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  15. G R A S P
  16.  
  17. GRAphical System for Presentation
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  48.  
  49. Another USEware product from:
  50.  
  51. Microtex Industries, Inc.
  52. 2091 Business Center Drive
  53. Irvine, Ca. 92715
  54. (714) 476-0777
  55.  
  56. (714) 545-8100 - PCPaint Picture Swap Line
  57.  
  58. Current release number: 1.10 Current release date :05/86
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  124. GRASP - Table of Contents
  125. =========================
  126.  
  127. Overview of Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
  128.  
  129. What is GRASP? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
  130. What is on the GRASP disk? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
  131. Making a working copy of the GRASP disk . . . . . . . . 6
  132. Installing GRASP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
  133. GRASP Installation Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
  134. How do I use GRASP? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
  135. Running GRASP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
  136. The Grasp Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
  137. Simple GRASP Tutorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
  138. Running the library file version - GRASPRT . . . . . . . 18
  139. Using the GRASP Graphics Librarian - GLIB . . . . . . . 19
  140.  
  141. The commands of GRASP - Detailed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
  142.  
  143. BOX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
  144. CFADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
  145. CFREE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
  146. CHGCOLOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
  147. CIRCLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
  148. CLEARSCR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
  149. CLOAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
  150. COLOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
  151. EXEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
  152. EXIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
  153. FFREE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
  154. FGAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
  155. FLOAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
  156. FLOAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
  157. FLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
  158. FSTYLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
  159. GOSUB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
  160. GOTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
  161. IFKEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
  162. LINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
  163. LINK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
  164. LOOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
  165. MARK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
  166. MODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
  167. NOISE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
  168. OFFSET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
  169. PALETTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
  170. PAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
  171. PFADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
  172. PFREE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
  173. PLOAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
  174. POINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
  175. PUTUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
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  177. i
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  183. RESETSCR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
  184. RETURN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
  185. SETCOLOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
  186. TEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
  187. TRAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
  188. VIDEO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
  189. WAITKEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
  190. WINDOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
  191.  
  192. Tips, Hints, Examples and Demo Programs . . . . . . . . . . . 67
  193.  
  194. Example Program #1 - Slide Show . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
  195. Example Program #2 - How to animate using FLY . . . . . 70
  196.  
  197. APPENDIX A - Command Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
  198.  
  199. APPENDIX B - Fade Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
  200.  
  201. APPENDIX C - Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
  202.  
  203. APPENDIX D - Picture Swap Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
  204.  
  205. APPENDIX E - GRASP Order Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
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  235.  
  236. ii
  238.  
  239.  
  240.  
  241.  
  242. Overview of Product
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  295. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  296. Page: 1
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  356. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  357. Page: 2
  358.  
  360.  
  361.  
  362.  
  363.  
  364.  
  365. What is GRASP?
  366.  
  367. GRASP is a simple graphics programming pseudo-language which can be
  368. used to create and run animated graphics demonstrations, tutorials,
  369. and presentations on an IBM PC/XT/AT or respective compatible.
  370. GRASP requires that the user make use of some other tool, such as
  371. Mouse Systems' PCPAINT PLUS, to create PCPAINT PLUS packed page or
  372. BSAVE format pictures, or 'capture' screens from any other graphics
  373. software with the provided capture utility program. This product
  374. was developed by the folks at Microtex Industries, the authors of
  375. PCPAINT PLUS, so it is patterned to take advantage of the pictures,
  376. clippings and fonts created with PCPAINT PLUS and its related
  377. utilities, like FONTASIA and ARTOOLS.
  378.  
  379. GRASP was designed to be the base for many other products. GRASP
  380. files can be generated by programs written in virtually any other
  381. language. This allows great flexibility to users in many different
  382. areas. It is this flexibility that sets GRASP apart from its
  383. competitors. GRASP in its raw form, as you have it here, is not
  384. indended to be a user-friendly, end-user tool. It is, however,
  385. simple enough that any user can quickly learn how to manipulate
  386. GRASP files with ease.
  387.  
  388.  
  389. Features:
  390.  
  391. * Supports IBM CGA, IBM EGA, HERCULES, AST ColorGraphPlus,
  392. Plantronics, AST Preview, 3 text modes.
  393.  
  394. * 16 Picture Buffers
  395.  
  396. * 128 Clipping Buffers
  397.  
  398. * Single command to control animation sequences
  399.  
  400. * 25 different fades with limitless combinations
  401.  
  402. * Simple ASCII file format
  403.  
  404. * FONTRIX(tm) font compatible
  405.  
  406. * Fully PCPAINT PLUS from MOUSE SYSTEMS(tm) compatible
  407.  
  408. * Run Custom Programs from within GRASP program
  409.  
  410.  
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  412.  
  413.  
  414.  
  415.  
  416.  
  417. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  418. Page: 3
  419.  
  421.  
  422.  
  423.  
  424.  
  425. What is on the GRASP disk?
  426.  
  427.  
  428. The following files are on the GRASP disk
  429.  
  430. GRASP.EXE -
  431.  
  432. This is the main GRASP program. This version of GRASP gets the
  433. pictures, character sets, clippings and text files it needs from
  434. the current directory on your current disk drive, unless otherwise
  435. specified in the text files. This program allows you to create,
  436. edit and execute your GRASP programs.
  437.  
  438. GRASPRT.EXE -
  439.  
  440. This is the run-time version of GRASP. This version of GRASP gets
  441. the pictures, character sets, clippings, and text it needs from a
  442. graphics library created with the GRASP graphics librarian GLIB.
  443. This version only allows you to execute completed programs that are
  444. in library form. No editing of the files is possible. This .EXE
  445. file, along with your .GL file, may be distributed without license
  446. fees or other compensation.
  447.  
  448. GLIB.COM -
  449.  
  450. Library manager for version GRASPRT of GRASP product. Allows
  451. management of all necessary files in a library environment rather
  452. than as files in a subdirectory on a disk.
  453.  
  454. CAP.COM -
  455.  
  456. Capture program for capturing screens and clippings from all your
  457. favorite software.
  458.  
  459. WHATPIC.EXE -
  460.  
  461. Utility program to determine size and color combinations of PCPAINT
  462. PLUS pictures.
  463.  
  464. WHATCLP.EXE -
  465.  
  466. Utility program to determine size and color combinations of PCPAINT
  467. PLUS clippings.
  468.  
  469. *.SET -
  470.  
  471. Some fonts for you to use in your demo.
  472.  
  473. *.HLP -
  474.  
  475. Various help files.
  476.  
  477.  
  478. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  479. Page: 4
  480.  
  482.  
  483.  
  484.  
  485.  
  486. GRASP.PIC -
  487.  
  488. A 4 color CGA picture to use for testing and learning about GRASP.
  489.  
  490. ALLFADES.TXT -
  491.  
  492. A sample GRASP text file that uses GRASP.PIC and demonstrates all
  493. the different fades.
  494.  
  495. GRASP.MAN -
  496.  
  497. The GRASP manual. You are reading it right now!
  498.  
  499. CAP.MAN -
  500.  
  501. A short manual on CAP, the resident capture utility.
  502.  
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  539. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  540. Page: 5
  541.  
  543.  
  544.  
  545.  
  546.  
  547. Making a working copy of the GRASP disk
  548.  
  549.  
  550. The GRASP disk is not copy protected in any way. You should back up
  551. the disk using the DOS diskcopy command, or you may perform a file
  552. by file backup to a hard disk using the DOS copy command. There are
  553. several different ways to copy disks under DOS, but the following
  554. will work on almost any hardware configuration since all it
  555. requires is access to the DOS master disk and 1 floppy disk drive.
  556.  
  557. For PCs with 1 or 2 floppys, or an XT or AT with 1 floppy:
  558.  
  559. Put your DOS master disk in drive A and turn on the machine or
  560. press CTRL-ALT-DEL to re-boot the system. Enter the Date and Time
  561. when prompted and you should see the system prompt:
  562.  
  563. A>_
  564.  
  565. Type:
  566.  
  567. A>DISKCOPY A: A:
  568.  
  569. and press the return key. You will be prompted to put the SOURCE
  570. disk in drive A. Remove the DOS master disk from drive A, put the
  571. GRASP distribution disk in, close the door and press the return
  572. key. After it reads some information, DOS will ask you to put the
  573. TARGET disk in drive A. Put a blank disk (formatted or unformatted)
  574. into drive A, close the door and press return. If your machine has
  575. less than 512K of memory, you may be prompted to perform this disk
  576. exchange several times. When the process is complete, put the GRASP
  577. disk away in a safe place and use the backup copy for your work.
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  600. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  601. Page: 6
  602.  
  604.  
  605.  
  606.  
  607.  
  608. Installing GRASP
  609.  
  610.  
  611. Simple Set-Up
  612. -------------
  613.  
  614. To develop demos under the grasp system, you need to have the
  615. following GRASP files and programs accessible:
  616.  
  617. GRASP.EXE
  618. CM1.HLP
  619. CM2.HLP
  620. ED1.HLP
  621. FD1.HLP
  622. FD2.HLP
  623. RP1.HLP
  624.  
  625. as well as your pictures, clippings and fonts.
  626.  
  627. With all of these files in one subdirectory, you will be able to
  628. create and edit your demo program and have access to the help. If
  629. you do not need the help files, you may omit them. If you are going
  630. to be creating a library version of your demo, you will also need
  631. access to the librarian utility, GLIB.EXE.
  632.  
  633.  
  634.  
  635. Advanced Set-Up
  636. ---------------
  637.  
  638. The following is an example of a well set-up system on a hard disk,
  639. including PCPAINT, so that you can edit pictures and clippings and
  640. create your demo with a minimum of effort.
  641.  
  642. From the root directory, create a sub-directory called PAINTLIB and
  643. put all the PCPAINT files in it. (This is the recommended method
  644. for installing PCPAINT). In addition, be sure your PATH statement
  645. points to PAINTLIB and set up an environment variable to point to
  646. PAINTLIB as well with the command:
  647.  
  648. SET PAINTLIB=C:\PAINTLIB
  649.  
  650. Also make a sub-directory off the root called GRASP. Copy the GRASP
  651. disk contents to the sub-directory GRASP. Add the GRASP directory
  652. to your PATH command. Then create a DEMO directory, change to it,
  653. and run GRASP by typing GRASP at the command prompt. When you are
  654. in the GRASP editor, you can run PCPAINT by pressing ALT-F10 and
  655. your previous PATH and SET statements will help DOS know where to
  656. find it. The following diagram is an example:
  657.  
  658.  
  659.  
  660.  
  661. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  662. Page: 7
  663.  
  665.  
  666.  
  667.  
  668.  
  669. GRASP Installation Diagram
  670.  
  671.  
  672. This diagram shows the proper structure for your sub-directories
  673. for GRASP to perform in the above stated manner. This is not a
  674. requirement, just an example.
  675.  
  676. ___________
  677. | |
  678. | C:\Root |
  679. |___________|
  680. ________________________|________________________ . . . .
  681. ______|_______ ______|______ __________|__________
  682. | | | | | |
  683. | PAINTLIB | | GRASP | | DOS or OTHER |
  684. |______________| |_____________| |_____________________|
  685. : : | :
  686. PCPAINT.EXE GRASP.EXE | DOS files
  687. PxPAINT.OVR ED1.HLP | Various batch files
  688. CAP.COM CM1.HLP |
  689. CM2.HLP |
  690. CM3.HLP |
  691. FD1.HLP |
  692. FD2.HLP |
  693. RP1.HLP |
  694. |
  695. ___________|_
  696. | |
  697. | Demos |
  698. |_____________|
  699.  
  700. Then these statements would be in your AUTOEXEC.BAT file:
  701.  
  702. SET PAINTLIB=C:\PAINTLIB
  703. PATH C:\PAINTLIB;C:\GRASP;C:\whateverelseyouwant...
  704.  
  705. With this set-up, you can be in any directory and run GRASP by
  706. typing GRASP and PCPAINT by typing PCPAINT. You have full access to
  707. all help files and the PCPAINT system. The auto-run feature in
  708. GRASP (ALT-F10) allows you to run PCPAINT while in GRASP. It looks
  709. for PCPAINT in the \PAINTLIB directory. The GRASP help files are
  710. only accessible if they are in one of three places:
  711.  
  712. 1) In the current directory
  713. 2) In the directory pointed to by the environment string 'PAINTLIB'
  714. 3) In a sub-directory off the root called 'GRASP'
  715.  
  716. GRASP performs a search for the help files in this order. If they
  717. are not found, a message will appear when you first run grasp
  718. telling you so. You may run GRASP without access to the help files,
  719. but you will get a beep if you try to access them.
  720.  
  721.  
  722. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  723. Page: 8
  724.  
  726.  
  727.  
  728.  
  729.  
  730. How do I use GRASP?
  731.  
  732.  
  733. To use GRASP you need to do 3 things.
  734.  
  735.  
  736. 1) Create the pictures and clippings you want to use with PCPAINT
  737. PLUS, or capture them the the CAP utility.
  738.  
  739. 2) Use the built-in GRASP editor to create an GRASP 'program' which
  740. is nothing more than a list of GRASP commands and some comments.
  741.  
  742. 3) Run your demonstration by pressing F10 from the editor or by
  743. selecting EXECUTE FILE from the main GRASP menu.
  744.  
  745.  
  746. It's that simple. If you want to give your demo away, you must put
  747. the .PIC, .CLP, .SET and .TXT files into a library with the GLIB
  748. utility, and distribute the library file with GRASPRT.EXE.
  749.  
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  754.  
  755.  
  756.  
  757.  
  758.  
  759.  
  760.  
  761.  
  762.  
  763.  
  764.  
  765.  
  766.  
  767.  
  768.  
  769.  
  770.  
  771.  
  772.  
  773.  
  774.  
  775.  
  776.  
  777.  
  778.  
  779.  
  780.  
  781.  
  782.  
  783. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  784. Page: 9
  785.  
  787.  
  788.  
  789.  
  790.  
  791. Running GRASP
  792.  
  793. To run the GRASP, enter at the command prompt:
  794.  
  795. A:>GRASP
  796.  
  797. You will be presented with a screen that looks something like this:
  798.  
  799. G R A S P
  800. GRAphical System for Presentation
  801. Version 1.10* - May, 1986
  802. Copyright (C) 1986 - Microtex Industries, Inc.
  803.  
  804. Edit File
  805. Execute File
  806. Load File
  807. Save File
  808. Quit GRASP
  809.  
  810. Current File: TMPFILE
  811.  
  812. To select an option from this menu, use the up and down arrow keys
  813. until the option you want to select is highlighted. Then just press
  814. return and the option is selected. Each of these options has a
  815. special meaning to GRASP.
  816.  
  817. Edit File: The Edit File option tells GRASP that you want to go to
  818. the editor and create or modify your GRASP program file.
