program := definitions

definitions := definition [definitions]

definition := variable-definition
           := namespace-definition
           := function-definition

pointer-modifier := '*' ['const']
array-modifier := '[' expression ']' [array-modifier] [pointer-modifier]
reference-modifier := '&'
                   := '&&'

type-modifiers := pointer-modifier
               := array-modifier
               := reference-modifier

type-base := identifier
          := expression
          := type-literal
          := 'auto'

type-definition := ['const'] ['volatile'] type-base [type-modifiers]
                
variable-definition := ['static'] [type-definition] identifier = expression
                    := ['static'] [type-definition] identifier function-call
                    := ['static'] [type-definition] identifier

namespace-definition := 'namespace' identifier '{' [definitions] '}'

function-definition := [type-definition] identifier function-arguments-list compound-statement

function-arguments-list := '(' function-arguments ')' [function-arguments-list]

function-arguments := [type-definition] identifier

variable-modifiers := ['static'] ['auto'] [type-definition]

type-definition-list := type-definition [',' type-definition-list]

function-call-expression := expression function-call
function-call := '(' [expression-list] ')'

identifier := [_\w][_\w\d]*

cast-expression := 'static_cast' function-call
                := 'dynamic_cast' function-call
                := 'reinterpret_cast' function-call
                := 'const_cast' function-call

arithmetic-expression := expression '*' expression
                      := expression '+' expression
                      := expression '/' expression
                      := expression '-' expression
                      := '+' expression
                      := '-' expression
                      := expression '+=' expression
                      := expression '*=' expression
                      := expression '/=' expression
                      := expression '-=' expression

boolean-expression := expression '>' expression
                   := expression '<' expression
                   := expression '==' expression
                   := expression '!=' expression
                   := expression '<=' expression
                   := expression '>=' expression
                   := '!' expression

member-expression := expression '.' identifier
                  := expression '->' identifier

bitwise-expression := expression '>>' expression
                   := expression '<<' expression
                   := expression '>>=' expression
                   := expression '<<=' expression
                   := '~' expression
                   := expression '&' expression
                   := expression '|' expression
                   := expression '^' expression

type-literal := 'type' [':' type-definition-list] '{' [definitions] '}'

integral-literal := \d+
                 := '0x' [\dA-F]+

string-literal := \"(\\.|[^\\"])*\"


floating-point-literal := \d+ '.' \d+

literal-expression := type-literal
                   := integral-literal
                   := floating-point-literal
                   := string-literal

access-expression := expression '[' expression ']'

assignment-expression := expression '=' expression

this-expression := 'this'

expression-list := [expression [',' expression-list]]

initializer-expression := expression
                       := variable-definition

expression := member-expression
           := boolean-expression
           := arithmetic-expression
           := cast-expression
           := function-call-expression
           := access-expression
           := assignment-expression
           := identifier
           := this-expression
           := literal-expression
           := bitwise-expression
           := type-definition

if-statement := 'if' '(' initializer-expression ')' statement [else-statement]
else-statement := 'else' statement

label-statement := identifier ':'
goto-statement := 'goto' identifier

return-statement := 'return' expression

throw-statement := 'throw' expression
try-statement := 'try' compound-statement catch-statement
catch-statement := 'catch' '(' type-definition identifier ')' compound-statement [catch-statement]
                := 'catch' '(' '...' ')' compound-statement

for-statement := 'for' '(' initializer-expression ';' expression ';' expression ')' compound-statement
while-statement := 'while' '(' initializer-expression ')' compound-statement
do-while-statement := 'do' compound-statement 'while' '(' expression ')'
case-statement := 'case' expression ':' statement-list [case-statement]
               := 'default' ':' statement-list
switch-statement := 'switch' '(' initializer-expression ')' '{' case-statement '}'

break-statement := 'break'
continue-statement := 'continue'

statement := expression
          := return-statement
          := if-statement
          := throw-statement
          := try-statement
          := compound-statement
          := label-statement
          := goto-statement
          := for-statement
          := while-statement
          := do-while-statement
          := switch-statement
          := break-statement
          := continue-statement

statement-list := statement [statement-list]

compound-statement := '{' [statement-list] '}'