MOOC English

I -> Wikileaks & Snowden
Assange’s motivation
Wikileaks -> intersection between passion of (freedom and transparency) + (extensive understanding of computer networks)
Assange = Hacker
Wikileaks -> break the conspiracy power
Hacking + Political purposes -> hacktivism => biggest preoccupation is the freedom of the internet
User Data -> Collected by: government google Facebook apple
Only one tool to protect => Encryption (See the POV of Snowden)

II -> Snowden
June 2013 <- leak
Reveal that US government was doing a massive and global data collection from everyone in the world with telephones and ISP
The data collection programmes were authorised by:
-	Foreign Intelligence Surveillance (FISA) act
-	USA Patriot Act
-	Court Order
Not unknown because a news reporting of that have been posted in 2005 (by James Risen)
Data collection = Violation of the 4th amendment
Encouraged by: UK + Australia + New Zealand + Canada

700 million persons had changed their comportment due to Snowden revelations
It’s impossible for us to live in a new totalitarianism and mass surveillance
We need more information to figure out what is happening
Documents are the key to confirm what people was saying
The biggest surprise of the documents is that there was no surprise inside about what they are doing

Media response:
1.	Hard to report because it’s some code hardcore words
2.	Hard to write for a not-tech audience -> not enough value to be posted inside mainstream newspapers
Reponses to Snowden:
1.	4th amendment
It has not kept pace with technological realities of modern world
Contacting groups that are getting data is the simplest way to get information without investing a lot of money -> easier for governments to track individuals
4th amendment limit power of government surveillance but doesn’t limit surveillance of corporations or business
Doctrine of US -> if you share your data voluntary with a third party, you waived the constitutional protection over it
2012 -> start of this idea => If you drive a car, which can be seen by everybody, why the government could not track you?

Police is getting the permission to search content on a phone because they could search on your body to find possible weapons or contraband items
In 2014, they force police to get a warrant to get access to phones

2.	The vital role of journalists
Reveal abuses of the US (Ex of many things that the US tried to dissimulate)
Without free press -> government can control everything => importance of 1st amendment

III -> Anonymous
Group without leader -> fascinating
ad-hoc projects management
Online protest movement doing some hacktivism to be known <- dealing with things that are not every time internet related
Anonymous => internet factory for creation of activists who work both offline and online
Started as trolls and then upgraded to activist
Anonymous -> Can give power to little protestors by giving legitimize their words
Hackers -> From a privileged group economically and socially
	Wikileaks’s success inspired many hackers to go to the political arena
	They do so through technology, but not only
Hacking -> Operation ISIS (started after Charlie Hebdo) <- To destroy communications of terrorists