  819.  
  820. Execute File: The Execute File option tells GRASP to execute the
  821. currently loaded GRASP program file.
  822.  
  823. Load File: The Load File option allows you to tell GRASP to load in
  824. an existing file, or to create a new one. Notice that just below
  825. the menu there is an area with the current filename listed. When
  826. you first run GRASP, the system will default to a file named
  827. TMPFILE. This is the name that GRASP will use unless you specify a
  828. new one. To specify a new one, just type in the name you want. DO
  829. NOT specify the filename extension. GRASP will automatically use
  830. the extension .TXT for you. To create a new file, just perform the
  831. load as though the file you want already exists. GRASP is smart
  832. enough to understand and create a new file for you. If a file is
  833. already loaded, and changes have been made, GRASP will prompt you
  834. for saving before allowing you to load another. This keeps you from
  835. trashing your current file.
  836.  
  837. Save File: The Save File option tells GRASP that you want to save
  838. the current working GRASP program file. It works much the same as
  839. the load command. Just specify the name you want to save the file
  840. under and press return. The system will default to the current
  841. working name.
  842.  
  843.  
  844. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  845. Page: 10
  846.  
  848.  
  849.  
  850.  
  851.  
  852. Quit GRASP: The Quit GRASP option tells the system that you want to
  853. exit GRASP. If a file is loaded and has been changed since the last
  854. save, GRASP will prompt you for saving before allowing you to quit.
  855.  
  856. Be sure to save your file before quitting!
  857.  
  858.  
  859. Of these options, the only one that requires special consideration
  860. is the first one, Edit File. Select that option and let's explore
  861. the world of the GRASP editor...
  862.  
  863.  
  864.  
  865.  
  866.  
  867.  
  868.  
  869.  
  870.  
  871.  
  872.  
  873.  
  874.  
  875.  
  876.  
  877.  
  878.  
  879.  
  880.  
  881.  
  882.  
  883.  
  884.  
  885.  
  886.  
  887.  
  888.  
  889.  
  890.  
  891.  
  892.  
  893.  
  894.  
  895.  
  896.  
  897.  
  898.  
  899.  
  900.  
  901.  
  902.  
  903.  
  904.  
  905. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  906. Page: 11
  907.  
  909.  
  910.  
  911.  
  912.  
  913.  
  914. The Grasp Editor
  915.  
  916.  
  917. If you have selected the Edit File option from the main menu, you
  918. will now be in the GRASP editor. The screen should have a blue line
  919. across the top that looks like the following:
  920.  
  921.  
  922. TMPFILE COL:1 LINE:1 POS:0 LEN:0 INSERT ON
  923.  
  924. These are just information items about the current file you are
  925. working on and the mode you are operating in. Starting at the left
  926. is the name of the current file, which defaults to TMPFILE. Next
  927. comes the current cursor column number, the current cursor line
  928. number, the current cursor's character position relative to the
  929. entire file, and the total number of characters in the current
  930. file. At the far right is the status of the INS key on your
  931. keyboard. If INSERT mode is ON, then characters you type will be
  932. inserted before the character just to the right of the cursor. If
  933. INSERT mode is OFF, then characters to the right of the cursor will
  934. be overwritten. This second mode, INSERT OFF, is commonly called
  935. OVERSTRIKE mode. This information is just there for reference, and
  936. with the exception of the INSERT mode signal, you probably won't
  937. need to refer to it too often.
  938.  
  939. The first three function keys are the most important keys to learn
  940. in the GRASP editor. GRASP provides 'Quick Help' for three
  941. different areas and is accessable by pressing F1, F2 or F3.
  942.  
  943. NOTE: If you press one of these function keys and hear a low tone
  944. from your computer and no help appears, it means that GRASP
  945. couldn't find the .HLP files that were on your distribution disk.
  946. If you want to use the help. the .HLP files must be on the current
  947. drive and directory, in a directory called 'GRASP' directly off the
  948. root directory, or in a directory pointed to by the environment
  949. string 'PAINTLIB'. See INSTALLING GRASP for more details.
  950.  
  951. F1 - Provides help in using the GRASP Editor. This includes a list
  952. of the most commonly used editing keys and a description of what
  953. each function key is used for.
  954.  
  955. F2 - Provides a quick summary listing of all available GRASP
  956. commands. This information is not a complete reference on the
  957. commands of GRASP, but rather a command syntax reference so that
  958. you can insure proper useage of the commands and a brief
  959. description of what the command is used for.
  960.  
  961. F3 - Provides a summary listing of the 25 GRASP fades and their
  962. respective numbers. Remember that all fades can be used for
  963. graphics pictures, text pictures, pictures in a window and
  964. clippings.
  965.  
  966. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  967. Page: 12
  968.  
  970.  
  971.  
  972.  
  973.  
  974.  
  975. If this is your first time running GRASP and you are too lazy or
  976. too bored to read the entire manual, you should find enough
  977. information in these help keys to get you started.
  978.  
  979. If you want to learn a little more about the editor, here is a full
  980. description of all the keys available in the GRASP editor.
  981.  
  982. F1 - Quick help with the editor.
  983. F2 - Quick help with the commands.
  984. F3 - Quick help with the fades and video modes.
  985. F4 - Start/End highlighting a block.
  986. F5 - Copy a highlighted block.
  987. F6 - Move a highlighted block.
  988. F7 - Read a block in from disk.
  989. F8 - Write a highlighted block to disk.
  990. F9 - Save current file and run from current line.
  991. F10 - Save current file and run from the top.
  992.  
  993. ALT/F1 - Quick exit to DOS. Typing EXIT at the DOS propmt returns
  994. you to the GRASP editor.
  995.  
  996. ALT/F10 - Run PCPAINT from within the GRASP editor. PCPAINT.EXE
  997. and its overlays must be in a subdirectory called
  998. PAINTLIB off the root directory on the current drive.
  999.  
  1000. CTRL-K-X or
  1001. ESC - Quit the editor. Do not save file. Leave flag set that
  1002. indicates changes if they have been made.
  1003.  
  1004. CTRL-K-Q - Quit the editor. Do not save file. Reset flag to
  1005. indicate no changes have been made.
  1006.  
  1007. CTRL-K-D or
  1008. ALT/X - Quit the editor, save file if changes have been made.
  1009.  
  1010. CTRL-K-S or
  1011. ALT/S or
  1012. ALT/W - Save the current file and continue editing.
  1013.  
  1014. ALT/L or
  1015. ALT/R - Reload the current file and continue editing,
  1016. overwriting any changes made.
  1017.  
  1018. CTRL-Y or
  1019. ALT/D - Delete current line.
  1020.  
  1021. CTRL-N - Insert a carriage return and leave cursor at current
  1022. line.
  1023.  
  1024. CTRL-K-B - Mark block beginnng. Same as the first time you hit F4.
  1025.  
  1026.  
  1027. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  1028. Page: 13
  1029.  
  1031.  
  1032.  
  1033.  
  1034.  
  1035. CTRL-K-K - Mark block end. Same as the second time you hit F4.
  1036.  
  1037. CTRL-Q-B - Go to block beginning.
  1038.  
  1039. CTRL-Q-K - Go to block end.
  1040.  
  1041. CTRL-K-C - Copy a block. Same as F5.
  1042.  
  1043. CTRL-K-V - Move a block. Same as F6.
  1044.  
  1045. CTRL-K-R - Read block at cursor position. Same as F7.
  1046.  
  1047. CTRL-K-W - Write block. Same as F8.
  1048.  
  1049. CTRL-K-Y - Delete highlighted block.
  1050.  
  1051. CTRL-HOME or
  1052. CTRL-Q-R - Go to top of file.
  1053.  
  1054. CTRL-END or
  1055. CTRL-Q-C - Go to end of file.
  1056.  
  1057. CTRL-RIGHT ARROW or
  1058. CTRL-F - Skip word right.
  1059.  
  1060. CTRL-LEFT ARROW or
  1061. CTRL-A - Skip word left.
  1062.  
  1063. CTRL-Q-S or
  1064. HOME - Go to beginning of line.
  1065.  
  1066. CTRL-Q-D or
  1067. END - Go to end of line.
  1068.  
  1069. INS - Turns insert mode on and off.
  1070.  
  1071. DEL - Deletes character under cursor and adjusts text.
  1072.  
  1073. ARROW KEYS / PGUP / PGDN and Wordstar(tm) 'Diamond' equivalents
  1074. move cursor around document.
  1075.  
  1076. Now that you know how to use the editor, let's see exactly how to
  1077. make a demo...
  1078.  
  1079.  
  1080.  
  1081.  
  1082.  
  1083.  
  1084.  
  1085.  
  1086.  
  1087.  
  1088. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  1089. Page: 14
  1090.  
  1092.  
  1093.  
  1094.  
  1095.  
  1096. Simple GRASP Tutorial
  1097.  
  1098. Loading and displaying a picture:
  1099.  
  1100. It is important to understand that GRASP is very much a LINE
  1101. oriented programming pseudo-language. It is called this because
  1102. inter-line dependencies have been kept to a minimum. In simpler
  1103. terms, GRASP interprets one line at a time, executes it, then goes
  1104. and gets the next line. Except for a few special cases, what
  1105. happens on each line is relatively independent of the previous line
  1106. or the next line. This is important because if you understand this,
  1107. then creating a GRASP program will be easier to understand in
  1108. concept.
  1109.  
  1110. Each line can start with only one of three things:
  1111.  
  1112. 1) A GRASP command. (PRESS F2 to see all the GRASP commands)
  1113.  
  1114. 2) A semicolon - ';'. This indicates the beginning of a comment.
  1115.  
  1116. 3) A label. This can be any continuous string of ASCII characters
  1117. with the exception of space, and must be followed by a colon - ':'.
  1118.  
  1119. This keeps the GRASP interpreter's job simple. It either sees a
  1120. command, and immediately looks for possible parameters, or a
  1121. semicolon, in which case it ignores the rest of that line, or a
  1122. label, which it puts into a list so it can find it later if needed.
  1123. Any variation from these three options will result in GRASP
  1124. thinking that what you typed was a GRASP command which it cannot
  1125. understand, and results in an 'INVALID COMMAND IN LINE XXX' message
  1126. when you try to execute the program.
  1127.  
  1128. Usually, you will want to start you GRASP program with a comment,
  1129. like a title of your program or your name, etc. Type:
  1130.  
  1131. ; DEMO Program for GRASP
  1132.  
  1133. and press return. You now have written a 1-line GRASP program.
  1134.  
  1135. Exciting huh? I'll bet you can't wait for more.
  1136.  
  1137. The very first command in every GRASP program should be a VIDEO
  1138. command which tells GRASP which video mode you want to use. If you
  1139. select a video mode that is not available on your computer, GRASP
  1140. will try to understand and tell you so. If you get wierd results,
  1141. or the screen seems to go crazy, don't worry, just check the
  1142. reference section of this manual to be sure you are using a valid
  1143. video mode. For this tutorial, we will assume that your computer
  1144. has an IBM Color Graphics Adapter or compatible, and we will use
  1145. the standard 4 color 320x200 mode, which GRASP understands as video
  1146. mode A. Type the following (exactly as spelled below, with upper
  1147. case):
  1148.  
  1149. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  1150. Page: 15
  1151.  
  1153.  
  1154.  
  1155.  
  1156.  
  1157.  
  1158. ; DEMO Program for GRASP
  1159. ;
  1160. video Q
  1161.  
  1162. Now press F10 to execute the program. (By the way, all this does is
  1163. set the video mode and come back to the editor. Not too exciting
  1164. yet, but we're getting there...)
  1165.  
  1166. You should get a message that says
  1167.  
  1168. Illegal argument(s) at line 3
  1169. File TMPFILE.TXT
  1170. Press any Key to Continue
  1171.  
  1172. Any time you see the message, it means that the command you entered
  1173. was correct, but one of the arguments you entered was incorrect.
  1174. Press a key and you will be returned back to the editor, to the
  1175. line where the error occured. The problem here is that Q is an
  1176. invalid video mode. Change it to A (which stands for CGA 320x200 4
  1177. color mode) and press F10 again. Your screen should blink and the
  1178. you will be put back in the editor.
  1179.  
  1180. Now we have named the program and set up a video mode, so it's time
  1181. to try out some graphics commands. On the distribution disk is a
  1182. picture named GRASP.PIC. This is a 4 color picture from the
  1183. CGADEMO.GL file. Let's load it into GRASP and display it using a
  1184. variety of fades.
  1185.  
  1186. ; DEMO Program for GRASP
  1187. ;
  1188. video A
  1189. ;
  1190. pload grasp,1 ; load picture into buffer #1
  1191. pfade 0,1,0,0 ; fade it to the screen using fade
  1192. ; #0
  1193. waitkey ; wait for a keypress before
  1194. ; returning to the editor.
  1195.  
  1196. now, press F10 and you should see the GRASP.PIC picture loaded and
  1197. displayed.
  1198.  
  1199. Change the first parameter of the pfade command to any number
  1200. between 0 and 25 and watch all the different special effects. Then
  1201. to slow things down, try a number like 50 for the third parameter,
  1202. which is the speed of the fade. Speed seems to have no effect on
  1203. some fades, while on others, it makes a lot of difference. This is
  1204. because of the nature of each individual fade. To optimize the
  1205. performance of GRASP, it was decided that speed would be a relative
  1206. number, that is, relative to the actual fade. This way, each fade
  1207. may be accurately controlled from its fastest speed to its slowest.
  1208.  
  1209.  
  1210. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  1211. Page: 16
  1212.  
  1214.  
  1215.  
  1216.  
  1217.  
  1218. Let's do one more command, the WINDOW command. Window means don't
  1219. allow any part of the picture that lies outside of a specific
  1220. rectangle to be faded to the screen. Add the window command to your
  1221. demo program as follows:
  1222.  
  1223. ; DEMO Program for GRASP
  1224. ;
  1225. video A
  1226. ;
  1227. pload grasp,1 ; load picture into buffer #1
  1228. window 0,0,100,100 ; set fade clip window
  1229. pfade 0,1,0,0 ; fade it to the screen using fade
  1230. ; #0
  1231. waitkey ; wait for a keypress before
  1232. ; returning to the editor.
  1233.  
  1234. now press F10 and watch the difference. You should see that only
  1235. the lower left part of your picture was actually dissolved to the
  1236. screen. Change the coordinates of the window command and watch the
  1237. results.
  1238.  
  1239. One other note: The window command can only operate on byte
  1240. boundaries. For most video modes, this means every 8 pixels in the
  1241. x direction. You don't have to worry because WINDOW will
  1242. automatically adjust itself to a byte boundary.
  1243.  
