In two countries, Japan and New Zealand, membership rates are higher than coverage rates. This
pattern appears to arise from a feature of ICTWSS adjusted coverage rate data that we use here. As
mentioned in the review of the ICTWSS data in the preceding section, the adjusted coverage rate is
calculated after excluding from the calculation workers who are not legally entitled to collective
bargaining (for example, some public-sector workers in some countries). As a result the workforce
used in the coverage calculation can, in some cases, be smaller than the workforce used in the
membership calculation (which includes all wage and salary employees).