference tool for the study of ecclesiastical history and the institutions of the Catholic church and its missionary movements; includes entries about influential individuals, authors, works, institutions, concepts, and religious and spiritual movements, with updated bibliographies.
  240. Find this resource:
  241. Bethencourt, Francisco. The Inquisition: A Global History, 1478–1834. Rev. ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  242. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  243. Comparative study that situates the Portuguese Inquisition within a larger framework of early modern religious transformation and the Catholic Reformation, contrasting the Inquisition’s activities in Portugal, Spain, Italy, and the overseas Iberian colonies. The internal evolution of the institution is also explained, and specific practices such as the auto-da-fé are analyzed in detail.
  244. Find this resource:
  245. Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. Translated by John C. Branner. New York: KTAV, 1972.
  246. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  247. Narrative of the protracted negotiations and political context of the initiative of King John III to obtain support from the papal curia to the establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal as a royal and ecclesiastical tribunal (bull of institution dates from 1536). A prologue by Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi provides critical appreciation of the work, first published in 1854–1859.
  248. Find this resource:
  249. Marques, João Francisco, and António Camões Gouveia, eds. Humanismos e Reformas. Vol. 2 of História religiosa de Portugal. Edited by Carlos A. Moreira Azevedo. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 2000.
  250. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  251. Multiauthored volume providing a synthesis of the institutional evolution of the Catholic church and its influence in Portuguese society, with particular emphasis on religious practices and the literature of spirituality. Provides updated bibliographies.
  252. Find this resource:
  253. Paiva, José Pedro. Os bispos de Portugal e do império: 1495–1777. Coimbra, Portugal: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2006.
  254. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  255. Social, economic, and political study of the Portuguese episcopate, based on extensive reconstruction of the individual careers of almost five hundred prelates. Analyzes the general evolution of the figure and its models, the royal intervention in the choice of bishops, and typical careers. Useful appendix includes a nominal full list for both Portugal and the colonial dioceses.
  256. Find this resource:
  257. Révah, Israel S. Études portugaises. Paris: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1975.
  258. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  259. Collection of important essays about New Christians and the Portuguese Inquisition as well as some Renaissance authors (Gil Vicente and João de Barros) and the history of the Portuguese language. See also Saraiva 2001.
  260. Find this resource:
  261. Saraiva, António José. The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536–1765. Translated, revised, and augmented by Herman P. Salomon and Isaac S. D. Sassoon. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2001.
  262. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  263. Essay using Marxist sociological theory to argue that the activity of the Portuguese Inquisition not only contributed to the reproduction of social distinctions based on ethnic and religious categories, but was also aimed, under the guise of persecuting New Christians, at repressing rising merchant groups and undermining their status and influence within Portuguese society. See also Révah 1975.
  264. Find this resource:
  265. Wilke, Carsten. Histoire des juifs portugais. Paris: Chandeigne, 2007.
  266. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  267. Brief summary of the history of the Jewish communities from the Middle Ages to the 19th century, proposing to a general reader the results of early-21st-century research; describes the available scholarship about the “civilization of exile” emerging after the expulsion of 1497 outside of Portugal in the context of religious “confessionalization” in the early modern period.
  268. Find this resource:
  269. Culture
  270.  
  271. The history of Portuguese Renaissance culture is a lively scholarly field. Camões remains the central figure in the study of Renaissance Portuguese vernacular literature, as shown in Gil and Macedo 2009 or Bernardes 1999 (cited under Renaissance Vernacular Literature), but many new perspectives have been added in proliferating studies about other authors of the canon. Two major centers of cultural production besides religious institutions and circles have also been studied: the court and the university. Among the major themes of intellectual history are: Humanism, cultural exchange with Italy and within Iberia, the influence of Erasmus, and spiritual literature. Another domain with specific traditions in Portugal is the history of scientific thought, especially as it pertains to navigation and cartography. Lastly, a renewal of art history and the history of music has occurred after the 1970s with numerous new books and a rising number of academic theses. The single most readable introduction to Portuguese Renaissance culture continues to be the suggestive work of Saraiva 2000, thus far only available in Portuguese. Both Bethencourt and Curto 2007 and Parkinson, et al. 2009 provide updated essays and early-21st-century bibliographies for some of the major themes of cultural and literary history. The multilingual conference proceeding L’humanisme portugais et l’Europe: Actes du XXI Colloque International d’Études Humanistes includes the most important authors working in the field by the 1980s. General discussions on the centrality of the discoveries to an understanding of Portuguese Renaissance culture are to be found in Dias 1988 and Gil and Macedo 2009, the comparison between both works revealing an evolving diversity of perspectives. Marcocci 2012 proposes a new and updated synthesis of the same subject. Berbara and Enenkel 2011 also provides access to some of the most recent scholarship.