  1244. This concludes this lesson. Other commands in GRASP work in a
  1245. similar fashion. Experiment with them. Just remember to keep track
  1246. of your video modes and buffers. You may also want to take apart
  1247. the demo program, CGADEMO.GL using the GLIB.EXE utility and look at
  1248. the code for more examples.
  1249.  
  1250.  
  1251.  
  1252.  
  1253.  
  1254.  
  1255.  
  1256.  
  1257.  
  1258.  
  1259.  
  1260.  
  1261.  
  1262.  
  1263.  
  1264.  
  1265.  
  1266.  
  1267.  
  1268.  
  1269.  
  1270.  
  1271. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  1272. Page: 17
  1273.  
  1275.  
  1276.  
  1277.  
  1278.  
  1279. Running the library file version - GRASPRT
  1280.  
  1281.  
  1282. The Library file, or runtime version of the program is identical to
  1283. the text file version except that the interpreter gets its
  1284. information from a library file instead of the current disk and
  1285. directory. The GLIB utility will put all of your .PIC, .CLP, .SET
  1286. and .TXT files into a library with the extension GL. To run your
  1287. demo execute the command:
  1288.  
  1289. GRASPRT <libfile> <textfile>
  1290.  
  1291. If the textfile is omitted from the command line, GRASP will
  1292. execute the first text file it finds in the library.
  1293.  
  1294. To run the demo that comes with GRASP, type:
  1295.  
  1296. GRASPRT CGADEMO
  1297.  
  1298.  
  1299.  
  1300.  
  1301.  
  1302.  
  1303.  
  1304.  
  1305.  
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  1322.  
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  1325.  
  1326.  
  1327.  
  1328.  
  1329.  
  1330.  
  1331.  
  1332. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  1333. Page: 18
  1334.  
  1336.  
  1337.  
  1338.  
  1339.  
  1340. Using the GRASP Graphics Librarian - GLIB
  1341.  
  1342. The Graphics LIBrarian, GLIB.EXE, is used in the following manner:
  1343.  
  1344. GLIB [-dstuea] libname [files...]
  1345.  
  1346. where the following commands are supported:
  1347.  
  1348. -d delete file from library
  1349. -s extended file list
  1350. -t quick file list
  1351. -u update (add) file to library
  1352. -e extract file from library
  1353. -a extract all files from library
  1354.  
  1355. For example, if you wanted to put all of the .PIC files in the
  1356. current directory into a library file named MYFILE, you would type:
  1357.  
  1358. GLIB -u MYFILE *.PIC
  1359.  
  1360. Or if you wanted to extract GRASP.PIC from the library CGADEMO, you
  1361. would type:
  1362.  
  1363. GLIB -e CGADEMO GRASP.PIC
  1364.  
  1365. Be sure that all files needed for your demo are in the library
  1366. file before you try to run it. Otherwise, you may get error
  1367. messages.
  1368.  
  1369. NOTE:
  1370. You cannot use wild cards for extracting or deleting in this
  1371. version (1.0) of GLIB. However, you may use wild cards for adding
  1372. to or updating the library.
  1373.  
  1374. More Examples:
  1375.  
  1376. GLIB -d DEMO FRED.TXT
  1377.  
  1378. will delete the file 'fred.txt' from library file DEMO.GL
  1379.  
  1380. GLIB -e DEMO LOGO.CLP
  1381.  
  1382. will extract the clipping 'logo.clp' from library file DEMO.GL
  1383.  
  1384. GLIB -u DEMO MTX.CLP
  1385.  
  1386. will add/replace the picture 'mtx.pic' to library file DEMO.GL
  1387.  
  1388.  
  1389.  
  1390.  
  1391.  
  1392.  
  1393. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  1394. Page: 19
  1395.  
  1397.  
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  1454. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  1455. Page: 20
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  1460.  
  1461.  
  1462.  
  1463. The commands of GRASP - Detailed
  1464.  
  1465.  
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  1515. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  1516. Page: 21
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  1575.  
  1576. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  1577. Page: 22
  1578.  
  1580.  
  1581.  
  1582.  
  1583.  
  1584. BOX BOX
  1585.  
  1586.  
  1587. Summary:
  1588. -------
  1589.  
  1590. BOX allows you to draw a box on the screen in the current drawing
  1591. color.
  1592.  
  1593.  
  1594. Syntax:
  1595. ------
  1596.  
  1597. BOX startx, starty, endx, endy, <width>
  1598.  
  1599. where 'startx' and 'starty' is the point of one corner of the box
  1600. and 'endx' and endy' is the point of the opposite corner of the
  1601. box. Width is the number of pixels wide you want the box to be.
  1602. Width is drawn 'inward' from the original box.
  1603.  
  1604.  
  1605. Example:
  1606. -------
  1607.  
  1608. BOX 0,0,100,100
  1609.  
  1610. will draw a box in the current drawing color from x=0, y=0 to
  1611. x=100, y=100.
  1612.  
  1613.  
  1614. Comments:
  1615. --------
  1616.  
  1617. Transparent mode does not affect this command. Default width is 1.
  1618. BOX is not available in text modes.
  1619.  
  1620.  
  1621.  
  1622.  
  1623.  
  1624.  
  1625.  
  1626.  
  1627.  
  1628.  
  1629.  
  1630.  
  1631.  
  1632.  
  1633.  
  1634.  
  1635.  
  1636.  
  1637. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  1638. Page: 23
  1639.  
  1641.  
  1642.  
  1643.  
  1644.  
  1645. CFADE CFADE
  1646.  
  1647.  
  1648. Summary:
  1649. -------
  1650.  
  1651. CFADE allows you to dissolve or fade a clipping to the screen. You
  1652. may specify one of several dissolves, the speed for that dissolve,
  1653. and a delay after the dissolve. This command is similar to PFADE,
  1654. but applies to clippings. The same 25 fades that apply to pictures
  1655. also apply to clippings.
  1656.  
  1657.  
  1658. Syntax:
  1659. ------
  1660.  
  1661. CFADE fade number, x, y, <buffer number>, <speed>, <delay>
  1662.  
  1663. where 'fade number' is the number of the fade you want to use,
  1664. 'buffer number' is the clipping buffer number where the clipping
  1665. you want to fade has been loaded, 'x' and 'y' are the location for
  1666. the clipping to be faded, 'speed' is the speed of the fade and
  1667. 'delay' is the time to wait after the delay. Speed can be in the
  1668. range 0-10000. Check Appendix B for a list of fades.
  1669.  
  1670.  
  1671. Example:
  1672. -------
  1673.  
  1674. CFADE 2,20,40,5,500,1000
  1675.  
  1676. will fade the clipping in buffer 5 using fade 2 at location x=24,
  1677. y=40 at speed 500, and then wait 10 seconds. The delay works the
  1678. same as using the WAITKEY command.
  1679.  
  1680.  
  1681. Comments:
  1682. --------
  1683.  
  1684. Note: CFADE only fades byte-width clippings and puts them up at the
  1685. nearest byte boundary to the x and y specified in the command.
  1686. Deviations may cause unpredictable results. Use the utility WHATCLP
  1687. to obtain the needed information about your clippings. If your
  1688. clipping is not byte-width, it will fill the right edge to
  1689. byte-width with white (highest color available). Transparent mode
  1690. does NOT apply to CFADE.
  1691.  
  1692. Default values for optional parameters:
  1693.  
  1694. buffer number: 1
  1695. speed: 0
  1696. delay: 0
  1697.  
  1698. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  1699. Page: 24
  1700.  
  1702.  
  1703.  
  1704.  
  1705.  
  1706. CFREE CFREE
  1707.  
  1708.  
  1709. Summary:
  1710. -------
  1711.  
  1712. CFREE is used to free-up a clipping buffer. Sometimes, you may run
  1713. out of memory and need to clear up some buffers you have full of
  1714. clippings you have already used.
  1715.  
  1716.  
  1717. Syntax:
  1718. ------
  1719.  
  1720. CFREE buf1, <buf2>, <buf3>...
  1721.  
  1722. where 'buf1' and other buffers are buffers you want to free-up.
  1723.  
  1724.  
  1725. Example:
  1726. -------
  1727.  
  1728. CFREE 1,4,12
  1729.  
  1730. will free-up clipping buffers 1, 4 and 12.
  1731.  
  1732. CFREE 1,-,16
  1733.  
  1734. will free-up buffers 1 through 16. You MUST use commas or spaces to
  1735. separate these parameters.
  1736.  
  1737.  
  1738. Comments:
  1739. --------
  1740.  
  1741. This is especially useful in EGA 16 color mode where space is
  1742. critical.
  1743.  
  1744.  
  1745.  
  1746.  
  1747.  
  1748.  
  1749.  
  1750.  
  1751.  
  1752.  
  1753.  
  1754.  
  1755.  
  1756.  
  1757.  
  1758.  
  1759. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  1760. Page: 25
  1761.  
  1763.  
  1764.  
  1765.  
  1766.  
  1767. CHGCOLOR CHGCOLOR
  1768.  
  1769.  
  1770. Summary:
  1771. -------
  1772.  
  1773. Chgcolor is used to set the color palette registers in IBM EGA 16
  1774. color mode. On the EGA, there are 16 possible colors, called an
  1775. 'index', and each of these color indices may be one of 64 color
  1776. 'values'.
  1777.  
  1778.  
  1779. Syntax:
  1780. ------
  1781.  
  1782. CHGCOLOR color index, color value,...
  1783.  
  1784. where 'color index' refers to the color number you want to change
  1785. in the range 0-15 and 'color value' lies in the range 0-63.
  1786.  
  1787.  
  1788. Example:
  1789. -------
  1790.  
  1791. CHGCOLOR 3,32
  1792.  
  1793. will change color index 3 to color value 32.
  1794.  
  1795.  
  1796. Comments:
  1797. --------
  1798.  
  1799. Remember, this only works in EGA 16 color modes.
  1800.  
  1801.  
  1802.  
  1803.  
  1804.  
  1805.  
  1806.  
  1807.  
  1808.  
  1809.  
  1810.  
  1811.  
  1812.  
  1813.  
  1814.  
  1815.  
  1816.  
  1817.  
  1818.  
  1819.  
  1820. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  1821. Page: 26
  1822.  
  1824.  
  1825.  
  1826.  
  1827.  
  1828. CIRCLE CIRCLE
  1829.  
  1830.  
  1831. Summary:
  1832. -------
  1833.  
  1834. CIRCLE allows you to draw a circle or ellipse on the screen in the
  1835. current drawing color. The color parameters must be specified in
  1836. pairs, as in the example.
  1837.  
  1838.  
  1839. Syntax:
  1840. ------
  1841.  
  1842. CIRCLE centerx, centery, xradius, <yradius>
  1843.  
  1844. where 'centerx' and 'centery' is the center point of the circle or
  1845. ellipse, xradius' is the radius in the x-direction and 'yradius' is
  1846. the radius in the y direction.
  1847.  
  1848.  
  1849. Example:
  1850. -------
  1851.  
  1852. CIRCLE 100,100,100,20
  1853.  
  1854. will draw a circle centered at x=100, y=100 with x radius=100 and y
  1855. radius=20.
  1856.  
  1857.  
  1858. Comments:
  1859. --------
  1860.  
  1861. Transparent mode does not affect this command. Failure to specify a
  1862. yradius assumes yradius=xradius and a circle is produced. Note also
  1863. that circle here implies xradius=yradius which, depending on the
  1864. aspect ratio of your current video mode, may not be a circle.
  1865. CIRCLE is not available in text modes.
  1866.  
  1867.  
  1868.  
  1869.  
  1870.  
  1871.  
  1872.  
  1873.  
  1874.  
  1875.  
  1876.  
  1877.  
  1878.  
  1879.  
  1880.  
  1881. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  1882. Page: 27
  1883.  
  1885.  
  1886.  
  1887.  
  1888.  
  1889. CLEARSCR CLEARSCR
  1890.  
  1891.  
  1892. Summary:
  1893. -------
  1894.  
  1895. Clearscr is used to clear the screen to the current drawing color.
  1896.  
  1897.  
  1898. Syntax:
  1899. ------
  1900.  
  1901. CLEARSCR
  1902.  
  1903.  
  1904. Example:
  1905. -------
  1906.  
  1907. CLEARSCR
  1908.  
  1909. will clear the screen to the current drawing color (the color set
  1910. with the last COLOR command).
  1911.  
  1912.  
  1913. Comments:
  1914. --------
  1915.  
  1916.  
  1917.  
  1918.  
  1919.  
  1920.  
  1921.  
  1922.  
  1923.  
  1924.  
  1925.  
  1926.  
  1927.  
  1928.  
  1929.  
  1930.  
  1931.  
  1932.  
  1933.  
  1934.  
  1935.  
  1936.  
  1937.  
  1938.  
  1939.  
  1940.  
  1941.  
  1942. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  1943. Page: 28
  1944.  
  1946.  
  1947.  
  1948.  
  1949.  
  1950. CLOAD CLOAD
  1951.  
  1952.  
  1953. Summary:
  1954. -------
  1955.  
  1956. This command is used to load a clipping into a buffer. There are
  1957. 128 buffers available for clippings in GRASP. It is advised, for
  1958. memory reasons, that the user try to manage using as few as
  1959. possible. A clipping must be loaded into a buffer before it can be
  1960. dissolved or put up onto the screen.
  1961.  
  1962.  
  1963. Syntax:
  1964. ------
  1965.  
  1966. CLOAD clipping, buffer number, <shiftparm>
  1967.  
  1968. where 'clipping' is the name of the clipping you want to load (the
  1969. file name extension is optional) and 'buffer number' is the number
  1970. of the buffer you want to load in to. Valid buffer numbers are 1
  1971. through 128. Buffer 0 is non-existent for clippings, and thus, no
  1972. clipping may be loaded into it. 'Shiftparm' indicates whether or
  1973. not to create the shifted copies necessary to place clippings at
  1974. non-byte boundaries. Default for shiftparm is 0 or YES. Placing a 1
  1975. here will cause GRASP not to create the shifted copies and thus
  1976. saving memory. This is useful if you know that you are going to be
  1977. using CFADE on this clipping and therefore couldn't use the shifted
  1978. copies anyway.
  1979.  
  1980.  
  1981. Example:
  1982. -------
  1983.  
  1984. CLOAD myclip,5
  1985.  
  1986. will load the clipping myclip.clp into clipping buffer number 5.
  1987.  
  1988.  
  1989. Comments:
  1990. --------
  1991.  
  1992. If you do not understand the concept of shifted copies, it is best
  1993. not to fool around with the shiftparm parameter. Note also that a
  1994. file extension is not necessary in your GRASP file. Drive letter
  1995. and path may be specified.
  1996.  
  1997.  
  1998.  
  1999.  
  2000.  
  2001.  
  2002.  
  2003. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  2004. Page: 29
  2005.  
