//// What is Object Oriented Programming (OOP) ////

//  I still remember my first days when I first attempted to learn how to code. Those dark nights with the blue glow against my face.
//  It was very intimidating at first. I literally had just typed in the word "How to program" and there were an endless scroll of
//  Google results that always gave me a different answer with each click. Being a naive person, I simply just click on the first
//  few search results. Click. Click. I checked out a couple of blog post, Quora posts, and Reddit. They were all very helpful, but
//  the biggest problem of them all....

//  Every site had a different answer. Oh god...I never had a straight answer. I even went on Coursera and Edx to attempt to look at
//  the curriculum...Yeah, there were pretty taunting at first. Questions, quizzes, exams. The videos were all very entertaining, but
//  I felt too much of a newb and I really struggle hard to acquire the right skills of a developer. (Props to those who are self-
//  taught). I felt like I needed something more structured and broken down. And thus.. This is how the long journey goes.


//  Week  1 - I need to know how to basics.

//  I have seen it all. From the "Learn on your phone, it's easy!" to "Coding Is Easy as 1,2,3" So encouraging! I love it!!
//  This is all they all begin. Simple syntax learning. Ummm. Hey, isn't this a book? Where do I code?
//  Good question...Umm..Let's start with a simple website! Cpp.sh (C++ shell). You may use any other editor, but for this
//  chapter's sake. We are starting with cpp.sh.

//  Upon pulling up the page, you should get something like this.

//----------------------------------
//     Week 1 : Understanding The Output
//----------------------------------

//  Yuck. This is some ugly code already.
//  What am I looking at? This looks so fun, doesn't it?
//  When I first started, I didn't know what this all meant either and I was basically told
//  to ignore everything and just listen to the steps.
//  Well...That was helpful...for a bit, but that didn't really contribute to my learning.
//  I really need to break down on everything and that is how I really learn.

// So let's start!

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main()
{
  //  (Thoughts) - To be honest, I really don't know what it all means at the moment.
  //  I think they should have given us a more easier example.

  std::string name;
  std::cout << "What is your name? ";
  getline (std::cin, name);
  std::cout << "Hello, " << name << "!\n";
}

//----------------------------------
//     Week 1.1 : Simple Code
//----------------------------------

  // How about we start with this instead?
  // Copy everything below and paste it into your editor of choice. (cpp.sh?)

#include <iostream>

int main()
{
  std::cout << "Whoa, whoa, whoa!!! I'm alive!!! ";
}

//----------------------------------
//     Week 1.2 : Output - First Crack
//----------------------------------

//  So, I copied the code into cpp.sh and ran it.
//  I saw on the bottom, the words "Whoa, whoa, whoa!!! I'm alive!!! "
//  That is pretty creepy... I wonder what happened?

//  1) Try changing the words in the " ", and try running the program again.

//  *****What happened?

//  I saw that the words changed. Hmm. Okay, interesting.
//  Why not, we make our own sentence now?

//  ******Fill in the blank
//  ________ << "I'm some code";
//  Now, take this line above and try inserting into your code.
//  I wrote an example answer in the next section.


//----------------------------------
//     Week 1.25 : Output Code - Example
//----------------------------------

#include <iostream>

int main()
{
  std::cout << "Whoa, whoa, whoa!!! I'm alive!!! ";
  std::cout << "I'm some code";
}

//----------------------------------
//     Week 1.3 : Output - Second Crack
//----------------------------------

//  To be honest, I really don't know what I did.
//  I literally copied that strange std::cout line and change the words inside the "".
//  Yeah, that is basically it. That was literally my first lesson.
//  I don't know what happened, but try to what some of the syntax means.

//  Let's breakdown this line of code

//  std::cout << "Whoa, whoa, whoa!!! I'm alive!!! ";

//  What is std::cout?
//  std::cout means Standard C Output
//  Whenever, I write this word, it means that I want to output something onto the screen.

//  What is << ?
//  << is one of the operator overloads.
//  The exact name for "<<" is insertion operator.
//  Whenever we use "<<", we want to insert something into something.

//  std::cout << "Whoa, whoa, whoa!!! I'm alive!!! ";

//  ****Can you find what is happening in this screen now?

