1. Explain how Canada’s identity has been shaped as a result of its involvement  in international affairs from 1914 to 2000. (15%)

World War One • gained political independence from Britain • proved to be valiant fighters; well respected amongst other nations • Canada developed a voice in the Imperial Cabinet • militarily, Canada proved to be creative and respected • as a result of the war, Canada became more confident about its nationhood and it set the tone for greater international involvement in the interwar period

League of Nations • founding member of the League • signed as an independent nation • received its own seat • joined International Labour Organization • as a result, Canada developed a reputation as being a sound, rational and internationally socially conscious nation

Chanak Affair sept 1922• demonstrated that Canada would not be at the beck and call of Britain • set precedent for entry into World War Two • as a result, Canada has autonomy in declaration and involvements in war

Halibut Treaty 1923 • first independent treaty Canada signed • establishes path to economic independence of Canada • as a result, Canada is able to determine the terms of its treaties

Imperial Conference, 1926 • established Canadian embassies

Balfour report 1926: king was part of a committee that declared that all member states of the empire were independent and self-governing.

The person's case 1929
The famous five
Women won the case and persons are referred to as male and females

Statue of Westminster 1931
Gave Canada control over its foreign policy


World War Two • joined up on our terms • symbolic assertion of Canada’s sovereignty • valiant fighters • supported war effort • showed national commitment to stopping aggressive nations • as a result of the war, Canada became recognized as a moderate, middle power:  nationhood was fully established and it set the tone for Canada’s mediator role in the  post-war world

United Nations • involved in creation • has received seat on Security Council many times • demonstrated full commitment to its policies • developed a precedent for dealing with human rights • as a result, Canada is well respected internationally amongst member nations • Canada takes on role as peacekeeper

NATO • largely responsible for creating NATO • chose to be a non-nuclear nation and as a result has adopted a middle-power strategy • has been forced into various situations due to NATO policies = difficult

NORAD • by allying with the United States, Canada has become viewed as being in the back pocket of the United States • proved to be problematic when U.S. foreign policy is at odds with Canada’s

Korean War • proved role as a middle power • valiant fighters

Suez Crisis • proved that Canada can mediate internationally • Pearson seen internationally as a mediator

La Francophonie • showed that Canada is a bilingual nation interested in helping other nations • entrenched bilingual aspects of

identity • contributions within British Commonwealth of Nations

Foreign Relations • recognition of China • trading with communist regimes such as China and Cuba

CIDA • compassionate helping nation

Iran Hostage Crisis • Canada provided sanctuary to American citizens

Free Trade Agreement • tied Canada strongly to the United States • been detrimental to developing economic ties with other nations

First Gulf War • troop involvement through the United Nations

Somalia • cast shadow upon Canada’s military forces • tarnished its international image

Bosnia-Herzegovina and Rwanda • peacekeepers

Ottawa Protocol • ban landmines

Montreal Accord and Kyoto Protocol • commitment to protecting environment

2. Describe the negative impact of population growth on standards of living  in the developing world. (15%)

• rapid growth in the exploitation of natural resources — water, foods and minerals • crowded housing – the speed of growth of cities is too fast for fledgling governments to  manage effectively • poor quality housing • cost of land is prohibitively high; many migrants have to become squatters • food availability is poor • quality of food/agricultural production is marginal • high population density presents enormous challenges to governments – cost of infrastructure is extreme and countries do not have the financial capacity to  deal with rapid growth – services in poorer areas of cities are not available – people are marginalized • extreme poverty • disease spreads quickly due to lack of proper sanitation • degradation of water quality • education becomes less obtainable • basic health care becomes less obtainable – no birth control or education about it • environmental degradation occurs • poor and powerless communities are often displaced to make way for new roads for further development and buildings for wealthier communities • employment, traffic and transportation problems abound • communications, crime, energy, waste disposal, atmospheric pollution and  financial issues • pollution controls are often absent or loosely enforced in order to seek fuller employment • crime is often uncontrollable • many children live alone or on the streets once parents die – turn to prostitution – lives of crime – begging, peddling, stealing