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- SUBJECT POINT 6.6 (PURE WATER) **How to obtain pure water from salt water**
- Page 1
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- Obtaining pure water from salt water*
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- Have you ever wondered how you could purify seawater to drink it or how you could separate salt from water in saltwater? It's really very simple. The two most common methods are distillation and evaporation, but there are other ways to separate the two compounds.
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- Separate Salt and Water Using Distillation*
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- You can boil or evaporate the water and the salt will be left behind as a solid. If you want to collect the water, you can use distillation. This works because salt has a much higher boiling point than water. One way to separate salt and water at home is to boil the salt water in a pot with a lid. Offset the lid slightly so that the water that condenses on the inside of the lid will run down the side to be collected in a separate container. Congratulations! You've just made distilled water. When all of the water has boiled off, the salt will remain in the pot.
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- Separate Salt and Water Using Evaporation*
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- Evaporation works the same way as distillation, just at a slower rate. Pour the salt water into a shallow pan. As the water evaporates, the salt will remain behind. You can speed up the process by raising the temperature or by blowing dry air over the surface of the liquid. A variation of this method is to pour the salt water onto a piece of dark construction paper or a coffee filter. This makes recovering the salt crystals easier than scraping them out of the pan.
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- Other Methods To Separate Salt and Water*
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- Another way to separate salt from water is to use reverse osmosis. In this process, water is forced through a permeable filter, causing the concentration of salt to increase as the water is pushed out. While this method is effective, reverse osmosis pumps are relatively expensive. However, they can be used to purify water at home or when camping.
- Electrodialysis can be used to purify water. Here, a negatively-charged anode and a positively-charged cathode are placed in water and separated by a porous membrane. When an electric current is applied, the anode and cathode attract the positive sodium ions and negative chlorine ions, leaving behind the purified water. Note: this process does not necessarily make the water safe to drink, since uncharged contaminants may remain.
- A chemical method of separating salt and water involves adding decanoic acid to salt water. The solution is heated. Upon cooling, salt precipitates out of
- the solution, falling to the bottom of the container. The water and decanoic acid settle into separate layers, so the water can be removed.
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- Page 2 * Materials to be used and calculate the cost of the material*
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- Action plan
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- A)Form a mixture of water and salt
- B)Identify the methods to be used to separate the mixture of salt solution
- C)Determine the (((**materials to be used and calculate the total cost of material**)))
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- What are Direct Materials?*
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- Definition: Direct materials are raw materials that are made into finished products. These are not materials that are used in the production process. Direct materials are goods that physically become the finished product at the end of the manufacturing process. In other words, these are the tangible pieces or components of a finished product.
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- Examples*
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- You can think of a direct material a single part of the finished product. For example, the Harley Davidson manufacturing plant orders raw materials like sheet metal and pipes from foundries and other metal suppliers. Harley then takes these raw materials bends, welds, and chromes them in order to turn them into a set of exhaust pipes. These pipes are considered direct materials because they directly contribute to the production of a finished product, a motorcycle.
- So handle bars, fenders, pipes, gas tanks, and windshields are all considered direct materials in the production of a motorcycle. They are all components that can be traced back to the production of a finished product.
- What Does Direct Material Mean?
- It might be easier to think of the chain of events in a production process. Raw materials are purchased and turned into direct materials. These materials are then assembled and turned into finished goods. In this sense, direct materials can be considered goods in process inventory. Even though a set of handlebars is completely finished, the overall bike is still incomplete and a work in process.
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- Direct materials cost*
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- From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Direct materials cost the cost of direct materials which can be easily identified with the unit of production. For example, the cost of glass is a direct materials cost in light bulb manufacturing.[1]
- The manufacture of products or goods required material as the prime element. In general, these materials are divided into two categories. These categories are direct materials and indirect materials.[2]
- Direct materials are also called productive materials, raw materials[citation needed], raw stock, stores and only materials without any descriptive title.
- Direct materials cost estimation
- Steps to estimate the direct material costs:[3]
- Find the total amount to be produced. This is usually noted as the order size.
- Calculate the total amount of raw materials required to produce the order size.