//  Basically, we are taking the sentence within "", and inserting it into the standard output or aka, our screen.

//  Now let's take a look at some more lines.


// #include <iostream>
// int main()
// {
//  std::cout << "Whoa, whoa, whoa!!! I'm alive!!! ";
//  std::cout << "I'm some code";
// }

//  What is #include <iostream>
//  This line is read as "include input and output stream".
//  This is considered as a "library header". Which acts a unique code empower.
//  For example, if we were to type in the words std::cout on its own, without the library
//  header <iostream>, then std::cout would have no usage and looks like gibberish to the computer.
//  However, when we add #include <iostream> to the top of our program, this grants unique abilities
//  to a series of words. Now std::cout translates and holds the meaning of
//  standard C-Out and it makes sense to the computer. Now does it make sense that it is called a library header now?


//  What is int main()?
//  I spent a long time trying to figure out what this was. Nobody actually told me and using Google was too complicated.
//  After figuring out what it was, I found out it was called the main function. Basically, this main function is a signal to
//  the computer to start here or "THIS IS LINE 1". No matter how big your code is, 100, 500, or 1000. The computer will start at
//  int main() because you told the computer that is line 1!

//  What are { } ?
//  These are brackets. They just hold code and it belongs to watever it is on top.

//  Codie Monster
//  { everything inside these brackets belong to Codie Monster }

//----------------------------------
//     Week 1.4 : Exercise 1 - Make your own code
//----------------------------------

//  Based on what you learned so far, try writing your own code and getting it to work in cpp.sh.
//  Try it and then paste your code into this box.

// ***************

//----------------------------------
//     Week 2 : If and Else Statements
//----------------------------------

//  Okay, so I know how to output a couple of sentences onto the screen. A week should have already passed if I were studying this on //  my own. Outrageous isn't it? I remembered when I first started, I was told to go install this, go install that, make this run.
//  It felt like a cat and mouse game. I kept on moving around and I didn't know if I was making any progress or not. There were
//  so many code editors out there and I didn't know which was good or not. No tutorial was there to help and it basically took me
//  almost a week to get my first code out. Very strange indeed.

//  By now, the most infamous "Hello World" example should be a breeze and accomplishmentable.
//  Hint: (Just output "Hello World")
//  I am or should be ready to tackle problems!! Yes? Let's start!
//  The next on the list are "If and While Statements".

//----------------------------------
//     Week 2.1 : If Statements
//----------------------------------

//  What does the word "If" mean in English?
//  I remembered when I first taught English, this was also a very important "grammar structure" that most of my ESOL students
//  had to learn. The way I structured it was...

//  If ..... Then.....
//  If I went to play ball, then the dogs would come out.
//  If (condition), then (action)

//  In code, this follows the exact structure.
//  Here is the syntax for if C++ statements.

// if (condition)
// {then this code run};

//----------------------------------
//     Week 2.15 : If Statements Example Code
//----------------------------------

//  Try running the code below and see if it works or not.
//  Then try

#include <iostream>

int main()
{
  int x = 10;
  if (x = 10)
    {
       std::cout << "Yes, X is 10";
    }
  else
    {
      std::cout << "No, X does not equal 10";
    }
}

//----------------------------------
//     Week 2.175 : If Statements Example Code Comment
//----------------------------------

//  What the? Did I see an extra line of code?
//  What are these extra line of codes?
//  Well, let's break it down.

//  int x = 10;

//  x is the variable name. A variable name is a name that you
//  use to label any variable. It can be x, y, hotdog, pizza, anything you want.
//  int is short for integer.
//  An integer is a number that is whole; -200, 5, 75.
//  int is the datatype that you decided for the variable.

//  Example:
//  When I tell you that I have the letter X in my hand and it means something,
//  that doesn't really help much. However, when I tell you that this letter X is an integer,
//  now it brings a lot more info to the table. Oh, so I see that the X in my hand is an integer!
//  Now afterward, we must set the value of the X, in which we add the "=" symbol and now X equals 10.
//  A datatype is used for clarification purposes and allows us to understand what type of data we are working with.
//  When declaring (creating) new variables, we must set the datatype before the variable name.