  2007.  
  2008.  
  2009.  
  2010.  
  2011. COLOR COLOR
  2012.  
  2013.  
  2014. Summary:
  2015. -------
  2016.  
  2017. COLOR allows you to choose a drawing color. Drawing color is used
  2018. for drawing primitives (such as line, box, circle, or point),
  2019. transparent mode selection, text strings and clearing the screen.
  2020. Secondary color is used for background color in text mode or shadow
  2021. color for font styles in graphics modes.
  2022.  
  2023.  
  2024. Syntax:
  2025. ------
  2026.  
  2027. COLOR n1,<n2>
  2028.  
  2029. where 'n1' is the drawing color and 'n2' is the secondary color.
  2030.  
  2031.  
  2032. Example:
  2033. -------
  2034.  
  2035. COLOR 3,0
  2036.  
  2037. will set the current drawing color to color 3 and the secondary
  2038. color to 0.
  2039.  
  2040.  
  2041. Comments:
  2042. --------
  2043.  
  2044. Related commands are LINE, BOX, CIRCLE, POINT, TRAN, CLEARSCR,
  2045. PALETTE, MODE and PFADE. The secondary color is used for the bottom
  2046. character in shadow text strings and the background color for text
  2047. screens. Secondary color defaults to color 0 if not specified.
  2048.  
  2049.  
  2050.  
  2051.  
  2052.  
  2053.  
  2054.  
  2055.  
  2056.  
  2057.  
  2058.  
  2059.  
  2060.  
  2061.  
  2062.  
  2063.  
  2064. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  2065. Page: 30
  2066.  
  2068.  
  2069.  
  2070.  
  2071.  
  2072. EXEC EXEC
  2073.  
  2074.  
  2075. Summary:
  2076. -------
  2077. This command allows you to execute another program from within your
  2078. GRASP program. Useful for utility programs, or custom programs you
  2079. write that provide a function that GRASP does not.
  2080.  
  2081.  
  2082. Syntax:
  2083. ------
  2084.  
  2085. EXEC program, <parameters>
  2086.  
  2087. where 'program' is the name of the program you wish to execute. You
  2088. MUST include path if it is in a different path, and all program
  2089. names must include the extension. 'Parameters' are any command line
  2090. parameters you would normally pass to the program.
  2091.  
  2092.  
  2093. Example:
  2094. -------
  2095.  
  2096. EXEC \PAINTLIB\PCPAINT.EXE, /O
  2097.  
  2098. will execute pcpaint from the \paintlib directory on the current
  2099. drive passing the /O parameter.
  2100.  
  2101.  
  2102. Comments:
  2103. --------
  2104.  
  2105. You MUST include full path and file extension.
  2106.  
  2107.  
  2108.  
  2109.  
  2110.  
  2111.  
  2112.  
  2113.  
  2114.  
  2115.  
  2116.  
  2117.  
  2118.  
  2119.  
  2120.  
  2121.  
  2122.  
  2123.  
  2124.  
  2125. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  2126. Page: 31
  2127.  
  2129.  
  2130.  
  2131.  
  2132.  
  2133. EXIT EXIT
  2134.  
  2135.  
  2136. Summary:
  2137. --------
  2138.  
  2139. Exit will cause the currently running GRASP program to quit and
  2140. return to DOS or the GRASP editor.
  2141.  
  2142.  
  2143. Syntax:
  2144. ------
  2145.  
  2146. EXIT
  2147.  
  2148.  
  2149. Example:
  2150. -------
  2151.  
  2152. EXIT
  2153.  
  2154. will cause the currently running GRASP program to terminate and
  2155. return to DOS or the GRASP editor.
  2156.  
  2157.  
  2158. Comments:
  2159. --------
  2160.  
  2161. If you are running GRASPRT, EXIT returns you to DOS. If you are
  2162. running GRASP, EXIT returns you to the editor or the main menu,
  2163. depending on how you ran the program.
  2164.  
  2165.  
  2166.  
  2167.  
  2168.  
  2169.  
  2170.  
  2171.  
  2172.  
  2173.  
  2174.  
  2175.  
  2176.  
  2177.  
  2178.  
  2179.  
  2180.  
  2181.  
  2182.  
  2183.  
  2184.  
  2185.  
  2186. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  2187. Page: 32
  2188.  
  2190.  
  2191.  
  2192.  
  2193.  
  2194. FFREE FFREE
  2195.  
  2196.  
  2197. Summary:
  2198. -------
  2199.  
  2200. This command will free up the font buffer so that more memory may
  2201. be available for pictures and clippings.
  2202.  
  2203.  
  2204. Syntax:
  2205. ------
  2206.  
  2207. FFREE
  2208.  
  2209.  
  2210. Example:
  2211. -------
  2212.  
  2213. FFREE
  2214.  
  2215. will free up the font buffer.
  2216.  
  2217.  
  2218. Comments:
  2219. --------
  2220.  
  2221.  
  2222.  
  2223.  
  2224.  
  2225.  
  2226.  
  2227.  
  2228.  
  2229.  
  2230.  
  2231.  
  2232.  
  2233.  
  2234.  
  2235.  
  2236.  
  2237.  
  2238.  
  2239.  
  2240.  
  2241.  
  2242.  
  2243.  
  2244.  
  2245.  
  2246.  
  2247. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  2248. Page: 33
  2249.  
  2251.  
  2252.  
  2253.  
  2254.  
  2255. FGAPS FGAPS
  2256.  
  2257.  
  2258. Summary:
  2259. -------
  2260.  
  2261. This command allows you to set the gaps between characters in the
  2262. text command and also the width of the space character.
  2263.  
  2264.  
  2265. Syntax:
  2266. ------
  2267.  
  2268. FGAPS <char gap, space gap>
  2269.  
  2270. where 'char gap is the number of pixels between characters and
  2271. 'space gap' is the number of pixels wide for the space character.
  2272.  
  2273.  
  2274. Example:
  2275. -------
  2276.  
  2277. FGAPS 3,9
  2278.  
  2279. will set the inter-character gap to 3 pixels and the space
  2280. character to a width of 9 pixels.
  2281.  
  2282.  
  2283. Comments:
  2284. --------
  2285.  
  2286. Note that this has no effect on the TEXT command if you are in TEXT
  2287. mode. FGAPS with no parameters resets the gaps to the default gaps
  2288. for the currently loaded font.
  2289.  
  2290.  
  2291.  
  2292.  
  2293.  
  2294.  
  2295.  
  2296.  
  2297.  
  2298.  
  2299.  
  2300.  
  2301.  
  2302.  
  2303.  
  2304.  
  2305.  
  2306.  
  2307.  
  2308. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  2309. Page: 34
  2310.  
  2312.  
  2313.  
  2314.  
  2315.  
  2316. FLOAD FLOAD
  2317.  
  2318.  
  2319. Summary:
  2320. -------
  2321.  
  2322. This command is used to load in a character set. The GRASP system
  2323. only allows 1 character set in memory at a time. After a character
  2324. set has been loaded, TEXT commands (see command TEXT) will be
  2325. performed using the currently loaded font. Applies only to graphics
  2326. modes.
  2327.  
  2328.  
  2329. Syntax:
  2330. ------
  2331.  
  2332. FLOAD fontname
  2333.  
  2334. where 'fontname' is the name of the FONTRIX(tm) or PCPAINT font
  2335. file you wish to load. File name extensions are optional.
  2336.  
  2337.  
  2338. Example:
  2339. -------
  2340.  
  2341. FLOAD bocklin
  2342.  
  2343. will load the FONTRIX(tm) font bocklin.set into memory for use by
  2344. the TEXT command.
  2345.  
  2346.  
  2347. Comments:
  2348. --------
  2349.  
  2350. When a font is loaded with FLOAD, the gaps are reset to the default
  2351. gaps for that font. So be sure to reset gaps using the FGAPS
  2352. command if the default gaps aren't adequate.
  2353.  
  2354.  
  2355.  
  2356.  
  2357.  
  2358.  
  2359.  
  2360.  
  2361.  
  2362.  
  2363.  
  2364.  
  2365.  
  2366.  
  2367.  
  2368.  
  2369. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  2370. Page: 35
  2371.  
  2373.  
  2374.  
  2375.  
  2376.  
  2377. FLOAT FLOAT
  2378.  
  2379.  
  2380. Summary:
  2381. -------
  2382.  
  2383. FLOAT allows you to animate a clipping or series of clippings
  2384. between any two points on the screen with one command. It
  2385. is similar to FLY except that it performs an exchange with screen
  2386. data so that the background may be preserved.
  2387.  
  2388. Syntax:
  2389. ------
  2390.  
  2391. FLOAT startx, starty, endx, endy, increment, delay, clip1, clip2,
  2392. ...clipn
  2393.  
  2394. where 'startx' and 'starty' indicate the starting point, 'endx' and
  2395. 'endy' indicate the ending point, 'increment' is the distance
  2396. between each put along the line, 'delay' is the wait time between
  2397. each put and 'clip1-clipn' is the list of clippings.
  2398.  
  2399.  
  2400. Example:
  2401. -------
  2402.  
  2403. FLOAT 0,0,200,200,2,10,1,2,3
  2404.  
  2405. will 'FLOAT' the clippings 1,2 and 3 in that order from 0,0 to
  2406. 200,200, skipping 2 pixels between each put, waiting a count of 10
  2407. between each put. For example, clip 1 will be put at 0,0, clip 2
  2408. will be put at clip 2,2, clip 3 will be put a 4,4, clip 1 will be
  2409. put at 6,6, clip2 will be put at 8,8, etc.
  2410.  
  2411.  
  2412. Comments:
  2413. --------
  2414.  
  2415. This command differs from FLY in that it preserves the background.
  2416. Also note that the last operation it performs is the swap-back,
  2417. which restores screen data. This means that if you want to have a
  2418. clipping on the screen after the FLOAT command, you have to follow
  2419. the FLOAT with a PUTUP command. Selective use of transparent can
  2420. yield very interesting results.
  2421.  
  2422.  
  2423.  
  2424.  
  2425.  
  2426.  
  2427.  
  2428.  
  2429.  
  2430. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  2431. Page: 36
  2432.  
  2434.  
  2435.  
  2436.  
  2437.  
  2438. FLY FLY
  2439.  
  2440.  
  2441. Summary:
  2442. -------
  2443.  
  2444. FLY allows you to animate a clipping or series of clippings between
  2445. any two points on the screen with one command.
  2446.  
  2447.  
  2448. Syntax:
  2449. ------
  2450.  
  2451. FLY startx, starty, endx, endy, increment, delay, clip1, clip2,
  2452. ...clipn
  2453.  
  2454. where 'startx' and 'starty' indicate the starting point, 'endx' and
  2455. 'endy' indicate the ending point, 'increment' is the distance
  2456. between each put along the line, 'delay' is the wait time between
  2457. each put and 'clip1-clipn' is the list of clippings. You may
  2458. animate up to 10 clippings.
  2459.  
  2460.  
  2461. Example:
  2462. -------
  2463.  
  2464. FLY 0,0,200,200,2,10,1,2,3
  2465.  
  2466. will 'fly' the clippings 1,2 and 3 in that order from 0,0 to
  2467. 200,200, skipping 2 pixels between each put, waiting a count of 10
  2468. between each put. For example, clip 1 will be put at 0,0, clip 2
  2469. will be put at clip 2,2, clip 3 will be put a 4,4, clip 1 will be
  2470. put at 6,6, clip2 will be put at 8,8, etc.
  2471.  
  2472.  
  2473. Comments:
  2474. --------
  2475.  
  2476. Selective use of slightly larger than necessary clippings (to wipe
  2477. out the previous put) and transparent mode can yield very
  2478. interesting results.
  2479.  
  2480.  
  2481.  
  2482.  
  2483.  
  2484.  
  2485.  
  2486.  
  2487.  
  2488.  
  2489.  
  2490.  
  2491. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  2492. Page: 37
  2493.  
  2495.  
  2496.  
  2497.  
  2498.  
  2499. FSTYLE FSTYLE
  2500.  
  2501.  
  2502. Summary:
  2503. -------
  2504.  
  2505. This command allows you to choose a style for the characters in the
  2506. TEXT command. Styles are as follows:
  2507.  
  2508. style # style
  2509. ------- -----
  2510. 0 Default, normal letters
  2511. 1 Bold up.
  2512. 2 Bold right.
  2513. 3 Shadow up right.
  2514. 4 Shadow up left.
  2515. 5 Shadow up right 2 pixels.
  2516. 6 Shadow up left 2 pixels.
  2517.  
  2518.  
  2519. Syntax:
  2520. ------
  2521.  
  2522. FSTYLE fstyle
  2523.  
  2524. where fstyle is the number of the desired style.
  2525.  
  2526.  
  2527. Example:
  2528. -------
  2529.  
  2530. FSTYLE 4
  2531.  
  2532. will set the text style to shadow up left.
  2533.  
  2534.  
  2535. Comments:
  2536. --------
  2537. Use of the command with no parameters will default to style 0.
  2538.  
  2539.  
  2540.  
  2541.  
  2542.  
  2543.  
  2544.  
  2545.  
  2546.  
  2547.  
  2548.  
  2549.  
  2550.  
  2551.  
  2552. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  2553. Page: 38
  2554.  
  2556.  
  2557.  
  2558.  
  2559.  
  2560. GOSUB GOSUB
  2561.  
  2562.  
  2563. Summary:
  2564. -------
  2565.  
  2566. This command allows the transfer of control during execution of a
  2567. GRASP program to a sub-program defined elsewhere in the program.
  2568. This is similar to a BASIC gosub command. The subprogram is defined
  2569. by a label at the beginning, and a RETURN command at the end. When
  2570. the RETURN is encountered, control is returned to the line
  2571. following the line where the GOSUB ocurred.
  2572.  
  2573.  
  2574. Syntax:
  2575. ------
  2576.  
  2577. GOSUB subroutine
  2578.  
  2579. where 'subroutine' is a sub-program defined elsewhere in the GRASP
  2580. program.
  2581.  
  2582.  
  2583. Example:
  2584. -------
  2585.  
  2586. GOSUB myprog
  2587.  
  2588. will transfer control to the sub-program 'myprog'. Control will
  2589. return when the statement RETURN in encountered in the sub-program.
  2590.  
  2591.  
  2592. Comments:
  2593. --------
  2594.  
  2595. Also see command RETURN.
  2596.  
  2597.  
  2598.  
  2599.  
  2600.  
  2601.  
  2602.  
  2603.  
  2604.  
  2605.  
  2606.  
  2607.  
  2608.  
  2609.  
  2610.  
  2611.  
  2612.  
  2613. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  2614. Page: 39
  2615.  
  2617.  
  2618.  
  2619.  
  2620.  
  2621. GOTO GOTO
  2622.  