  272.  
  273. Albuquerque, Luís de, ed. L’humanisme portugais et l’Europe: Actes du XXI Colloque International d’Études Humanistes, 3–13 July 1978. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1984.
  274. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  275. Proceedings of an inclusive meeting of specialists of Portuguese humanism and Renaissance, including multilingual essays by thirty-eight major scholars in the field about literature, art, science, literary theory, history of science, and cultural and religious history.
  276. Find this resource:
  277. Berbara, Maria, and Karl A. E. Enenkel, eds. Portuguese Humanism and the Republic of Letters. Intersections 21. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2011.
  278. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  279. Interdisciplinary volume providing early-21st-century essays on intellectual and literary history, art, printing and book collecting, antiquarianism, and university culture, with a general introduction by the editors.
  280. Find this resource:
  281. Bethencourt, Francisco, and Diogo Ramada Curto, eds. Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400–1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  282. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  283. This updated, multiauthored collection of essays about Portuguese expansion includes a section about cultural change discussing the arts, science and navigation, and language and literature, providing selected bibliographies about these themes.
  284. Find this resource:
  285. Dias, José Sebastião da Silva. Os descobrimentos e a problemática cultural do século XVI. 3d ed. Lisbon: Editorial Presença, 1988.
  286. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  287. Influential study proposing a general interpretation of the impact of the overseas expansion in the cultural movements and intellectual debates of the period in Portugal. Discusses major writers such as Camões, André de Resende, Damião de Góis, João de Barros, and João de Castro.
  288. Find this resource:
  289. Gil, Fernando, and Helder Macedo. The Traveling Eye: Retrospection, Vision, and Prophecy in the Portuguese Renaissance. Adamastor Book Series 4. Dartmouth: University of Massachusetts, Center for Portuguese Studies, 2009.
  290. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  291. Innovative study of the literary, philosophical, and cultural aspects of Renaissance literature, focusing mostly on Camões’s epic and connecting it to the study of other domains such as cartography and the Renaissance historiography of empire. Includes essay by Luís Sousa Rebelo about 16th-century history writing.
  292. Find this resource:
  293. Marcocci, Giuseppe. A Consciência de um Império. Portugal e o seu mundo (séculos XV-XVII). Coimbra, Portugal: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2012.
  294. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  295. A modern comparative interpretation of the central role of the imperial projects in the cultural definition of the Portuguese Renaissance vis-à-vis Spain and Catholic Europe. It discusses the religious debates of the period, and the impact of slavery and racial relations.
  296. Find this resource:
  297. Parkinson, Stephen, Cláudia Pazos Alonso, and Thomas F. Earle, eds. A Companion to Portuguese Literature. Rochester, NY: Tamesis, 2009.
  298. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  299. Overview of Portuguese literature organized chronologically; includes several essays about Renaissance literature (Gil Vicente, António Ferreira, Camões, and other authors) with selected updated bibliographies and a review of Portuguese literary texts available in English.
  300. Find this resource:
  301. Saraiva, António José. História da cultura em Portugal. Vol 1, Renascimento e Contra-Reforma. Lisbon: Gradiva, 2000.
  302. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  303. Indispensable general introduction to Portuguese Renaissance culture from 1400 to 1580; first published in 1955, but still unsurpassed by its clarity, the abundant use of literary sources, and suggestive interpretive synthesis.
  304. Find this resource:
  305. Education and Court Culture
  306.  