//  Declaring
//  int y;

//  Intializing (setting a value to a variable)
//  y = 10;

//  Declaring and Initializing
//  int z = 50;

////  Else Statements ////

//  Now, what we saw an if statement, but we also saw an else too!
//  What does this mean overall?

//  In English, we would say...
//  If I am going to the park, I want to find a cheetah.
//  If I go to the park I want to find a cheetah, else I am going downtown to skateboard.
//  Mathematically...
//  If (this happens), then (do this)
//  If (this doesn't happen), else (this happens)

//  Fill in the blanks

#include ________

int main()
{
  ___ hamburgers = _ ;

  if (hamburgers = 3)
  {
  std::cout __ "I am hungry";
  }
  else
  _________ << "I need money"_
}

//----------------------------------
//     Week 3 : While and For Statements
//----------------------------------

//  Quick Review
//  Can you declare a variable?
//  Can you intialize a variable?
//  Can you declare and intialize a variable now?

//  After a week of trying to figure out "if and else statements", I felt like I was finally making some progress.
//  Is this really all to coding? If it is, then this is so easy! I mean, come on! If it is that easy, then I should be a pro
//  in no time! All I have to do is use these statements and mash up stuff together right? Easy as chicken pie...

//  Loop Statements
//  A statement that repeats if the conditions are true.
//  A way to repeat or a loop you may say.

//  While statements
//  In English, we would say...
//  While I am eating, I will watch TV.
//  While I am driving, I will not text.
//  Mathamatically
//  While (condition is true), do this.

//  Fill in the blank exercise

#______ <iostream>

int main()
{
  ___ hamChicken = 3 ;

 while (hamChicken < 5)
  {
     _______ __ "ham ham ham";
     hamChicken = hamChicken + 1;
  }
}

// Bonus question: What does "hamChicken = hamChicken + 1" do?

//// For Statements ////

// For Statements are no different from a while loop. They are similar in every way,
// but the only difference is the way it is structured.
// Let's take a look at how it works.

//  Syntax:
//  for ( initization; condition; increment )

//  Example syntax:
//  for (int steak = 0; steak < 5; steak++)

//  Now, when I first saw this, I was immediately confused. This looks a bit heavy already and
//  does not makes a lot of sense for the normal person I am. I believed I spent many months just copying this structure and
//  not know exactly what it exactly does. One problem that really stood out to me was...What does initialization mean? What does
//  it really do? Um what? Which led to finally learn what a counter is.

//  Counters
//  A way to keep track of how many loops have occurred.
//  When using while loops, the counters are often found outside the while loop.
//  Here is a very clear example of how the two are structured. I believe I didn't know the exact difference until maybe now!

//  While Loop

//  int counter = 0;
//  while (counter < 3) {
//    counter++ }

//  For Loop

//  for (int counter = 0; counter < 3; counter++) {
//  }

//  Now, you may use a while loop or for loop; whichever you find more appropriate or likable for your needs.
//  They both do the exact thing. The only difference is preference and the while loop allows for more control on placement of the
//  counter.

//  Question 1
//  What if I put the counter inside the while loop?
//  Try creating your own while loop with a counter inside and explain how it works.
//  ************bow here

//  I did not know what it meant
//  Try writing your own for statement below
// ***************

//----------------------------------
//     Week 4 : Assessment Break
//----------------------------------

//  Before moving on, I suggest developing a little bit and seeing if you can handle the material.
//  Problem:
//  Develop a code that solves this problem
//  Using a while or for loop, I would like to create a pizza delivery screen.

//  There are a total of 10 orders.
//  Every odd number order should be a "L Pizza + 1 Drink"
//  Every even number should be "XXL Pizza + Mystery Sauce"

//  The Output Should Look Like This
//  Pizza Order 1:
//  L Pizza + 1 Drink
//  Pizza Order 2:
//  XXL Pizza + Mystery Sauce
//  Pizza Order 3:
//  L Pizza + 1 Drink
//  Pizza Order 4:
//  XXL Pizza + Mystery Sauce

//----------------------------------
//     Week 4 : Arrays
//----------------------------------

//  It is now week 4. It has been nearly a month and I have barely covered over the basic syntax of coding. If this was an university
//  course, I believe they would already finished all of this by week 1! (Actually they really do. I took a real course at a university
//  and they quickly and thoroughly explained the differences in two weeks). But hey! I am just a single person learning on my own.
//  I don't want to hopping onto shiny toys, but rather I would take the time to really learn my foundation and seeing it how it all
//  work together.

