7.3 Citations

When sources are directly or indirectly quoted, the original source must always be acknowledged. Citations are made both for direct quotations and for text paraphrased by the author of the thesis.

Printed Sources

When citing a book, the citation should include the author's last name, year of publication, and page number(s).
(Tuomi-Sorjonen 2013, 23.)
When there are two authors, an ampersand (&) is placed between their last names.
(Paloniitty & Kauppinen 2011, 13.)
When there are at least three authors, the citation includes only the first name and an abbreviation, etc.
(Hirsjärvi et al. 2009, 43–45.)
For articles in a periodical, newspaper, or a collection, the citation includes the author of the article, year of publication, and page(s). The citation looks the same as when citing a book.
(Ukkola 2016, 32.)
Multiple publications from the same author in the same year are distinguished from each other using lowercase letters both in the citation and the reference list.
(Juholin 2016a, 23; Juholin 2016b, 35.)
If there is no author for a source, the title is used as the citation.
(Koulutuksella tulevaisuuteen 2012, 14.)

Oral Sources

For oral sources (e.g., lectures, TV programs, or interviews for empirical research), a reference is made in the usual way, following the source and the year. The page number is omitted. Interviews conducted for empirical research are not listed as sources.
(Grönroos 2018.)

Electronic Sources

Information obtained from the internet or other electronic sources is cited according to the author and year. Page numbers are not required.
(Nieminen 2016.)
If the author is not mentioned, the organization's name and the year are used. If the year is not available, it is not mentioned.
(Posti Group Oyj 2016.)
(Terveydenhoitajaliitto.)
Multiple sources from the same author or organization in the same year are distinguished from each other using lowercase letters in the citation and reference list.
(PHSOTEY 2020a.)
(PHSOTEY 2020b.)
If there is no year, lowercase letters are marked as follows:
(Terveydenhoitajaliitto a.)
(Terveydenhoitajaliitto b.)
E-books and audiobooks are cited the same way as books:
(Erikson 2018.)
(Juujärvi et al. 2014.)
(Smith 2008.)
If the web document has numbered pages, the citation also includes the page from which the information is derived:
(Ratu C2-0454 2017, 3.)

Laws, Regulations, and Statutes

When referring to laws, regulations, statutes, etc., the citation includes the name of the law, regulation, or statute or its official abbreviation, chapter, year, and section(s) related to the information.
(Biopankkilaki 688/2012, 2 §.)
(Valtioneuvoston asetus huumausaineiden valvonnasta 548/2008, 11 §.)

Secondary Sources

Primary sources are generally used. If a primary source cannot be found, the author must inform the reader that the information is from a secondary source.
(Robson 1995) divides traditional research strategies into three groups: experiments, survey research, and case studies (Hirsjärvi et al. 2009, 134).
or
Traditional research strategies are divided into three groups: experiments, surveys, and case studies (Robson 1995, cited in Hirsjärvi et al. 2009, p. 134).
Only the secondary source, in this example, Hirsjärvi et al. 2009, is listed in the reference list.

7.3.1 Citation's Ending and Different Citation Formats

The period after the citation indicates the length of the quotation to the reader. When the citation concerns only one sentence, the citation is included in that sentence. The period ending the sentence is placed outside the parentheses.
Good personnel management can help all employees demonstrate and develop their expertise (Ekholm & Salmenkangas 2015, 35–36).
When the citation covers multiple sentences, a period is placed after the last sentence. In this case, the citation forms a separate entity, and a period is also placed inside the parentheses.
The value-added tax included in representation costs is not deductible. Representation costs are expenses aimed at creating new business relationships, maintaining or improving existing ones, or promoting business operations in some other way. (Tuomi-Sorjonen 2013, 53.)
If the same reference contains sources from several different authors, the source information is arranged in chronological order and separated by semicolons.
The duties of a public relations professional in a company or organization have been addressed in several works (Siukosaari 2015, 205; Ojanen 2016, 18; Kuutti 2017, 102).
The author can be mentioned at the beginning of the text paragraph. In this case, after the author's name, the year and page(s) are included in parentheses. The citation extends to the end of the paragraph, unless stated otherwise in the text.
(Siukosaari 2012, 93) states that the objective of management communication is clear: to increase awareness within the unit of everything related to performance, work, and the organization. The goal is also a good atmosphere within the unit and the entire organization. The findings of this thesis also support Siukosaari's observations.
In Siukosaari's (2012, 93) study, it is noted that the objective of management communication...
The key section is Section 6 of the Model Rights Act (221/71), which deals with...

It is good to use both citation styles mentioned above.

7.3.2 Direct Quotation

Direct quotations should be avoided unless the original text is so concise and illustrative that it cannot be made any clearer or more concise in the author's own words.

If it is necessary to include a direct quotation in the text, the quotation is marked by using quotation marks (“ ”). The citation follows the quotation and is enclosed in parentheses. The citation includes the author's last name, year of publication, and page number(s).

The reference list contains the same information as the citation, but the author's first name is also included. The entry begins with the author's last name.

Examples:
“Professional nurses’ ethics is a part of their daily work” (Mikkola 2014, 94).

Reference list:
Mikkola, Marja 2014. Ammattieettisten sairaanhoitajien eettisyys. Teoksessa Kaukainen 2014.
If the original text includes a direct quotation, the quotation is placed in quotation marks (“ ”), and a single quotation mark is used for the quotation within a quotation (‘ ’).
According to Aaltio (2014, 22), “’Management communication is all organizational communication that supports management communication goals.’” These are often related to the entire organization's goals.

7.3.3 Reference List

The reference list contains all the sources that the author has cited in the thesis. The sources are arranged in alphabetical order according to the author's last name. Sources with no author are arranged in alphabetical order according to the title. If the author of the source cannot be found, the organization's name is used.