  307. Specific aspects of the royal court of the 16th century include theater production in Keates 1962, education, and the literature of “princely mirrors” with Matos 1988 and Buescu 1996. Other influential studies are Matos 1956, which describes the aristocratic court of the Braganzas, and Preto-Rodas 1971 discussing the development of a literature on courtliness and civility in Portuguese, in the historical context of the absence of a royal court with the onset of the Habsburg rule. Major aspects of the history of the University of Coimbra can be gleaned from the multiauthored volume University of Coimbra 1997, whereas Brandão 1948 launched the important debate about the “reform” of the university in the central decades of the 16th century.
  308.  
  309. Brandão, Mário. A Inquisição e os professores do colégio das artes. Coimbra, Portugal: Universidade de Coimbra, 1948.
  310. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  311. Pathbreaking and detailed factual study of the origins, career, and recruitment under royal patronage of 16th-century professors of the University of Coimbra who were prosecuted by the Inquisition. Influential in the debate about cultural exchange with Europe in the second half of the 16th century.
  312. Find this resource:
  313. Buescu, Ana Isabel. Imagens do príncipe: Discurso normativo e representação (1525–49). Lisbon: Edições Cosmos, 1996.
  314. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  315. Author places the literature of the “princely mirrors” of the 16th century (1521–1580) within its Iberian and European context, providing a close and systematic analysis of the texts and including a treatise about the education of princesses.
  316. Find this resource:
  317. Keates, Laurence. The Court Theater of Gil Vicente. Lisbon: Livraria Escolar Editora, 1962.
  318. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  319. Essay on the major playwright Gil Vicente, integrating his works into the context of professional activity involving the organization of festivities and ceremonies as well as theater spectacles at the Portuguese royal court.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. Matos, Luís de. A corte literária dos duques de Bragança no Renascimento. Lisbon: Fundação da Casa de Bragança, 1956.
  322. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  323. Pioneering study of a major aristocratic court of Renaissance Portugal, second only in literary importance to the royal court. Provides description of cultural aspects of court life and of its literary circles.
  324. Find this resource:
  325. Matos, Luís de. “O Ensino na corte durante a dinastia de Aviz.” In O humanismo Português, 1500–1600: Primeiro simpósio nacional, 21–25de outubro de 1985. Edited by José V. de Pina Martins, 499–592. Lisbon: Academia das Ciéncias de Lisboa, 1988.
  326. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  327. General description of the materials, protagonists, and linguistic skills of courtly education in the 1400s and 1500s, with an important discussion of the role of humanist educators and their impact on Portuguese royal princes and aristocracy.
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Preto-Rodas, Richard A. Francisco Rodrigues Lobo: Dialogue and Courtly Lore in Renaissance Portugal. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1971.
  330. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  331. Detailed study of work written in 1619 by poet Rodrigues Lobo within the Renaissance tradition of dialogues about the courtier and the importance of civility; study discusses and compares the work with Castiglione’s and Guazzo’s texts highlighting Lobo’s originality and humorist traits.
  332. Find this resource:
  333. University of Coimbra. História da Universidade em Portugal. Vol. 1, Tomo 1: 1290–1536, Tomo 2: 1537–1771. Coimbra, Portugal: Universidade de Coimbra, 1997.
  334. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  335. Multiauthored history of the Portuguese university, which was repeatedly moved from Lisbon to Coimbra until definitively settled in the latter city in 1537. The two volumes include chapters on humanism, printing, libraries, institutional evolution, and recruitment by the university during the Renaissance.
  336. Find this resource:
  337. Humanism
  338.  
  339. The study of Portuguese Renaissance literature cannot be easily disentangled from the discussions about the presence of the classical heritage and the influence of humanism. Important works on this subject that set the agenda until recent times are, for instance, Bataillon 1974, Martins 1989, or Asensio 1974. In the specific domain of literary theory, Castro 2008 plays a similar role. Hirsch 1967 produced the best available introduction to the study of a major figure of Portuguese humanism, the writer Damião de Góis. Ramalho 1985 presents a good sample of the most important neo-Latin texts.
  340.  
  341. Asensio, Eugenio. Estudios portugueses. Paris: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Centro Cultural Português, 1974.
  342. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  343. Seminal essays on literature and cultural history, including studies on Gil Vicente, Bernardim Ribeiro, and Camões; explores the mutual influence and exchanges between Portuguese, Castilian, and Italian Renaissance cultures.