  2623.  
  2624. Summary:
  2625. -------
  2626.  
  2627. This command allows you to transfer control of a GRASP program to
  2628. another portion of the program, similar to the same command in
  2629. BASIC. You must first define a label at the point you want to go
  2630. to. Labels are defined as any string of less than 16 characters
  2631. terminated by a colon (:).
  2632.  
  2633.  
  2634. Syntax:
  2635. ------
  2636.  
  2637. GOTO label
  2638.  
  2639. where 'label' is defined somewhere else in the program.
  2640.  
  2641.  
  2642. Example:
  2643. -------
  2644.  
  2645. GOTO here
  2646.  
  2647. will transfer control to the line which begins with the string
  2648. 'here:'. There may only be one label of a particular name in one
  2649. GRASP program.
  2650.  
  2651.  
  2652. Comments:
  2653. --------
  2654.  
  2655. You may have up to 512 labels in a GRASP program.
  2656.  
  2657.  
  2658.  
  2659.  
  2660.  
  2661.  
  2662.  
  2663.  
  2664.  
  2665.  
  2666.  
  2667.  
  2668.  
  2669.  
  2670.  
  2671.  
  2672.  
  2673.  
  2674. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  2675. Page: 40
  2676.  
  2678.  
  2679.  
  2680.  
  2681.  
  2682. IFKEY IFKEY
  2683.  
  2684.  
  2685. Summary:
  2686. -------
  2687.  
  2688. IFKEY allows conditional branching by means of an implied goto. If
  2689. the key indicated in the command matches the last key pressed
  2690. during a waitkey command, branching occurs.
  2691.  
  2692.  
  2693. Syntax:
  2694. ------
  2695.  
  2696. IFKEY key label
  2697.  
  2698. where key is the key code to compare to and label is a label
  2699. defined elsewhere in the program.
  2700.  
  2701.  
  2702. Example:
  2703. -------
  2704.  
  2705. IFKEY 1 part1
  2706.  
  2707. means that if, during the last waitkey command, the '1' key was
  2708. pressed, goto label "PART1".
  2709.  
  2710.  
  2711. Comments:
  2712. --------
  2713.  
  2714. Valid keys are all numeric and letter keys, F1-F10, UP, DN, LF, RT,
  2715. PGUP, PGDN, HOME, END.
  2716.  
  2717.  
  2718.  
  2719.  
  2720.  
  2721.  
  2722.  
  2723.  
  2724.  
  2725.  
  2726.  
  2727.  
  2728.  
  2729.  
  2730.  
  2731.  
  2732.  
  2733.  
  2734.  
  2735. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  2736. Page: 41
  2737.  
  2739.  
  2740.  
  2741.  
  2742.  
  2743. LINE LINE
  2744.  
  2745.  
  2746. Summary:
  2747. -------
  2748.  
  2749. LINE allows you to draw a single pixel width line on the screen in
  2750. the current drawing color.
  2751.  
  2752.  
  2753. Syntax:
  2754. ------
  2755.  
  2756. LINE startx, starty, endx, endy
  2757.  
  2758. where 'startx' and 'starty' is the location for the first point in
  2759. the line and 'endx' and 'endy' is the location for the last point
  2760. in the line.
  2761.  
  2762.  
  2763. Example:
  2764. -------
  2765.  
  2766. LINE 0,0,100,100
  2767.  
  2768. will draw a line in the current drawing color from x=0, y=0 to
  2769. x=100, y=100.
  2770.  
  2771.  
  2772. Comments:
  2773. --------
  2774.  
  2775. Transparent mode does not affect this command. LINE is not
  2776. available in text modes.
  2777.  
  2778.  
  2779.  
  2780.  
  2781.  
  2782.  
  2783.  
  2784.  
  2785.  
  2786.  
  2787.  
  2788.  
  2789.  
  2790.  
  2791.  
  2792.  
  2793.  
  2794.  
  2795.  
  2796. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  2797. Page: 42
  2798.  
  2800.  
  2801.  
  2802.  
  2803.  
  2804. LINK LINK
  2805.  
  2806.  
  2807. Summary:
  2808. -------
  2809.  
  2810. This command is used to link to another text command file. IF you
  2811. wish to have several special effects, and for editing purposes,
  2812. keep them is separate ASCII files, you may link them during GRASP
  2813. run time with this command.
  2814.  
  2815.  
  2816. Syntax:
  2817. ------
  2818.  
  2819. LINK txtfile
  2820.  
  2821. where 'txtfile' is the name of the command file you wish to
  2822. execute. File name extensions are not required, but all text
  2823. command files must have an extension of txt.
  2824.  
  2825.  
  2826. Example:
  2827. -------
  2828.  
  2829. LINK race
  2830.  
  2831. will link to the text command file 'race.txt' and continue
  2832. executing.
  2833.  
  2834.  
  2835. Comments:
  2836. --------
  2837.  
  2838. Since this command requires interpretation of the command itself,
  2839. the loading of a new file, and the interpretation of the second
  2840. file, it has a tendency to slow things down. It is recommended that
  2841. all commands be put into one file before giving a presentation
  2842. using GRASP. This command is useful during development, or if you
  2843. have stored several effects from previous demonstrations and want
  2844. to link them together.
  2845.  
  2846.  
  2847.  
  2848.  
  2849.  
  2850.  
  2851.  
  2852.  
  2853.  
  2854.  
  2855.  
  2856.  
  2857. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  2858. Page: 43
  2859.  
  2861.  
  2862.  
  2863.  
  2864.  
  2865. LOOP LOOP
  2866.  
  2867.  
  2868. Summary:
  2869. -------
  2870.  
  2871. This command causes the GRASP interpreter to loop back to the
  2872. previous mark. This will happen n number of times, where n is the
  2873. number specified in the previous MARK command.
  2874.  
  2875.  
  2876. Syntax:
  2877. ------
  2878.  
  2879. LOOP
  2880.  
  2881.  
  2882. Example:
  2883. -------
  2884.  
  2885. LOOP
  2886.  
  2887. will loop to previous mark.
  2888.  
  2889.  
  2890. Comments:
  2891. --------
  2892.  
  2893. MARK/LOOP pairs may be nested up to 16 levels deep.
  2894.  
  2895.  
  2896.  
  2897.  
  2898.  
  2899.  
  2900.  
  2901.  
  2902.  
  2903.  
  2904.  
  2905.  
  2906.  
  2907.  
  2908.  
  2909.  
  2910.  
  2911.  
  2912.  
  2913.  
  2914.  
  2915.  
  2916.  
  2917.  
  2918. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  2919. Page: 44
  2920.  
  2922.  
  2923.  
  2924.  
  2925.  
  2926. MARK MARK
  2927.  
  2928.  
  2929. Summary:
  2930. -------
  2931.  
  2932. This command is used to mark a position which will be the top of a
  2933. loop. Coupled with the LOOP command, MARK allows you to repeat the
  2934. same steps in your GRASP command file a specified number of times.
  2935.  
  2936.  
  2937. Syntax:
  2938. ------
  2939.  
  2940. MARK xxx
  2941.  
  2942. where 'xxx' is the number of times you wish to loop back to this
  2943. mark.
  2944.  
  2945.  
  2946. Example:
  2947. -------
  2948.  
  2949. MARK 10
  2950.  
  2951. will place a mark at this point so that the next time a LOOP
  2952. command is encountered, the program will loop back to this point.
  2953. This process will occur ten times.
  2954.  
  2955.  
  2956. Comments:
  2957. --------
  2958.  
  2959. MARK/LOOP pairs may be nested up to 16 levels deep. The maximum
  2960. number of times you can loop is 65535.
  2961.  
  2962.  
  2963.  
  2964.  
  2965.  
  2966.  
  2967.  
  2968.  
  2969.  
  2970.  
  2971.  
  2972.  
  2973.  
  2974.  
  2975.  
  2976.  
  2977.  
  2978.  
  2979. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  2980. Page: 45
  2981.  
  2983.  
  2984.  
  2985.  
  2986.  
  2987. MODE MODE
  2988.  
  2989.  
  2990. Summary:
  2991. -------
  2992.  
  2993. Mode is used in IBM CGA 4 color mode and IBM CGA 2 color mode only.
  2994. It is used to set the palette and border color in these modes.
  2995.  
  2996.  
  2997. Syntax:
  2998. ------
  2999.  
  3000. MODE border color, palette
  3001.  
  3002. where 'border color' refers to the background color in IBM CGA 4
  3003. color mode and foreground color in IBM CGA 2 color mode. 'Border
  3004. color' can be in the range 0-15. Palette affects only IBM CGA 4
  3005. color mode and is in the range 0-5. Refer to the following tables
  3006. for specifics.
  3007.  
  3008.  
  3009. Border Color Table
  3010. Color Color Palette 1 2 3
  3011. ----- ----- ------- -----------------------------------
  3012. 0 Black 0 Green Red Brown
  3013. 1 Blue 1 Cyan Magenta White
  3014. 2 Green 2 Cyan Red White
  3015. 3 Cyan 3 Bright Green Bright Red Yellow
  3016. 4 Red 4 Bright Cyan Bright Magenta White
  3017. 5 Magenta 5 Bright Cyan Bright Red White
  3018. 6 Brown -------------------------------------------
  3019. 7 Grey
  3020. 8 Dark Grey (Bright Black)
  3021. 9 Bright Blue
  3022. 10 Bright Green
  3023. 11 Bright Cyan
  3024. 12 Bright Red
  3025. 13 Bright Magenta
  3026. 14 Yellow (Bright Brown)
  3027. 15 White (Bright Grey)
  3028.  
  3029.  
  3030. In the above Palette table, color 0 is the currently selected
  3031. Border Color.
  3032.  
  3033.  
  3034. Example:
  3035. -------
  3036.  
  3037. Mode 1,4
  3038.  
  3039.  
  3040. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  3041. Page: 46
  3042.  
  3044.  
  3045.  
  3046.  
  3047.  
  3048. will yield the following: (Assuming we are in IBM CGA 4 color
  3049. mode), border color is blue (Drawing Color 0), and the palette will
  3050. be bright cyan, bright magenta, and white. (Drawing colors 1,2 and
  3051. 3, respectively) in IBM CGA 4 color mode. In IBM CGA 2 color mode,
  3052. The foreground color will be blue.
  3053.  
  3054.  
  3055. Comments:
  3056. --------
  3057.  
  3058. This command was intended for use only in IBM CGA 4 color and IBM
  3059. CGA 2 color modes. Use in any other mode may result in an error
  3060. message.
  3061.  
  3062.  
  3063.  
  3064.  
  3065.  
  3066.  
  3067.  
  3068.  
  3069.  
  3070.  
  3071.  
  3072.  
  3073.  
  3074.  
  3075.  
  3076.  
  3077.  
  3078.  
  3079.  
  3080.  
  3081.  
  3082.  
  3083.  
  3084.  
  3085.  
  3086.  
  3087.  
  3088.  
  3089.  
  3090.  
  3091.  
  3092.  
  3093.  
  3094.  
  3095.  
  3096.  
  3097.  
  3098.  
  3099.  
  3100.  
  3101. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  3102. Page: 47
  3103.  
  3105.  
  3106.  
  3107.  
  3108.  
  3109. NOISE NOISE
  3110.  
  3111.  
  3112. Summary:
  3113. -------
  3114.  
  3115. NOISE allows you to make music in GRASP. By specifying starting and
  3116. ending frequencies, as well as a duration, you can make single
  3117. notes, or complex sounds.
  3118.  
  3119.  
  3120. Syntax:
  3121. ------
  3122.  
  3123. NOISE startfreq, endfreq, duration
  3124.  
  3125. where 'startfreq' and 'startfreq' are the starting frequencies for
  3126. the noise and 'duration' is the overall length of the noise.
  3127.  
  3128.  
  3129. Example:
  3130. -------
  3131.  
  3132. NOISE 440,440,100
  3133.  
  3134. will play the note with a frequency 440 for duration 100.
  3135.  
  3136.  
  3137. Comments:
  3138. --------
  3139.  
  3140.  
  3141.  
  3142.  
  3143.  
  3144.  
  3145.  
  3146.  
  3147.  
  3148.  
  3149.  
  3150.  
  3151.  
  3152.  
  3153.  
  3154.  
  3155.  
  3156.  
  3157.  
  3158.  
  3159.  
  3160.  
  3161.  
  3162. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  3163. Page: 48
  3164.  
  3166.  
  3167.  
  3168.  
  3169.  
  3170. OFFSET OFFSET
  3171.  
  3172.  
  3173. Summary:
  3174. -------
  3175.  
  3176. The OFFSET command allows you to treat coordinates in other
  3177. commands (like putup, line, box, cfade, etc...) as relative
  3178. coordinates rather than absolute. If the OFFSET is set to 0,0, then
  3179. the coordinates you enter in the other commands are relative to the
  3180. screen as a whole which appears to be absolute. This command is
  3181. used when you want to repeat a series of operations but don't want
  3182. to have to alter all the coordinates in order to use a different
  3183. region of the screen.
  3184.  
  3185.  
  3186. Syntax:
  3187. ------
  3188.  
  3189. OFFSET x,y
  3190.  
  3191. where 'x' and 'y' are the x and y offset values.
  3192.  
  3193.  
  3194. Example:
  3195. -------
  3196.  
  3197. OFFSET 40,32
  3198.  
  3199. will set the offset to x=40, y=32. This means that if you specify
  3200. that you want a line drawn from 0,0 to 10,10, it will actually draw
  3201. it from 40,32 to 50,42. In other words, the offset values are added
  3202. to the coordinate data you type in the command.
  3203.  
  3204.  
  3205. Comments:
  3206. --------
  3207.  
  3208.  
  3209.  
  3210.  
  3211.  
  3212.  
  3213.  
  3214.  
  3215.  
  3216.  
  3217.  
  3218.  
  3219.  
  3220.  
  3221.  
  3222.  
  3223. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  3224. Page: 49
  3225.  
  3227.  
  3228.  
  3229.  
  3230.  
  3231. PALETTE PALETTE
  3232.  
  3233.  
  3234. Summary:
  3235. -------
  3236.  
  3237. Palette is used to set the current palette to that of the specified
  3238. picture which has been loaded into a buffer. This sets the 16
  3239. colors out of 64 on EGA 16 color modes and the border-palette
  3240. combination of CGA 4 color mode.
  3241.  
  3242.  
  3243. Syntax:
  3244. ------
  3245.  
  3246. PALETTE buffer number
  3247.  
  3248. Where 'buffer number' is the number of the buffer in which the
  3249. picture resides.
  3250.  
  3251.  
  3252. Example:
  3253. -------
  3254.  
  3255. PALETTE 2
  3256.  
  3257. will set the current palette to the palette used for the picture
  3258. which was loaded into buffer 2 with the PLOAD command.