//  English definition: ordered arrangement, in particular.
//  An array isn't all that complicated.

//  Syntax
//  datatype arrayName[arraysize];
//  The array size is how many elements do you want the array to have.

//  Declaration
//  int ticketNumbers[3];
//  Initization
//  ticket Numbers[3] = {0,3,4,5};
//  Declaring and initization
//  int ticketNumbers[3] = {0,3,4,5};

//  An array ic consist of elements.
//  We can access the elements of an array by calling its index.

//  Exercises

   int ticketNumber[3];
   ticketNumber[3] = {0,3,4,5};
   std::cout << ticketNumbers[1];


//  Try running this code.
//  What number do you get when you call the index at 1?
//  Try changing the index to 0, 3, 4, and 2. What numbers do you get?
//  List them below

//  What are the usages of arrays?
//  Say, I got a list of ID numbers. We can store different numbers into each list and access them based on their order.
//  int IDnumber[5] = {25,15,16,13,14}

//----------------------------------
//     Week 5 : Functions
//----------------------------------

//  If I was learning on my own, a year has already passed and I did not know the correct usage or meaning of a function.
//  I believe there are many ways to explain a function, but after so many online lessons and tutorials, I never did grasp
//  the meaning of a function. Is it because the material wasn't so in depth or I wasn't a great learner? When I took my first
//  programming class in university, we spent nearly a whole semester on understanding functions very throughly and
//  getting everything to work. It was very in depth and it explained a lot of things that I needed to know. Some books do
//  go into depths of breaking down a function and explaining it well and many online resources just skims it and explain
//  what is needed to be practical immediate.

//  For this section, I will do the hybrid approach of giving you the knownledge of what needs to be practical and going into
//  enough depth in what I believe is cruical for all developers.

// Placement
// There  are two ways to place a function in C++

// Standard Procedure
// 1) Prototype
// 2) Function Implementation

// Immediate Implementation or Small Program
// 1) Function Implementation above main

// syntax
//  returnType functionName (datatype argument1, datatype argument2) {
//  };

// function example
// int formulaMath ( int input1, int input2){
// }

// A prototype (or function declaration) tells
// the compiler the name, return type, number and type of parameters to expect

//  What is a function and what is it's purpose?
//  When I first learned this, it took me a while to figure out what a function really is.
//  There were many explanations about functions and what it did, but I never really understood it
//  until it was compared to an actual real-life example. In fact, a function works exactly like it
//  does in math.

//  If you recall Algebra I or II, a programming function is
//  exactly like the math function F(x). If you don't recall this concept, don't worry
//  instead here is a better metaphor to explain it.

//  A function is simply a set of instructions that accepts inputs, performs on it, and outputs it.
//  Still confused? Here is a diagram that I found really helpful.
//  This is a function -> [   ]
//  Now I am going to input some numbers into it and it is going to output a new number. Just watch.
//  5 ---> [   ] --- > 10
//  Now, why did this happen?
//  A function is a set of operation. If we look inside at the diagram and see more of it.
//  5 ---> [ x * 2 ] ---> 10
//  Hmm. Does this make sense now?
//  How about explaining it in this box
//  *******

//  Basically, this is what a function is except, it not only deals with numbers, but it could be any set of instructions.
//  We can create words and then use a function to alter the words too!

