//my base class holding a value
public abstract class A{ public int aValue; }

//derived classes that actually are stuffed into the dictionary
public class B : A {...}
public class C : A {...}

//wrapper class for dictionary
public class MyDict : Dictionary<string, A>;

//my class using the dictionary
public class MyClass {

  public MyDict dict = new MyDict();//use an instance of MyDict

  public MyClass() { ... //fill dict with instances of B and C }

  //function to return all elements of dict having a given value
  public MyDict GetSubSet(int testVal) {
    var ret = dict.Where(e => e.Value.aValue == testVal).
                       ToDictionary(k => k.Key, k => k.Value);
    return (MyDict) ret; // <- here I get a runtime InvalidCastException
  }
}

public class MyDict : Dictionary<string, A> {
    public MyDict() {
        // Perform the default initialization here
        ...
    }
    public MyDict(IDictionary<string,A> dict): base(dict) {
        // Initialize with data from the dict if necessary
        ...
    }
}
...
public MyDict GetSubSet(int testVal) {
    var ret = dict.Where(e => e.Value.aValue == testVal).
                   ToDictionary(k => k.Key, k => k.Value);
    return new MyDict(ret);
}