  3259.  
  3260.  
  3261. Comments:
  3262. --------
  3263.  
  3264. This command was intended for use in EGA 16 color mode and CGA 4
  3265. color mode only. Use in other modes may cause unpredictable
  3266. results. Use with caution.
  3267.  
  3268.  
  3269.  
  3270.  
  3271.  
  3272.  
  3273.  
  3274.  
  3275.  
  3276.  
  3277.  
  3278.  
  3279.  
  3280.  
  3281.  
  3282.  
  3283.  
  3284. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  3285. Page: 50
  3286.  
  3288.  
  3289.  
  3290.  
  3291.  
  3292. PAN PAN
  3293.  
  3294.  
  3295. Summary:
  3296. -------
  3297.  
  3298. This command allows you to perform a hardware pan if you are
  3299. operating in one of the EGA modes. If the picture you want to pan
  3300. around on is larger than a screen then the following rules apply:
  3301. 1) You MUST use PFADE number 0 to put up the picture, 2) when you
  3302. are finished panning and scrolling, you MUST PFREE the picture,
  3303. clear the screen with CLEARSCR, then do a RESETSCR before using any
  3304. other pictures. This is so that the EGA will be able to keep track
  3305. of which picture you are using and how to best display it. Also,
  3306. sequences of PAN commands should always return you to the
  3307. coordinate 0,0 when you are done. Think of the picture as being a
  3308. very large screen with the upper left corner being coordinate 0,0.
  3309. Pan then allows you to change upper left corner to be any
  3310. coordinate in the valid coordinate space.
  3311.  
  3312.  
  3313. Syntax:
  3314. ------
  3315.  
  3316. PAN x0,y0,x1,y1,buffer
  3317.  
  3318. where 'x0', 'y0' is the starting coordinate for panning and 'x1',
  3319. 'y1' is the ending coordinate. 'Buffer' is the picture buffer that
  3320. the command will look into to get real picture coordinates and set
  3321. the EGA display modes to coincide to.
  3322.  
  3323.  
  3324. Example:
  3325. -------
  3326.  
  3327. PAN 0,0,100,100,1
  3328. PAN 100,100,0,0,1
  3329.  
  3330. will smoothly pan the screen diagonally from the upper left corner
  3331. to 100,100 and back again.
  3332.  
  3333.  
  3334. Comments:
  3335. --------
  3336.  
  3337. This is a complicated command and requires some thought to use
  3338. effectively. Be careful.
  3339.  
  3340. CAUTION: It is imperative that you free the oversize picture buffer
  3341. BEFORE you perform the CLEARSCR and RESETSCR functions!
  3342.  
  3343.  
  3344.  
  3345. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  3346. Page: 51
  3347.  
  3349.  
  3350.  
  3351.  
  3352.  
  3353. PFADE PFADE
  3354.  
  3355. Summary:
  3356. -------
  3357.  
  3358. Pfade is the heart of GRASP. It allows you to dissolve a picture to
  3359. the screen. You may specify one of several dissolves, the speed for
  3360. that dissolve, and a delay after the dissolve.
  3361.  
  3362.  
  3363. Syntax:
  3364. ------
  3365.  
  3366. PFADE fade number, buffer number, speed, delay
  3367.  
  3368. where 'fade number' is the number of the fade you want to use,
  3369. 'buffer number' is the picture buffer number where the picture you
  3370. want to fade has been loaded, 'speed' is the speed of the fade and
  3371. 'delay' is the time to wait after the delay. Speed can be in the
  3372. range 0-10000. Check Appendix B for a list of fades.
  3373.  
  3374.  
  3375. Example:
  3376. -------
  3377.  
  3378. PFADE 12,1,500,1000
  3379.  
  3380. will fade the picture in buffer 1 using fade 12 at speed 500 and
  3381. then wait 1000. The delay works the same as using the WAITKEY
  3382. command.
  3383.  
  3384.  
  3385. Comments:
  3386. --------
  3387.  
  3388. The first 25 fades in GRASP are the same in all video modes. Fades
  3389. beyond 25 may be mode specific and must be used with caution.
  3390. Specifying buffer 0 will cause a blank screen of current drawing
  3391. color to be generated and faded to the screen. Transparent mode
  3392. does NOT apply to PFADE.
  3393.  
  3394.  
  3395.  
  3396.  
  3397.  
  3398.  
  3399.  
  3400.  
  3401.  
  3402.  
  3403.  
  3404.  
  3405.  
  3406. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  3407. Page: 52
  3408.  
  3410.  
  3411.  
  3412.  
  3413.  
  3414. PFREE PFREE
  3415.  
  3416.  
  3417. Summary:
  3418. -------
  3419.  
  3420. PFREE is used to free-up a picture buffer. Sometimes, you may run
  3421. out of memory and need to clear up some buffers you have full of
  3422. pictures you have already used.
  3423.  
  3424.  
  3425. Syntax:
  3426. ------
  3427.  
  3428. PFREE buf1, buf2, buf3...
  3429.  
  3430. where 'buf1' and other buffers are buffers you want to free-up.
  3431.  
  3432.  
  3433. Example:
  3434. -------
  3435.  
  3436. PFREE 1,2
  3437.  
  3438. will free-up picture buffers 1 and 2.
  3439.  
  3440.  
  3441. Comments:
  3442. --------
  3443.  
  3444. This is especially useful in EGA 16 color mode where space is
  3445. critical.
  3446.  
  3447.  
  3448.  
  3449.  
  3450.  
  3451.  
  3452.  
  3453.  
  3454.  
  3455.  
  3456.  
  3457.  
  3458.  
  3459.  
  3460.  
  3461.  
  3462.  
  3463.  
  3464.  
  3465.  
  3466.  
  3467. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  3468. Page: 53
  3469.  
  3471.  
  3472.  
  3473.  
  3474.  
  3475. PLOAD PLOAD
  3476.  
  3477.  
  3478. Summary:
  3479. -------
  3480.  
  3481. This command is used to load a picture into a buffer. There are 16
  3482. buffers available for pictures in GRASP. It is advised, for memory
  3483. reasons, that the user try to manage using only one buffer. A
  3484. picture must be loaded into a buffer before it can be dissolved
  3485. onto the screen.
  3486.  
  3487.  
  3488. Syntax:
  3489. ------
  3490.  
  3491. PLOAD picture,buffer number
  3492.  
  3493. where 'picture' is the name of the picture you want to load (the
  3494. file name extension is optional) and 'buffer number' is the number
  3495. of the buffer you want to load in to. Valid buffer numbers are 1
  3496. through 16. Buffer 0 is a dummy buffer used for solid color wipes
  3497. and changes, and thus, no picture may be loaded into it.
  3498.  
  3499.  
  3500. Example:
  3501. -------
  3502.  
  3503. PLOAD mypic,1
  3504.  
  3505. will load the picture myfile.pic into picture buffer number 1.
  3506.  
  3507.  
  3508. Comments:
  3509. --------
  3510.  
  3511.  
  3512.  
  3513.  
  3514.  
  3515.  
  3516.  
  3517.  
  3518.  
  3519.  
  3520.  
  3521.  
  3522.  
  3523.  
  3524.  
  3525.  
  3526.  
  3527.  
  3528. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  3529. Page: 54
  3530.  
  3532.  
  3533.  
  3534.  
  3535.  
  3536. POINT POINT
  3537.  
  3538.  
  3539. Summary:
  3540. -------
  3541.  
  3542. POINT allows you to draw a single pixel on the screen in the
  3543. current drawing color. If a second point is indicated, a random
  3544. point is drawn in the rectangular region defined by the 4
  3545. coordinates.
  3546.  
  3547.  
  3548. Syntax:
  3549. ------
  3550.  
  3551. POINT startx, starty, <endx, endy>
  3552.  
  3553. where 'startx' and 'starty' is the location for the point and
  3554. 'endx' and 'endy' define the region for randomization.
  3555.  
  3556.  
  3557. Example:
  3558. -------
  3559.  
  3560. POINT 50,50
  3561.  
  3562. will draw a point in the current drawing color at x=50, y=50.
  3563.  
  3564. POINT 100,100,150,150
  3565.  
  3566. will draw a random point in the region defined by 100,100,150,150.
  3567.  
  3568.  
  3569. Comments:
  3570. --------
  3571.  
  3572. Transparent mode does not affect this command.
  3573.  
  3574.  
  3575.  
  3576.  
  3577.  
  3578.  
  3579.  
  3580.  
  3581.  
  3582.  
  3583.  
  3584.  
  3585.  
  3586.  
  3587.  
  3588.  
  3589. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  3590. Page: 55
  3591.  
  3593.  
  3594.  
  3595.  
  3596.  
  3597. PUTUP PUTUP
  3598.  
  3599.  
  3600. Summary:
  3601. -------
  3602.  
  3603. PUTUP allows you to place a clipping on the screen. PUTUP is
  3604. similar to CFADE 0, but allows placement at any x and y location
  3605. and supports transparent mode.
  3606.  
  3607.  
  3608. Syntax:
  3609. ------
  3610.  
  3611. PUTUP x ,y, <buffer number>, <delay>
  3612.  
  3613. where 'x' and 'y' are the location where the lower left corner of
  3614. the clipping will be placed, 'buffer number' is the clipping buffer
  3615. number where the clipping you want to put up resides and delay is
  3616. the time to wait after the putup in hundredths of a second.
  3617.  
  3618.  
  3619. Example:
  3620. -------
  3621.  
  3622. PUTUP 25,50,1,1000
  3623.  
  3624. will put the clipping in buffer 1 up on the screen at x=25, y=50
  3625. and then wait for time 1000 (10 seconds). Remember that the x and y
  3626. coordinates correspond to the current video mode. Exceeding these
  3627. coordinates may result in an error message.
  3628.  
  3629.  
  3630. Comments:
  3631. --------
  3632.  
  3633. Also see CFREE.
  3634.  
  3635.  
  3636.  
  3637.  
  3638.  
  3639.  
  3640.  
  3641.  
  3642.  
  3643.  
  3644.  
  3645.  
  3646.  
  3647.  
  3648.  
  3649.  
  3650. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  3651. Page: 56
  3652.  
  3654.  
  3655.  
  3656.  
  3657.  
  3658. RESETSCR RESETSCR
  3659.  
  3660.  
  3661. Summary:
  3662. -------
  3663.  
  3664. This command is used to reset the virtual screen back to display
  3665. screen size after a PAN command with a larger-than-screen picture.
  3666.  
  3667.  
  3668. Syntax:
  3669. ------
  3670.  
  3671. RESETSCR
  3672.  
  3673.  
  3674. Example:
  3675. -------
  3676.  
  3677. RESETSCR
  3678.  
  3679. will reset the virtual screen image.
  3680.  
  3681.  
  3682. Comments:
  3683. --------
  3684.  
  3685. Works only with EGA modes and PAN command.
  3686.  
  3687.  
  3688.  
  3689.  
  3690.  
  3691.  
  3692.  
  3693.  
  3694.  
  3695.  
  3696.  
  3697.  
  3698.  
  3699.  
  3700.  
  3701.  
  3702.  
  3703.  
  3704.  
  3705.  
  3706.  
  3707.  
  3708.  
  3709.  
  3710.  
  3711. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  3712. Page: 57
  3713.  
  3715.  
  3716.  
  3717.  
  3718.  
  3719. RETURN RETURN
  3720.  
  3721.  
  3722. Summary:
  3723. -------
  3724.  
  3725. This command causes execution of the current sub-program to halt
  3726. and return control to the calling program.
  3727.  
  3728.  
  3729. Syntax:
  3730. ------
  3731.  
  3732. RETURN
  3733.  
  3734.  
  3735. Example:
  3736. -------
  3737.  
  3738. RETURN
  3739.  
  3740. will return control to calling program.
  3741.  
  3742.  
  3743. Comments:
  3744. --------
  3745.  
  3746. Also see command GOSUB.
  3747.  
  3748.  
  3749.  
  3750.  
  3751.  
  3752.  
  3753.  
  3754.  
  3755.  
  3756.  
  3757.  
  3758.  
  3759.  
  3760.  
  3761.  
  3762.  
  3763.  
  3764.  
  3765.  
  3766.  
  3767.  
  3768.  
  3769.  
  3770.  
  3771.  
  3772. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  3773. Page: 58
  3774.  
  3776.  
  3777.  
  3778.  
  3779.  
  3780. SETCOLOR SETCOLOR
  3781.  
  3782.  
  3783. Summary:
  3784. -------
  3785.  
  3786. Setcolor is used to set the color palette registers in IBM EGA 16
  3787. color modes. On the EGA, there are 16 possible colors, called an
  3788. 'index', and each of these color indices may be one of 64 color
  3789. 'values'. SETCOLOR differs from CHGCOLOR in that SETCOLOR sets all
  3790. 16 color indices at once. This is faster and is useful for
  3791. animation effects.
  3792.  
  3793.  
  3794. Syntax:
  3795. ------
  3796.  
  3797. SETCOLOR color value 1, color value 2, ... color value 16
  3798.  
  3799. where 'color value n' lies in the range 0-63.
  3800.  
  3801.  
  3802. Example:
  3803. -------
  3804.  
  3805. SETCOLOR 3,32,23,53,12,11,10,21,35,2,4,8,30,40,61,63
  3806.  
  3807. will set the current palette registers to the 16 color values
  3808. specified.
  3809.  
  3810.  
  3811. Comments:
  3812. --------
  3813.  
  3814. Remember, this only works in EGA 16 color modes and requires an
  3815. Enhanced Color Display (ECD).
  3816.  
  3817.  
  3818.  
  3819.  
  3820.  
  3821.  
  3822.  
  3823.  
  3824.  
  3825.  
  3826.  
  3827.  
  3828.  
  3829.  
  3830.  
  3831.  
  3832.  
  3833. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  3834. Page: 59
  3835.  
  3837.  
  3838.  
  3839.  
  3840.  
  3841. TEXT TEXT
  3842.  
  3843.  
  3844. Summary:
  3845. -------
  3846.  
  3847. TEXT allows you to put-up a string of text in the font loaded with
  3848. FLOAD in the current drawing color.
  3849.  
  3850.  
  3851. Syntax:
  3852. ------
  3853.  
  3854. TEXT x, y, string, <delay>
  3855.  
  3856. where 'x' and 'y' is the location of the lower left corner of the
  3857. first character in the string, 'string' is the string to put up and
  3858. 'delay' is the time to wait after the put-up in hundredths of a
  3859. second.
  3860.  
  3861.  
  3862. Example:
  3863. -------
  3864.  
  3865. TEXT 4,4,"This is a text string..."
  3866.  
  3867. will put the string indicated between the quotes up at x=4, y=4,
  3868. using the current drawing color.
  3869.  
  3870.  