  344. Find this resource:
  345. Bataillon, Marcel. Études sur le Portugal au temps de l’humanisme. Paris: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Centro Cultural Português, 1974.
  346. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  347. Compilation of studies about major 16th-century writers Damião de Góis and Gil Vicente; pathbreaking discussion of the influence of Erasmus in Portugal.
  348. Find this resource:
  349. Castro, Aníbal Pinto de. Retórica e teorização literária em Portugal: Do humanismo ao neoclassicismo. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda, 2008.
  350. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  351. Important study of literary theory; analyzes the role of rhetoric in Portuguese humanism and Renaissance textual production.
  352. Find this resource:
  353. Hirsch, Elisabeth Feist. Damião de Góis: The Life and Thought of a Portuguese Humanist, 1502–1574. Archives internationales d’histoires des idées 19. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1967.
  354. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  355. Influential study of a main figure of Portuguese humanism, reconstructing his wide European travels and intellectual circles, and arguing that Góis’s Inquisitorial trial as Erasmian was symptomatic of a larger cultural transformation in the second half of a century marked by Catholic zeal and disciplinarian enforcement.
  356. Find this resource:
  357. Martins, José V. Pina. Humanisme et Renaissance, de l’Italie au Portugal: Les deux regards de Janus. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1989.
  358. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  359. Compilation of important studies on Renaissance literature and its relations to Italian humanist authors and literary traditions. In-depth discussion of the influence of Petrarch and other Italian humanists in Portuguese texts.
  360. Find this resource:
  361. Ramalho, Américo da Costa. Latim Renascentista em Portugal: Antologia. Coimbra, Portugal: Instituto Nacional de Investigação Científica, 1985.
  362. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  363. Selection of Latin texts produced in Portugal between 1481 and 1580 by humanist authors. Expertly annotated and carefully selected, it samples a variety of otherwise inaccessible texts equally useful to the study of vernacular literature.
  364. Find this resource:
  365. Renaissance Vernacular Literature
  366.  
  367. An accessible introduction to the main texts and criticism of vernacular Portuguese literature is provided in Bernardes 1999. Hart 1962 is a classic introduction in English to the myth and the work of Camões, but Sena 1980 opens the door to the major directions of modern scholarship, well represented by the works of Alves 2001 and Pinho 2007. Available studies of major Renaissance poets beyond Camões are in Anastácio 1998 and Earle 1988. Stathatos 2001 is an excellent guide to the study of Gil Vicente and his context.
  368.  
  369. Alves, Hélio. Camões, Corte-Real e o sistema da epopeia quinhentista. Coimbra, Portugal: Universidade de Coimbra, 2001.
  370. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  371. Study of Renaissance epic poetry produced by Portuguese authors, setting the work of Camões and Jerónimo Corte-Real within the literary field of their time.
  372. Find this resource:
  373. Anastácio, Vanda. Visões de glória (uma introdução à poesia de Pêro de Andrade Caminha). 2 vols. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1998.
  374. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  375. Innovative, comprehensive study and scholarly edition of the poetry of Caminha (b. 1520?–d. 1589), the most representative author of the aristocratic court of the Braganzas and hitherto narrowly considered solely as the rival of Camões.
  376. Find this resource:
  377. Bernardes, José Augusto Cardoso, ed. Humanismo e Renascimento. Vol. 2 of História crítica da literatura Portuguesa. Edited by Carlos Reis. Lisbon: Editorial Verbo, 1999.
  378. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  379. Anthology of primary and secondary literature providing a general orientation to the study of literary theory and of the textual vernacular production of the Portuguese Renaissance. Organized by literary genres, each section contains a useful selection of current bibliography.
  380. Find this resource:
  381. Earle, Thomas F. The Muse Reborn: The Poetry of António Ferreira. Oxford: Clarendon, 1988.
  382. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  383. Monograph on the poetry of Ferreira (b. 1528–d. 1569), covering in separate chapters the principal genres he cultivated and arguing for the importance and originality of his work while comparing his poetry to that of Camões and other Renaissance authors.
  384. Find this resource:
  385. Hart, Henry H. Luis de Camoëns and the Epic of The Lusiads. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962.
  386. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  387. A conjectural account, based mostly on legend, of the scarcely documented life of the poet. Provides some excellent translations of Camões’s poetry and a bibliography including publications in English up to the 1960s. See also Sena 1980.