- Multiply that amount by the cost associated with the raw materials.
- If there is a waste or scrap, its cost should be added to the costs in step 3.
- If the waste or scrap can be sold at salvage value, this value should be subtracted from the costs in step 4.
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- Page 3 Using the natural evaporation method (SUN)
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- Natural Evaporation Type Salt Manufacturing Process
- Resource Management using Distributed Embedded ***
- System
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- From website,
- ABSTRACT
- The conventional salt production a system in India is based on
- sea water solar(SUN) evaporation method with huge human
- intervenes. The Advance Control Decision Support system
- can manage environmental problems efficiently and increase
- salt product quality at low cost solution. The proposed
- system is a model for the parameter readings, environmental
- conditions monitoring and controlling and reporting to the
- Expert system. This system monitors level measuring, water
- pH, humidity in environment, temperature of the field,
- wind/air circulation speed, etc, These data continuously
- acquired through field bus and wireless network
- communication. Then controlling system analyzes acquired
- data and activates different actuators automatically. In this
- paper Controller Area Network field bus and Zigbee wireless
- network communication is proposed for automatic controlled
- distributed embedded system in natural solar evaporation salt
- production process.
- Keywords
- Distributed embedded system, Controller Area Network, Salt
- Evaporation Process, Zigbee
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- Salt is used as raw material in chemical industries for the
- production of chlorine (Cl) and caustic soda (sodium
- hydroxide, NaOH)[1]. Salt plays an important role in various
- fields in industries like Metal processing, ceramic,
- petrochemical, textile industries, etc.[1]. human body /animal
- require right intake of Salt to ensure their growth, strong
- immune and reproductive systems. Human body cannot
- produce salt itself. Human salt requirements ensure through
- various sources of salt in food for daily intake. The salt
- making procedures is varied by geographic region and
- depends on locally availability of resources [2]. India long
- seashore provides see water and suitable environment for
- natural solar evaporation for salt production, main salt
- manufacturing states are Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu,
- Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Orissa and West Bengal
- in India. Solar evaporation of brine to form salt works best in
- environment where sunlight available up to long time duration
- with high intensity and low relative humidity [2]. Solar
- evaporation is the best when fuel resources are limited and
- boiling of brine is not viable. Solar evaporation also useful at
- many inland saline where highly concentrated brine available
- which require less total evaporation time[2].This technique is
- common and commercially viable in coastal areas [2]. In
- Gujarat specifically Kuchh- runn(small white send desert)
- Area make salt from inland brine through traditional solar
- evaporation method in which most of the operations are
- handle by Salt workers manually[16]. In this area Due to high
- temperature and pure water shortage salt workers migrate at
- different place during summer which creates social problems.
- salt workers work normally 10 to 12 hours/day in a field and
- because of pure water shortage they take bath at 3 to 4 day
- interval which creates physical and medical problems like
- skin diesis, lung related diesis, Eye burning diesis, etc.[16]. In
- traditional salt manufacturing process all operations like water
- filling in the pond, water level maintenance, water salinity
- level, fresh water injection schedule, etc handle manually on
- the basis of human experience which may degrade product
- quality. Now a days advanced technology also available for
- salt production but its plant installation and equipment cost is
- very high. Different industrial applications essentially require
- a reliable communication without data loss for smooth
- functioning and better control performance [11]. Distributed
- system Control efficiency depends on task Performance and
- reliable communication between measurement nodes and
- actuators [13]. Advanced Technology adoption in industrial
- field can improve productivity and quality of crop with less
- effort [14]. Proposed system can provide solution to manage
- automatic field parameter reading and control the actuator
- devices. Hybrid network establish between different
- microcontrollers based embedded system module through
- twisted pair wired Controller Area Network (CAN) field bus
- and Zigbee wireless communication channel. Proposed
- system approach is implementation of embedded system
- technology in existing system to control various operations
- automatically from remote location at low cost with less
- human interference.
- BY : CHOK YIK ZAN
- EDWIN SHIM
- STANFORD THIEN
- YEHEZKIEL
- ALIFF HAKIMI
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