#include #include using namespace std; typedef long long ll; const int maxn = 2e5 + 10; const int logn = 18; int parent[maxn][logn]; vector depth(maxn, 0); vector graph[maxn]; int timer = 0; int in_time[maxn], out_time[maxn]; void dfs(int node, int prev) { timer++; in_time[node] = timer; parent[node][0] = prev; for(int i = 1; i < logn; i++) { parent[node][i] = parent[parent[node][i - 1]][i - 1]; } for(int neighbour : graph[node]) { if(prev != neighbour) { dfs(neighbour, node); } } timer++; out_time[node] = timer; } bool is_ancestor(int a, int b) { return (in_time[a] <= in_time[b] and out_time[a] >= out_time[b]); } int LCA(int a, int b) { if(is_ancestor(a, b)) { return a; } if(is_ancestor(b, a)) { return b; } for(int i = logn - 1; i >= 0; i--) { if(!is_ancestor(parent[a][i], b)) { a = parent[a][i]; } } return parent[a][0]; } int main() { int n, q; cin >> n >> q; vector tree(n + 1, -1); for(int i = 2; i <= n; i++) { cin >> tree[i]; graph[i].push_back(tree[i]); graph[tree[i]].push_back(i); parent[i][0] = tree[i]; } parent[1][0] = -1; dfs(1, 1); while(q--) { int a, b; cin >> a >> b; cout << LCA(a, b) << endl; } return 0; }