  388. Find this resource:
  389. Pinho, Sebastião Tavares de. Decalogia Camoniana. Coimbra, Portugal: Centro Interuniversitário de Estudos Camonianos, 2007.
  390. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  391. Detailed studies of the presence of the classical heritage in Camões’s work, including important research on the methods of literary censorship in 16th-century Portugal.
  392. Find this resource:
  393. Sena, Jorge de. Trinta anos de Camões, 1948–1978: Estudos camonianos e correlatos. 2 vols. Lisbon: Edições 70, 1980.
  394. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  395. Collection of studies seminal to the development of modern scholarship about Camões’s works with larger relevance to the study of the Portuguese Renaissance.
  396. Find this resource:
  397. Stathatos, Constantine C. A Gil Vicente Bibliography (1995–2000). Kassel, Germany: Reichenberger, 2001.
  398. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  399. To be read with A Gil Vicente Bibliography (2000–2005) (Kassel, Germany: Reichenberger, 2007). Comprehensive and annotated bibliography including editions and translations of Vicente’s works and providing summaries of secondary literature, with excellent indexes. Part of a series including two previous volumes covering the period between 1940 and 1995.
  400. Find this resource:
  401. History Writing and Study of Languages
  402.  
  403. Boxer 1981 and Boxer 2002 are excellent introductions to the study of the Portuguese historiography of the 16th and early 17th centuries about the Indian Ocean empire. A more generic introduction to the most relevant authors is proposed in Cardozo 1963, while Curto 2012 discusses more recent interpretations of the impact and reception of the same works. Buescu 1983 uses the example of the first grammars to argue for the importance of the study of non-European languages in the Portuguese Renaissance.
  404.  
  405. Boxer, Charles R. João de Barros: Portuguese Humanist and Historian of Asia. New Delhi: Concept, 1981.
  406. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  407. Study of the life and work of João de Barros (b. 1496?–d. 1570), the most important historian of Portuguese Asia who also wrote numerous other works on pedagogy, geography, language, religion, and ethics.
  408. Find this resource:
  409. Boxer, Charles R. “Three Historians of Portuguese Asia (Barros, Couto and Bocarro).” In Opera Minora. Vol. 2, Orientalismo. Edited by Diogo Ramada Curto, 13–38. Lisbon: Fundação Oriente, 2002.
  410. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  411. Brief introduction to the study of three major Renaissance writers who focused on Asia, comparing their works and placing them within the context of the general evolution of the Portuguese Asian experiences and imperial project.
  412. Find this resource:
  413. Buescu, Maria Leonor C. O estudo das línguas exóticas no século XVI. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa, 1983.
  414. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  415. Short essay comparing the principles used in the first grammars of vernacular Portuguese to those of the grammars composed between 1540 and 1620 of the Tamil language (South Asia), Tupi (Brazil), and Japanese. Available online.
  416. Find this resource:
  417. Cardozo, Manuel. “The Idea of History in the Portuguese Chroniclers of the Age of the Discovery.” Catholic Historical Review 49 (1963): 1–19.
  418. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  419. Useful overview in English of the main texts and ideas of 16th-century Portuguese historiography. See also the text by Rebelo in Gil and Macedo 2009 (cited under Culture). Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  420. Find this resource:
  421. Curto, Diogo Ramada. “European Historiography on the East.” In The Oxford History of Historical Writing. Vol. 3, 1400–1800. Edited by José Rabasa, Masayuki Sato, Edoardo Tortarolo, and Daniel Woolf, 536–555. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  422. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  423. Essay discussing the circulation and reception of Portuguese writings about Asia within European and Iberian contexts from the 16th to the 18th century.
  424. Find this resource:
  425. Travel, Science, and Cartography
  426.  
