int incr(int i) {
  return i+1;
}

int decr(int i) {
  return i-1;
}

int add(int a, int b) {
  if (b <= 0) {
    return a;
  }
  return add(incr(a), decr(b));
}

int sub(int a, int b) {
  if (b <= 0) {
    return a;
  }
  return sub(decr(a), decr(b));
}

int addTimes(int a, int b, int times) {
  if (times == 0) {
    return a;
  }
  return addTimes(add(a,b), b, decr(times));
}

int mul(int a, int b) {
  if (b == 1) {
    return a;
  } else if (b == 0) {
    return 0;
  }
  return addTimes(0,a,b);
}

int mulTimes(int a, int b, int times) {
  if (times == 0) {
    return 1;
  }
  return mulTimes(mul(a,b), b, decr(times));
}

int pow(int a, int b) {
  if (b == 0) {
    return 1;
  } else if (b == 1) {
    return a;
  }
  return mulTimes(1, a, b);
}

int main() {
  cout << pow(1000,1000);
}