2019-03-14 Grammar: perfect aspect

Greg Malivuk
gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - Notes from all classes
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Homework: finish exercise 4 (Remember some sentences have more than one correct answer.)
6 was looking, discovered
7 reached, thought (In this sentence, “think” is not an action.)
8 am trying / will try / was trying
9 was studying, heard
10 be sleeping
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Simple = nothing “important” happens during the action
I slept for 7 hours last night.
Everything that happened between midnight and 7am happened while I was sleeping.
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Perfect Aspect
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form: [have] + past participle
meaning: something happens or starts before another time (that we also are talking about)
	(Use the perfect form for the thing that happened or will happen first.)
*present perfect: this thing still happens now or can happen again in the future

I had one cup of coffee today. = I am finished with coffee for today.
I have had one cup of coffee today. = I may have more coffee today.
- We can’t use present perfect with specific past times, because those times are finished and can’t happen again in the future.
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EXAMPLES:
She finished books in 2010 and 2015. She will finish her next ones in 2020 and 2025. I met her in 2012.

When I met her, she was writing her second book.
When I met her, she had written one book.
Now, she is writing her third book.
Now, she has written two books.
In 2023, she will be writing her fourth book.
In 2023, she will have written three books.
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p. 20 exercise 6 - Complete these sentences with simple or perfect verbs. (No progressive.)
1 had said
2 had conducted
3 has had
4 has visited (“so far” almost always means present perfect)
5 came, hadn’t been
6 have traveled (She will travel several times before she’s 50.)
	(“by the time” also almost always means a perfect tense)
7 haven’t slept (“since” = “from that time until now”)
8 had completed, realized, weren’t
9 have lived
10 has studied
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In time clauses (that begin with “when”, “while”, “by the time”, etc.) never have the future form, even if they have future meaning.
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Homework (optional): exercises 7, 8, 9, 10