  3871. Comments:
  3872. --------
  3873.  
  3874. The string to be put must be in double quotes.
  3875.  
  3876.  
  3877.  
  3878.  
  3879.  
  3880.  
  3881.  
  3882.  
  3883.  
  3884.  
  3885.  
  3886.  
  3887.  
  3888.  
  3889.  
  3890.  
  3891.  
  3892.  
  3893.  
  3894. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  3895. Page: 60
  3896.  
  3898.  
  3899.  
  3900.  
  3901.  
  3902. TRAN TRAN
  3903.  
  3904.  
  3905. Summary:
  3906. -------
  3907.  
  3908. TRAN allows you to set transparent mode on or off, and to specify
  3909. which colors to make transparent. This is used for overlaying
  3910. objects or floating objects across complex backgrounds.
  3911.  
  3912.  
  3913. Syntax:
  3914. ------
  3915.  
  3916. TRAN on/off, color1, color2,...colorn
  3917.  
  3918. where 'on/off' specifies whether you want transparent mode turned
  3919. on or off and color1-colorn indicate which colors you want to make
  3920. transparent. Color1-colorn may have the values 0 to maxcolor where
  3921. maxcolor is the highest color number available in your current
  3922. video mode.
  3923.  
  3924.  
  3925. Example:
  3926. -------
  3927.  
  3928. TRAN on 2,14
  3929.  
  3930. will turn transparent mode on and make the colors 2 and 14
  3931. transparent.
  3932.  
  3933. TRAN off
  3934.  
  3935. will turn transparent mode off.
  3936.  
  3937.  
  3938. Comments:
  3939. --------
  3940.  
  3941. If you turn transparent mode on and off, the next time you turn it
  3942. on, you must re-specify which colors you want to be transparent.
  3943. Transparent does not work in EGA 16 color modes.
  3944.  
  3945.  
  3946.  
  3947.  
  3948.  
  3949.  
  3950.  
  3951.  
  3952.  
  3953.  
  3954.  
  3955. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  3956. Page: 61
  3957.  
  3959.  
  3960.  
  3961.  
  3962.  
  3963. VIDEO VIDEO
  3964.  
  3965.  
  3966. Summary:
  3967. -------
  3968.  
  3969. Video is used to set the video mode. Video should be used at the
  3970. beginning of the GRASP text file. Video modes may be changed
  3971. during the demo, but caution is advised. Damage may be done to a
  3972. monitor if the wrong video mode is requested for your system. The
  3973. default video mode is A, (see table below).
  3974.  
  3975.  
  3976. Syntax:
  3977. ------
  3978.  
  3979. VIDEO vidmode
  3980.  
  3981. where 'vidmode' is one of the following...
  3982.  
  3983. Maximum Picture Memory
  3984. Vidmode Resolution # of Colors Requirement
  3985. --------------------------------------------------------
  3986. 0 40x25 16 2K (IBM 40 column text)
  3987. 1 80x25 16 4K (IBM 80 column text)
  3988. 2 80x25 2 4K (IBM 80 column text)
  3989. A 320x200 4 16K (IBM CGA)
  3990. B 320x200 16 32K (IBM PCjr/STB)
  3991. C 640x200 2 16K (IBM CGA)
  3992. D 640x200 16/64 64K (IBM EGA)
  3993. E 640x350 2 32K (IBM EGA monochrome)
  3994. F 640x350 4 64K (IBM EGA)
  3995. G 640x350 16/64 128K (IBM EGA)
  3996. H 720x348 2 32K (Hercules monochrome)
  3997. I 320x200 16 32K (Plantronics/AST CGP)
  3998. J 320x200 16 32K (IBM EGA)
  3999.  
  4000. These modes, (with the exception of the text modes) correspond to
  4001. PCPAINT video modes.
  4002.  
  4003.  
  4004. Example:
  4005. -------
  4006.  
  4007. VIDEO G
  4008.  
  4009. Will set up GRASP to use the high resolution mode of the EGA
  4010. adapter in 16 out of 64 colors.
  4011.  
  4012.  
  4013.  
  4014.  
  4015.  
  4016. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  4017. Page: 62
  4018.  
  4020.  
  4021.  
  4022.  
  4023.  
  4024. Comments:
  4025. --------
  4026.  
  4027. Memory requirement in the table above is the approximate amount of
  4028. memory required for the buffer to hold EACH picture you load in for
  4029. use. Also, pay attention to the size of the screen in each video
  4030. mode. Attempting to FADE pictures other that this size may yield
  4031. unpredictable results. The exception to this is when using the PAN
  4032. command on an EGA.
  4033.  
  4034.  
  4035.  
  4036.  
  4037.  
  4038.  
  4039.  
  4040.  
  4041.  
  4042.  
  4043.  
  4044.  
  4045.  
  4046.  
  4047.  
  4048.  
  4049.  
  4050.  
  4051.  
  4052.  
  4053.  
  4054.  
  4055.  
  4056.  
  4057.  
  4058.  
  4059.  
  4060.  
  4061.  
  4062.  
  4063.  
  4064.  
  4065.  
  4066.  
  4067.  
  4068.  
  4069.  
  4070.  
  4071.  
  4072.  
  4073.  
  4074.  
  4075.  
  4076.  
  4077. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  4078. Page: 63
  4079.  
  4081.  
  4082.  
  4083.  
  4084.  
  4085. WAITKEY WAITKEY
  4086.  
  4087.  
  4088. Summary:
  4089. -------
  4090.  
  4091. This command instructs the demonstration or presentation to pause
  4092. until a key is pressed, or until timeout value, if specified. If
  4093. timeout occurs, conditional branching is allowed.
  4094.  
  4095.  
  4096. Syntax:
  4097. ------
  4098.  
  4099. WAITKEY <timeout>, <label>
  4100.  
  4101. where 'timeout' is the time to wait before timeout in 100ths of a
  4102. second and 'label' is the label to go to if timeout occurs.
  4103.  
  4104.  
  4105. Example:
  4106. -------
  4107.  
  4108. WAITKEY 600,myline
  4109.  
  4110. will wait until a key is pressed, or until delay of 6 seconds. If
  4111. delay of 6 seconds is reached, goto label 'myline'.
  4112.  
  4113.  
  4114. Comments:
  4115. --------
  4116.  
  4117. If no timeout is specified, WAITKEY will wait forever until a key
  4118. is pressed. The key that is pressed to abort the wait is saved and
  4119. may be tested by IFKEY.
  4120.  
  4121.  
  4122.  
  4123.  
  4124.  
  4125.  
  4126.  
  4127.  
  4128.  
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  4131.  
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  4133.  
  4134.  
  4135.  
  4136.  
  4137.  
  4138. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  4139. Page: 64
  4140.  
  4142.  
  4143.  
  4144.  
  4145.  
  4146. WINDOW WINDOW
  4147.  
  4148.  
  4149. Summary:
  4150. -------
  4151.  
  4152. This command is used to restrict a picture fade to a particular
  4153. portion of the screen. The coordinates you pass are in pixels, but
  4154. they are rounded to the nearest byte, or usually 8 pixels.
  4155.  
  4156.  
  4157. Syntax:
  4158. ------
  4159.  
  4160. WINDOW x,y,x1,y1
  4161.  
  4162. where 'x', 'y', 'x1' and 'y1' are the lower left and upper right
  4163. corner of the window to set for clipping.
  4164.  
  4165.  
  4166. Example:
  4167. -------
  4168.  
  4169. WINDOW 40,40,100,160
  4170.  
  4171. will set the fade window to 40,40,100,160. The PFADE command will
  4172. only fade that portion of the screen that lies in this region.
  4173.  
  4174.  
  4175. Comments:
  4176. --------
  4177.  
  4178. WINDOW has no effect on the CFADE command.
  4179.  
  4180.  
  4181.  
  4182.  
  4183.  
  4184.  
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  4199. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  4200. Page: 65
  4201.  
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  4260. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  4261. Page: 66
  4262.  
  4264.  
  4265.  
  4266.  
  4267.  
  4268. Tips, Hints, Examples and Demo Programs
  4269.  
  4270.  
  4271.  
  4272.  
  4273.  
  4274.  
  4275.  
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  4320.  
  4321. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  4322. Page: 67
  4323.  
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  4381.  
  4382. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  4383. Page: 68
  4384.  
  4386.  
  4387.  
  4388.  
  4389.  
  4390. Example Program #1 - Slide Show
  4391. -------------------------------
  4392.  
  4393. A simple slideshow can be constructed by creating a grasp command
  4394. file as follows:
  4395.  
  4396.  
  4397. ; Slideshow demo for GRASP
  4398. ;
  4399. ; This program will load and display 4 pictures, alternating
  4400. ; between fade #1 and fade #2, waiting for a count of 500 between
  4401. ; each fade.
  4402. ;
  4403. video a ; set medium res 4 color CGA mode (this can
  4404. ; be whatever mode you want to use)
  4405. ;
  4406. load pic1 ; load pic1 into buffer 1
  4407. fade 1 ; fade using fade number 1
  4408. waitkey 500 ; wait for a count of 500
  4409. ;
  4410. load pic2 ; load pic2 into buffer 1
  4411. fade 2 ; but use fade #2 this time.
  4412. waitkey 500 ; etc...
  4413. ;
  4414. load pic3
  4415. fade 1
  4416. waitkey 500
  4417. ;
  4418. load pic4
  4419. fade 2
  4420. waitkey 500
  4421. ;
  4422. exit ; quit the program
  4423.  
  4424.  
  4425.  
  4426.  
  4427.  
  4428.  
  4429.  
  4430.  
  4431.  
  4432.  
  4433.  
  4434.  
  4435.  
  4436.  
  4437.  
  4438.  
  4439.  
  4440.  
  4441.  
  4442.  
  4443. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  4444. Page: 69
  4445.  
  4447.  
  4448.  
  4449.  
  4450.  
  4451. Example Program #2 - How to animate using FLY
  4452. ---------------------------------------------
  4453.  
  4454. Let's say you have 2 clippings which are a flock of birds with
  4455. wings up and wings down. To fly them across the screen, (from 0,160
  4456. to 300,160 issue the following sequence:
  4457.  
  4458.  
  4459. tran on 3 ; turn transparent mode on
  4460. ; (this assumes the background is color 3.)
  4461. ;
  4462. cload birds1,1 ; load in first clip
  4463. cload birds2,2 ; load in second clip
  4464. fly 0,160,300,160,3,4,1,2 ; fly 'em!
  4465. ;
  4466. tran off ; turn off transparent mode
  4467.  
  4468. The parameters in the fly command are x1,y1,x2,y2,step(number of
  4469. pixels between each putup),delay(time of delay between each putup),
  4470. and list of clippings, in this case, 1 and 2.
  4471.  
  4472.  
  4473.  
  4474.  
  4475.  
  4476.  
  4477.  
  4478.  
  4479.  
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  4500.  
  4501.  
  4502.  
  4503.  
  4504. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  4505. Page: 70
  4506.  
  4508.  
  4509.  
  4510.  
  4511.  
  4512. APPENDIX A - Command Summary
  4513.  
  4514.  
  4515. Notes:
  4516. -----
  4517.  
  4518. Each command's arguments (if any) are separated by commas or
  4519. spaces, whichever is preferable.
  4520.  
  4521. Comments begin at a semicolon and continue for the rest of the
  4522. line.
  4523.  
  4524. Line labels are up to 16 characters long and end with a
  4525. colon,i.e.,<label>:.
  4526.  
  4527. Subroutines can be nested up to 16 levels deep.
  4528.  
  4529. There can be up to 16 levels of nesting in MARK,LOOP constructions.
  4530.  
  4531. CAPITAL letters are the command name. It must be spelled correctly,
  4532. but capitals are not required.
  4533.  
  4534. LOWERCASE letters and numbers are parameters. You must specify all
  4535. required parameters, (those not enclosed in <>), or you will get an
  4536. error message indicating too few parameters.
  4537.  
  4538.  
  4539.  
  4540.  
  4541.  
  4542.  
  4543.  
  4544.  
  4545.  
  4546.  
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  4548.  
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  4561.  
  4562.  
  4563.  
  4564.  
  4565. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  4566. Page: 71
  4567.  
  4569.  
  4570.  
  4571.  
  4572.  
  4573. Command Summary:
  4574. ---------------
  4575. BOX x,y,x2,y2,<width> - draw a box
  4576. CFADE #,x,y,<buffer>,<speed>,<delay> - fade a clipping to screen
  4577. CFREE buffer,<buffer>,... - free up clipping buffer(s)
  4578. CHGCOLOR from,to,<from,to>,... - EGA, change color index
  4579. CIRCLE x,y,rx,<ry> - draw an ellipse
  4580. CLEARSCR - clear screen
  4581. CLOAD clipping filename,<buffer> - load a clipping
  4582. COLOR color1,<color2> - set color 1 & color 2
  4583. EXEC program,<parameters> - execute program from GRASP
  4584. EXIT - quit program
  4585. FFREE - free the font buffer
  4586. FGAPS <char_gap, space_gap> - set text gaps
  4587. FLOAD character set filename - load a font
  4588. FLOAT xs,ys,xe,ye,step,delay,clp1... - float clip across screen
  4589. FLY xs,ys,xe,ye,step,delay,clp1... - fly clip across screen
  4590. FSTYLE style - set text style
  4591. GOSUB label - execute subroutine
  4592. GOTO label - goto label
  4593. IFKEY key,label - if key match, goto label
  4594. LINE x,y,x2,y2 - draw line
  4595. LINK textfile filename - link to another text file
  4596. LOOP - loop to previous mark
  4597. MARK loop count - mark for looping
  4598. MODE border color,<palette> - CGA border & palette set
  4599. NOISE freq1,freq2,duration - make some noise
  4600. OFFSET x,y - set x and y offsets
  4601. PALETTE buffer - EGA mode set palette
  4602. PAN x0,y0,x1,y1,<buffer> - EGA pan from x0,y0 to x1,y1
  4603. PFADE #,<buffer>,<speed>,<delay> - fade a picture to screen
  4604. PFREE buffer,<buffer>,... - free up picture buffer(s)
  4605. PLOAD picture filename,<buffer> - load a picture
  4606. POINT x,y,<x2,y2> - draw a point
  4607. PUTUP x,y,<buffer>,<delay> - put a clip to screen @ x,y
  4608. RESETSCR - reset screen to default
  4609. RETURN - return from subroutine
  4610. SETCOLOR c1,c2,c3...c16 - EGA mode set 16 colors
  4611. TEXT x,y,"some text",<delay> - put up text @ x,y
  4612. TRAN on/off, color - transparent mode on/off
  4613. VIDEO vidmode - set video mode
  4614. WAITKEY <timeout>, <label> - wait for a keypress
  4615. WINDOW x0,y0,x1,y1 - set clip window
  4616.  