  427. The modern study of cartography produced in Renaissance Portugal was firmly launched in Cortesão and Mota 1987, now made current after the efforts of Marques (in Cortesão and Mota 1987) and Alegria, et al. 2007. The studies collected in Godinho 1990 provide new directions for a history of the society and culture of the navigations and geographical explorations. Albuquerque 1983 proposes a balanced view of the scientific aspects of navigation and travel, and in Albuquerque 1975, the same author launched the study of the scientific institutions of the later Renaissance period. In the specific domain of the history of mathematics, Almeida 1994 proposes a social and cultural interpretation of the arithmetic treatises, and Martyn 1996 presents the work of Renaissance scientist Pedro Nunes (b. 1502–d. 1578) through the example of a lesser-known text. Hooykaas 1979 provides a useful introduction to the discussion of the impact of Portuguese navigations on the ideas and debates of humanist authors. Matos 1991 is a sound and erudite guide to the texts circulating in Renaissance Europe about the voyages and exploration produced by Portuguese authors or printed under Portuguese patronage, focusing mostly (but not exclusively) on Latin texts.
  428.  
  429. Albuquerque, Luís de. “A aula de Esfera do Colégio de Santo Antão no século XVII.” In Estudos de História. Vol 2. By Luís de Albuquerque, 127–200. Coimbra, Portugal: Atlântida [por ordem da Universidade], 1975.
  430. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  431. Seminal study of the scientific culture developing in Lisbon in the late Renaissance, with particular relevance to mathematics, astronomy, and engineering.
  432. Find this resource:
  433. Albuquerque, Luís de. Ciência e experiência nos descobrimentos Portugueses. Biblioteca Breve 73. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa, 1983.
  434. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  435. Succinct interpretation of the scientific aspects of the early voyages of the Portuguese; presents a balanced and clear explanation of the topic, aimed at a general readership without loss of rigor and scholarly value. Available online.
  436. Find this resource:
  437. Alegria, Maria Fernanda, Suzanne Daveau, João Carlos Garcia, and Francesc Relaño. “Portuguese Cartography in the Renaissance.” In The History of Cartography. Vol 3, Part 1: Cartography in the European Renaissance. Edited by David Woodward, 975–1068. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
  438. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  439. Synthesis of the current research on Portuguese Renaissance cartography; provides the most complete and updated references to both primary sources and secondary literature. Indispensable complement to Cortesão and Mota 1987.
  440. Find this resource:
  441. Almeida, António A. Marques de. Aritmética como descrição do real, 1519–1679: Contributos para a formação da mentalidade moderna em Portugal. 2 vols. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda, 1994.
  442. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  443. Historical essay about the treatises on arithmetic produced in Portugal; discusses their relation to the mercantile practices and the cultural changes brought about by the expansion of trade. Second volume includes modern editions of five major treatises printed in the 16th century.
  444. Find this resource:
  445. Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira da Mota, eds. Portugaliae monumenta cartographica. 7 vols. New ed. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda, 1987.
  446. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  447. Classic work in the history of Renaissance cartography, first published in six volumes in 1960; monumental catalogue and comprehensive study of Portuguese mapmaking from the 1400s to the late 1600s, copiously describing more than 1,000 maps out of a catalogued corpus exceeding 3,000 items. This new edition, with the large-format and color illustrations unfortunately reduced in size, includes an introduction and supplemental volume (Volume 7) by Alfredo Pinheiro Marques. See also Alegria, et al. 2007.
  448. Find this resource:
  449. Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães. Mito e mercadoria, utopia e prática de navegar: Séculos XIII–XVIII. Lisbon: Difel, 1990.
  450. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  451. Compilation of seminal essays discussing the cultural transformations that accompanied the overseas expansion in its multiple contexts, both geographical and temporal. Shows how the myth of the discoveries nurtures Portuguese utopian projects of modernization and progress, and proposes the influential theme of “mankind as a construct” emerging with the early discoveries.
  452. Find this resource:
  453. Hooykaas, Reijer. Humanism and the Voyages of Discovery in 16th Century Portuguese Science and Letters. Amsterdam and New York: North-Holland, 1979.
  454. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  455. Essay proposing a nuanced interpretation of the intellectual impact on the humanists of the Portuguese navigations and trading activities, with abundant use of the relevant Portuguese sources.
  456. Find this resource:
  457. Martyn, John R. C. Pedro Nunes (1502–1578): His Lost Algebra and Other Discoveries. American University Studies 182. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.
  458. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  459. Translation and commentary of manuscript versions of an algebra treatise attributed to mathematician Pedro Nunes (b. 1502–d. 1578), with valuable description of the cultural context of Nunes’s work and significance of his work.