//////  Parameters

//  Now that we understand what functions are, we can now push for the syntax understanding of a function.
//  int functionMath (int input1, int input2);
//  Looking at this prototype, we can break it down into pieces.
//  ( ) is considered the parameters, and we pass arguments, which would be the individual inputs.
//  Now, looking at the arguments, they are all integers. We are using integers inputs to insert into our function.
//  Next, do you notice the int before functionMath? That specific datatype is considered the return type. The return type
//  is the datatype that is returned by the function.
//  Take a look at the diagram again.
//  arguments (int)  ---> [ functions] ----> returntype (int)
//  Basically, we have inputs that are integers and we are asking for an output that is also an integer.
//  And that is the returntype!

//// Try explaining this concept down to a duck and see if it works.

//

// Is an Oreo cookie still an Oreo cookie without the filling inside?

// Empty Functions - Be able to recognize them

// A function that is empty doesn't accept or returns any information.
// What is the use? Treat it as a skeleton for a function and be able to recognize it for the moment.

//Section 1

void emptyChickens();
void noBeef( void );

int main()
{
    emptyChickens();
    noBeef();
    system("pause");
}

void emptyChickens()
{
    std::cout << "This function has no arguments" << std::endl;
}

void noBeef ( void )
{
    std::cout << "This function accept no arguments either" << std::endl;
}

// By now I guessing you may or may not know what void means and its usages
// Can you explain what you think it means and its practical usages?
// You may find more information on the web





//----------------------------------
//     Week 6 : Pointers
//----------------------------------

//  I remembered when I was studying object oriented at the university level and had visit the student tutor.
//  I had asked him to explain what is a pointer and can you explain it to me?
//  The only thing I recalled from that particular lesson was "follow the pointer". Yeah...That wasn't really that helpful.
//  To be honest, it took me a while to figure out what a pointer truly meant. Even today, I think my grasp of pointers is pretty good,
//  but my mastery of advance level of pointer still needs working. Let's start with the fundamentals first.

//  What is a pointer?
//  The best metaphor that I came up with is, a pointer is a finger and nothing more.
//  A finger can point at things and tell you what's at that specific location.
//  When it comes to development, a pointer is meant to "point" at a specific address and tell you what's at that address.
//  Is it an integer, is it a character, or is it a string? Who knows.

//  What is the purpose of a pointer?
//  To conserve memory and make efficient programs.
//  Instead of working with actual data, wouldn't it be easier just to point at what you need instead?

//  What I didn't know until recently is that a pointer can only point to three things.
//  A pointer can only point at another address, another pointer, or a null value. You can't have a pointer point at something else
//  besides these three.

//  So, let's start.
//  Declaring a pointer
//  There are three ways to declare a pointer, but they all mean the same thing.
//  int* pointer1;
//  int * pointer1;
//  int *pointer1;
//  I generally like the first declaration of the pointer.
//  What you see here is a "*" symbol, correct?
//  That just means that you have declared a pointer that is pointing to an int dataspace.
//  So, you must be dealing with integer only.

//  Intializing a pointer
//  int* pointer1 = 5;
//  pointer1 is pointing to the value of 5.
//  pointer1 is not the value of 5, but rather just points to it.

//  std::cout << pointer1;
//  When we perform this, we can see that pointer1 is the address of the value 5.
//  std::cout << *pointer1;
//  When we dereference pointer1 with *, we can now go to the address of pointer1 and see that there is a value of 5 at that address.

//  Exercises
//

//  How to move a pointer

//  Now, we see that pointers can be used to point at a single object.
//  How about we see how pointers are used on a larger scale.

int main()
{
  // declare out first array
  int array[5] = {0,1,3,4,5};
  // declare our pointer and have intialize it to our array.
  // pointer1 is now equals to array.
  int* pointer1 = array;

  // This should output the first element of the array
  std::cout << *pointer1;

  // Now can you guess what these numbers are?
  std::cout << *(pointer1 + 2);
  std::cout << pointer1[3];
}

//  Exercises Math Pointers****

//  How to use a pointer in a function


//  Pointer Math Exercises

//----------------------------------
//     Week 7 : Dynamic Data with Pointers
//----------------------------------

//

//----------------------------------
//     Week 8 : Classes 1 : Setting Up
//----------------------------------

//----------------------------------
//     Week 9 : Classes 2 : Inheritance
//----------------------------------

//----------------------------------
//     Week 10 : Classes 3 : Polymorphism
//----------------------------------