  4617.  
  4618.  
  4619.  
  4620.  
  4621.  
  4622.  
  4623.  
  4624.  
  4625.  
  4626. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  4627. Page: 72
  4628.  
  4630.  
  4631.  
  4632.  
  4633.  
  4634. APPENDIX B - Fade Table
  4635.  
  4636. There are 25 fades in GRASP which must be called by number. All
  4637. fades work on graphics screens, graphics screens in a window,
  4638. clippings and text screens. This list is also accessable by
  4639. pressing F3 while in the GRASP editor.
  4640.  
  4641. Fade # Description
  4642. ------ -------------------------------------------------------
  4643. 0 Quick snap wipe
  4644. 1 Horizontal left to right wipe
  4645. 2 Horizontal right to left wipe
  4646. 3 Horizontal edge to center wipe
  4647. 4 Horizontal center to edge wipe
  4648. 5 Horizontal 1 pass filter wipe - both sides simultaneously
  4649. 6 Horizontal 2 pass filter wipe - from left, then from right
  4650. 7 Horizontal halves wipe - left to right, then right to left
  4651. 8 Horizontal halves wipe - left and right simultaneously
  4652. 9 Vertical top to bottom wipe
  4653. 10 Vertical bottom to top wipe
  4654. 11 Vertical edge to center wipe
  4655. 12 Vertical center to egde wipe
  4656. 13 Vertical filter wipe, top and bottom simultaneously
  4657. 14 Vertical halves wipe, top and bottom simultaneously
  4658. 15 Vertical halves wipe, left down, right up
  4659. 16 Vertical quarters wipe
  4660. 17 Vertical fingers wipe
  4661. 18 Vertcial fingers/filter combination wipe
  4662. 19 Slither from top to bottom
  4663. 20 Sparkle fade (random)
  4664. 21 Diagonal wipe
  4665. 22 Aperature dissolve - edge to center
  4666. 23 Aperature dissolve - center to edge
  4667. 24 Clockwise clock dissolve
  4668. 25 Double slant dissolve
  4669.  
  4670.  
  4671.  
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  4687. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  4688. Page: 73
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  4695. This page intentionally left blank
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  4747.  
  4748. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  4749. Page: 74
  4750.  
  4752.  
  4753.  
  4754.  
  4755.  
  4756. APPENDIX C - Error Messages
  4757.  
  4758. The following is a list of messages you may get while executing
  4759. GRASP and some of their causes and solutions.
  4760.  
  4761.  
  4762. MOST COMMON ERRORS:
  4763.  
  4764.  
  4765. I. The most common error is not a grasp program error but a
  4766. system error. The screen will clear, and you will get an
  4767. error like
  4768.  
  4769. External Memory allocation overflow, xxxxk requested, yyyyk free.
  4770.  
  4771. This means that you have tried to load a picture or clipping
  4772. that is too large for the memory you have left. There are
  4773. several fixes for this problem.
  4774. 1) Buy more memory. EGA 16 color demos usually take most of a
  4775. 640K machine
  4776. 2) Check your code and use PFREE, CFREE and FFREE to clean up
  4777. memory when you are through using particular pictures,
  4778. clippings and fonts. See the section of the manual on these
  4779. commands.
  4780. 3) Use the special parameter, ',1' on clipping loads that
  4781. don't make the shifted copies. In order to be able to PUTUP a
  4782. clipping at any single-pixel coordinate, GRASP needs to make
  4783. up to 8 shifted copies of the clipping. If you are going to
  4784. be using CFADE or putting it up at a byte boundary, then the
  4785. shifted copies aren't necessary. You can keep them from being
  4786. generated by typing:
  4787.  
  4788. CLOAD clip,1,1 ;note the extra ',1'
  4789.  
  4790. If you do specify the extra parameter, and you try to put up
  4791. the clipping at a non-byte boundary, no putup will occur.
  4792. Remember, FLY, FLOAT and PUTUP can put clippings at any
  4793. coordinate. CFADE can only putup at a byte boundary.
  4794.  
  4795. If none of the above three work, then call the GRASP and
  4796. PCPAINT BBS for more advice.
  4797.  
  4798.  
  4799.  
  4800.  
  4801.  
  4802.  
  4803.  
  4804.  
  4805.  
  4806.  
  4807.  
  4808.  
  4809. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  4810. Page: 75
  4811.  
  4813.  
  4814.  
  4815.  
  4816.  
  4817. II. System Errors
  4818.  
  4819. The following is a list of the GRASP system errors that you may
  4820. encounter. These will appear on the top of the screen while running
  4821. your demo along with a line number where the error occurred. When
  4822. you press a key, you will be returned to that line in your program.
  4823. If you get the error while running under the runtime version, the
  4824. program will stop.
  4825.  
  4826.  
  4827.  
  4828. DUPLICATE LABEL
  4829.  
  4830. - You have used the same label name more than once in your demo and
  4831. GRASP is confused.
  4832.  
  4833.  
  4834. ERROR IN LOOP COUNT
  4835.  
  4836. - Loop count must be a positive number. This error occurs if a
  4837. negative number was specified.
  4838.  
  4839.  
  4840. ERROR IN NAME
  4841.  
  4842. - You have used an invalid character in a filename, or the file
  4843. GRASP was trying to load was not found.
  4844.  
  4845.  
  4846. ERROR IN PACKED CLIPPING
  4847.  
  4848. - sometimes, clippings may be trashed or someone tries to load
  4849. some other file with a .CLP extension. If GRASP does not recognize
  4850. a clipping as being a valid clipping file, you will get this
  4851. message.
  4852.  
  4853.  
  4854. ERROR IN XCOORD
  4855.  
  4856. - The Y-coordinate lies off the screen. This may occur after an
  4857. OFFSET command. If you specify 0 for the Y coordinate, but Y offset
  4858. is set to -5, you will get this error.
  4859.  
  4860.  
  4861. ERROR IN YCOORD
  4862.  
  4863. - The Y-coordinate lies off the screen. This may occur after an
  4864. OFFSET command. If you specify 0 for the Y coordinate, but Y offset
  4865. is set to -5, you will get this error.
  4866.  
  4867.  
  4868.  
  4869.  
  4870. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  4871. Page: 76
  4872.  
  4874.  
  4875.  
  4876.  
  4877.  
  4878. ERROR LOADING FONT
  4879.  
  4880. - GRASP doesn't recognize the font you are trying to load. Also
  4881. could be too large for memory or hardware error during load.
  4882.  
  4883.  
  4884. ERROR LOADING PICTURE
  4885.  
  4886. - GRASP doesn't recognize the picture you are trying to load. Also
  4887. could be hardware error during load.
  4888.  
  4889.  
  4890. ERROR LOADING TEXT
  4891.  
  4892. - GRASP doesn't recognize the text file you are trying to link to.
  4893. Also could be hardware during load.
  4894.  
  4895.  
  4896. ILLEGAL ARGUMENT(S)
  4897.  
  4898. - One of the arguments for the current command is invalid.
  4899. Examples are invalid video mode, etc.
  4900.  
  4901.  
  4902. ILLEGAL BUFFER
  4903.  
  4904. - You have specified a buffer number that is outside of valid
  4905. range. Buffers are 1-16 for pictures and 1-128 for clippings. Also
  4906. may get this when an error occurs trying to allocate a new buffer
  4907. during load.
  4908.  
  4909.  
  4910. ILLEGAL COLOR
  4911.  
  4912. - You have specified an invalid color number for this video mode.
  4913.  
  4914.  
  4915. ILLEGAL FADE
  4916.  
  4917. - You have specified an invalid fade number. Valid fades are 0-25.
  4918.  
  4919.  
  4920. ILLEGAL PALETTE
  4921.  
  4922. - You have specified an invalid palette number for CGA 4 color
  4923. mode. Valid palettes are 0-5.
  4924.  
  4925.  
  4926. ILLEGAL SPEED
  4927.  
  4928. - You have specified an invalid speed for a fade. Valid speeds are
  4929. 0-10000.
  4930.  
  4931. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  4932. Page: 77
  4933.  
  4935.  
  4936.  
  4937.  
  4938.  
  4939. INVALID FONT STYLE
  4940.  
  4941. - You have specified an invalid font style number. Valid styles
  4942. are 0-6.
  4943.  
  4944.  
  4945. INVALID GAP VALUE
  4946.  
  4947. - You have specified an invalid GAP value. Range is 0-255.
  4948.  
  4949.  
  4950. LABEL NOT FOUND
  4951.  
  4952. - You have tried to reference a label which was not previously
  4953. defined.
  4954.  
  4955.  
  4956. MEMORY ERROR
  4957.  
  4958. - When trying to allocate the memory for your GRASP command file,
  4959. an error was encountered. Usually only happens when a command file
  4960. is too large.
  4961.  
  4962.  
  4963. NOT ENOUGH ARGUMENTS
  4964.  
  4965. - Certain commands require a minimum number of arguments. You need
  4966. to specify some more.
  4967.  
  4968.  
  4969. THIS COMMAND REQUIRES AN EGA
  4970.  
  4971. - Just like it says, this particular command requires an EGA card
  4972. and EGA video mode to operate.
  4973.  
  4974.  
  4975. TOO MANY LOOPS
  4976.  
  4977. - You have nested your loops deeper than the maximum, which is 16,
  4978. or you have more loop commands that mark commands.
  4979.  
  4980.  
  4981. TOO MANY MARKS
  4982.  
  4983. - You have nested your loops deeper than the maximum, which is 16,
  4984. or you have more mark commands than loop commands.
  4985.  
  4986.  
  4987. UNKNOWN COMMAND
  4988.  
  4989. - GRASP found something that was not a comment, not a label and
  4990. couldn't recognize as a valid command. Check your spelling.
  4991.  
  4992. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  4993. Page: 78
  4994.  
  4996.  
  4997.  
  4998.  
  4999.  
  5000. APPENDIX D - Picture Swap Line
  5001.  
  5002.  
  5003. There is a public domain electronic bulletin board which operates
  5004. 24 hours a day with the sole purpose of providing a method by which
  5005. users of PCPAINT and GRASP may exchange pictures, clippings, fonts,
  5006. effects and ideas. This help eliminate the extra cost of providing
  5007. artwork for many of the GRASP demos you may want to create. The
  5008. most current version of GRASP will be avaliable this system.
  5009.  
  5010. All uploads and downloads are free and may be used by anyone. We
  5011. encourage you to contribute any artwork you feel could be used by
  5012. someone else. Of course there will be proprietary artwork you
  5013. either pay to have developed, or need to keep confidential. But
  5014. your discards may be another's joy...
  5015.  
  5016. The BBS is located in Costa Mesa, California, and the number is
  5017.  
  5018. *** (714) 545-8100 ***
  5019.  
  5020. You will be limited to 1 hour of use per day. We suggest that you
  5021. use 1200 or 2400 baud modems set at 8 bits, 1 stop bit, no parity.
  5022. You will be transferring binary files so the 8 bit mode is a must.
  5023. There are several utility programs you will want to download first
  5024. which allow you to squeeze and unsqueeze the pic files so that they
  5025. will not take as much time to upload and download. You will find
  5026. them in the UTILITY file area.
  5027.  
  5028.  
  5029. Thanks in advance for your support and contributions to the board.
  5030.  
  5031.  
  5032.  
  5033.  
  5034.  
  5035.  
  5036.  
  5037.  
  5038.  
  5039.  
  5040.  
  5041.  
  5042.  
  5043.  
  5044.  
  5045.  
  5046.  
  5047.  
  5048.  
  5049.  
  5050.  
  5051.  
  5052.  
  5053. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  5054. Page: 79
  5055.  
  5057.  
  5058.  
  5059.  
  5060.  
  5061. This page intentionally left blank
  5062.  
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  5065.  
  5066.  
  5067.  
  5068.  
  5069.  
  5070.  
  5071.  
  5072.  
  5073.  
  5074.  
  5075.  
  5076.  
  5077.  
  5078.  
  5079.  
  5080.  
  5081.  
  5082.  
  5083.  
  5084.  
  5085.  
  5086.  
  5087.  
  5088.  
  5089.  
  5090.  
  5091.  
  5092.  
  5093.  
  5094.  
  5095.  
  5096.  
  5097.  
  5098.  
  5099.  
  5100.  
  5101.  
  5102.  
  5103.  
  5104.  
  5105.  
  5106.  
  5107.  
  5108.  
  5109.  
  5110.  
  5111.  
  5112.  
  5113.  
  5114. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  5115. Page: 80
  5116.  
  5118.  
  5119.  
  5120.  
  5121.  
  5122. APPENDIX E - GRASP Order Form
  5123.  
  5124. GRASP is distributed in the USEware format. If you are going to USE
  5125. it, please check the appropriate box below and enclose a check or
  5126. purchase order. If you find the program unUSEable, please drop us a
  5127. line telling us why. If you pay for the program by sending in this
  5128. registration form with a check or money order, you will be added to
  5129. our mailing list and be kept notified of new releases and new
  5130. utilities.
  5131.  
  5132. ------------------------------------------------------------------
  5133. Single-User Order Form
  5134. ======================
  5135. If you are going to pay for less than 50 copies, use this form. The
  5136. single user price is $50.00. California residents please add 6%
  5137. sales tax. You must pay for EACH copy you plan to use.
  5138.  
  5139. Full Name:__________________________ ___ Copies @ $50.00=_________
  5140.  
  5141. Address :__________________________ 6% Sales Tax =_________
  5142.  
  5143. :__________________________ Total Enclosed =_________
  5144.  
  5145. City, St.:_________________ _____ Zip:_________________
  5146.  
  5147. ------------------------------------------------------------------
  5148. Corporate Site License Order Form
  5149. =================================
  5150. If you are going to be using in excess of 50 copies of GRASP within
  5151. your company at one site, (5 mile radius from licensing party), you
  5152. need only pay for the first 50 copies. You may then make and
  5153. distribute to your employees an unlimited number of copies of the
  5154. software and manual. We have 45 day billing if you include a P.O.
  5155. number instead of a check or money order.
  5156.  
  5157. Primary Corporate Contact for updates, etc.:
  5158.  
  5159. Full Name :_________________________ 50 Copies @ $50.00 = $2500.00
  5160.  
  5161. Address :_________________________ 6% Sales Tax =_________
  5162.  
  5163. :_________________________ Total Enclosed =_________
  5164.  
  5165. Department:_________________________ P.O. Number:________________
  5166.  
  5167. City, St. :_________________ _____ Zip:_________________
  5168.  
  5169. Authorized Signature:______________________________ Date:_________
  5170.  
  5171. ------------------------------------------------------------------
  5172.  
  5173.  
  5174.  
  5175. GRASP - Graphical System for Presentation
  5176. Page: 81
  5177.  
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