  460. Find this resource:
  461. Matos, Luís de. L’expansion portugaise dans la littérature latine de la Renaissance. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1991.
  462. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  463. Erudite study of the diffusion, reception, and impact of the news from the Portuguese voyages in 15th- and 16th-century Europe. Argues for the existence of a deliberate policy on the part of the kings of Portugal connecting printing to diplomatic initiatives and imperial projects. See also Lucena 1958 (cited under Chronicles, Historical Narratives, and Other Official Sources).
  464. Find this resource:
  465. Art and Music
  466.  
  467. A good general introduction to the art of this period in Portugal is available in Serrão 2002 and (for its descriptive treatment of major works) in the older but beautifully illustrated volume of Smith 1968. Kubler 1972 opened new perspectives in the field of the study of Portuguese architecture, both in European and colonial contexts, and remains a fundamental work. Deswarte-Rosa 1992 is a significant example of the innovative work and renewed interpretations of the Portuguese Renaissance launched by this author since the 1980s. Lowe 2000 also gives access to some of the most recent work in this thriving field. For an overview of the history of music with some orientation on the secondary literature, the work Nery and Castro 1991 is still useful, and specific examples of Portuguese Renaissance music are provided in Stevenson, et al. 1982.
  468.  
  469. Deswarte-Rosa, Sylvie. Ideias e imagens em Portugal na época dos descobrimentos: Francisco de Holanda e a teoria da arte. Lisbon: Difel, 1992.
  470. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  471. Fundamental study about the artist Francisco de Holanda (b. 1517–d. 1584), the author of a Neoplatonic treatise on painting inspired and influenced by his knowledge and admiration of the work of Michelangelo Buonarroti.
  472. Find this resource:
  473. Kubler, George. Portuguese Plain Architecture: Between Spices and Diamonds, 1521–1706. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1972.
  474. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  475. Pathbreaking interpretation of the development of architectural Portuguese vernacular style during the 16th and 17th centuries as the result of an interplay of European, colonial, and indigenous traditions and experiences. Abundant illustrations and visual documentation.
  476. Find this resource:
  477. Lowe, Kate J. P., ed. Cultural Links between Portugal and Italy in the Renaissance. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
  478. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  479. Important interdisciplinary collection of fourteen essays exploring the cultural exchanges between Portugal and Italy in politics and diplomacy, art (notably painting and architecture), literature, book production, and royal collections. Abundant annotated visual documentation.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Nery, Rui Vieira, and Paulo Ferreira de Castro. História da música. Sínteses da cultura Portuguesa. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda, 1991.
  482. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  483. Brief overview of the history of Portuguese music, identifying its main composers and characteristics in the Renaissance and describing the religious and courtly context of the musical production compiled in numerous cancioneiros. Includes selected bibliography.
  484. Find this resource:
  485. Serrão, Vítor. O Renascimento e o maneirismo, 1500–1620. Vol. 3 of História da arte em Portugal. Edited by Carlos Alberto Ferreira de Almeida and Mário Jorge Barroca. Lisbon: Presença, 2002.
  486. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  487. General interpretation of the evolution of Portuguese art during the central and late Renaissance period. See also the essays about painting, collecting, and artistic exchanges included in Lowe 2000.
  488. Find this resource:
  489. Smith, Robert C. The Art of Portugal, 1500–1800. New York: Meredith, 1968.
  490. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  491. Descriptive coverage in English of major works in architecture, painting, and sculpture, with special attention given to decorative arts, in particular ceramics. Abundant and valuable visual documentation.
  492. Find this resource:
  493. Stevenson, Robert, Luís Pereira Leal, and Manuel Morais, eds. Antologia de polifonia portuguesa, 1490–1680. Portugaliae musica 37. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1982.
  494. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  495. Edition of a selection of Portuguese Renaissance music with an introductory essay by Stevenson.
  496. Find this resource:
Advertisement
Add Comment
Please, Sign In to add comment
Advertisement
Public Pastes
Advertisement
We use cookies for various purposes including analytics. By continuing to use Pastebin, you agree to our use of cookies as described in the Cookies Policy.  OK, I Understand
Not a member of Pastebin yet?
Sign Up, it unlocks many cool features!