$.ajax({
    url: '{{ URL::action('getLocation') }}',
    // ...
});

Route::post('/getLocation', array('as'=>'getLocation','uses'=>'FrontController@getLocation'));

Route::post('getLocation',array(
    'as'=>'getLocation','uses'=>'FrontController@getLocation')
);

{!! Form::open() !!}
{!! Form::text('input-name',null,array('class'=>'form-control search-input','data-url'=> URL::route("getLocation") ))
{!! Form::close() !!}

$('.search-input').each(function(){
  $(this).on('change',function (e) {
      search(this)
  });
});

function search(self) {
    var query = $(self).val();
    $.ajax({
        url: $(self).attr('data-url'),
        type: 'post',
        data: {'q':query, '_token': $('input[name=_token]').val()},
        success: function(data){
          console.log(data);
        },
        error: function(data){
            // Not found
        }
    });
}

URL::action('FrontController@getLocation')

URL::route('getLocation')

// Add this in your filtes.php file (feel free to store where you like)
View::composer('layouts.master', function($view) {
    $ajaxUrl = json_encode(array('url' => URL::action('getLocation')));
    $view->with('ajax', $ajaxUrl);
});

<script>var ajax = {{ $ajax or 'undefined' }}</script>

// ajax.url
console.log(ajax.url);