The reference list must include all the necessary information about the source for the reader to find it. The reference list's first source begins on a new page. The title "References" is centered on the top of the page. All the sources must be listed in the original language of the source, using the Latin alphabet.

The author's name is mentioned in the reference list entry, the year of publication in parentheses, the title of the book or article in italics, the name of the series in which the book is published (if any) in italics, the volume number of the series in italics (if any), and the page number. The name of the publishing house or the publisher is mentioned.

The source information is placed as follows:

Author's name (last name first, the first name with the initial letter in capital letters), year of publication. Title of the book or article. Name of the series in which the book is published, volume number of the series (if any), page number. Publishing house or publisher's name.

Examples:
Ahola, T. 2013. Monipuolistuva ja erikoistuva kirjastokulttuuri.
Ahola, T. 2012. Monipuolistuva ja erikoistuva kirjastokulttuuri.
Kuvaja, E., Eriksson, L.-K., Iloma, S. 2013. Development of an Occupational Health Service System: Perspectives of the Customers and Occupational Health Personnel.

If the source has more than one author, the authors' names are separated by commas, and an ampersand (&) is placed before the name of the last author.
Examples:
Lyytikäinen, M., Nokelainen, P. & Tarhonen, L. 2010. Kysyntään vastaaminen ja asiakaslähtöisyys ovat julkishallinnon kehittämisen perusta.
Sulosaari, V., Huuskonen, M., Tornberg, T. & Vaismoradi, M. 2013. Nurse teacher education: In search of a teaching-learning model.
If the source has no author, the entry starts with the source's title in italics. If the source is published by an organization, the organization's name is used as the author's name.
Examples:
Terveyskirjasto. Verenpaine (s.a.).
Koulutuksella tulevaisuuteen. 2012. Perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelman perusteiden muutos. Kasvatus- ja koulutuslautakunnan asettama työryhmä.

7.3.4 Books

For books, the citation and reference list entries should be structured as follows:

Author's name (last name first, the first name with the initial letter in capital letters), year of publication. Title of the book in italics. Name of the series in which the book is published, volume number of the series (if any). Publishing house or publisher's name.

Example:

Mikkola, Marja 2014. Ammattieettisten sairaanhoitajien eettisyys. Teoksessa Kaukainen 2014.

7.3.5 Articles in a Periodical, Newspaper, or a Collection

For articles in a periodical, newspaper, or a collection, the citation and reference list entries should be structured as follows:

Author's name (last name first, the first name with the initial letter in capital letters), year of publication. Title of the article in quotation marks. Name of the periodical, newspaper, or collection in italics, volume number of the periodical (if any), page number. Publishing house or publisher's name.

Example:

Ukkola, A. 2016. Työnkierrot monialaisessa ryhmässä.

7.3.6 Internet Sources

For internet sources, the citation and reference list entries should be structured as follows:

Author's name (if available) or organization's name, year of publication. Title of the web document in italics. Name of the publication (if any) in italics. URL (Uniform Resource Locator), date of access.

Examples:

Nieminen, P. 2016. Henkilökohtaisten terveyskirjojen käyttö on lisääntynyt - osittain turhaan (s.a.). Retrieved from https://terkko.fi/
Posti Group Oyj 2016. Posti toimii myös yritysten edustajana ulkomailla. Retrieved from https://www.posti.fi/
Terveydenhoitajaliitto. Lomakkeet. Retrieved from https://www.terveydenhoitajaliitto.fi/
Terveydenhoitajaliitto. Koulutus ja kehittäminen. Retrieved from https://www.terveydenhoitajaliitto.fi/

7.3.7 Laws, Regulations, and Statutes

For laws, regulations, and statutes, the citation and reference list entries should be structured as follows:

Name of the law, regulation, statute, or official abbreviation, chapter, year, section(s) related to the information.

Examples:

Biopankkilaki 688/2012, 2 §.
Valtioneuvoston asetus huumausaineiden valvonnasta 548/2008, 11 §.

7.3.8 Secondary Sources

For secondary sources, the citation and reference list entries should be structured as follows:

Author's name, year of publication. Title of the secondary source in italics. Original author's name, year of publication. Title of the original source in italics. Page number of the quotation in the secondary source. Publishing house or publisher's name.

Example:

Räsänen, T., 2016. Esimiesten vuorovaikutustaidot. Lähteinä Partanen & Luukka 2007, 67–68.

7.3.9 Unpublished or Informal Sources

For unpublished or informal sources, the citation and reference list entries should be structured as follows:

Author's name (if available) or organization's name, year of the document. Title of the document in quotation marks. Type of document (e.g., memo, report). Name of the organization or entity that produced the document. URL (Uniform Resource Locator) or other information to access the document.

Examples:

Yliopistopedagogiikan keskus, 2016. "Oppimisalustan ohjeistus." Instructional material. Retrieved from https://uop.uef.fi/
Itä-Suomen yliopisto, Kansanterveystiede, 2013. "Ohjeistus terveyskirjojen laatimiseen." Unpublished guidelines.

The reference list should be formatted as follows:

References

Ahola, T. 2013. Monipuolistuva ja erikoistuva kirjastokulttuuri.
Ahola, T. 2012. Monipuolistuva ja erikoistuva kirjastokulttuuri.
Kuvaja, E., Eriksson, L.-K., Iloma, S. 2013. Development of an Occupational Health Service System: Perspectives of the Customers and Occupational Health Personnel.
7.3.10 Personal Communication

Personal communications should be cited in the text but not included in the reference list. They are typically noted in the following way:

Interviews (Author, personal communication, Month Day, Year)
Email or written correspondence (Author, personal communication, Month Day, Year)
Phone conversations (Author, personal communication, Month Day, Year)