History 2610
U.S. History to 1865
Mark Stanley, Instructor
Review Test Two


Review Terms

Articles of Confederation		Henry Clay				  Cato’s Letters
Constitutional Convention		John C. Calhoun				  Anti-Federalist
Virginia Plan				Carolina Exposition and Protest		         Federalist
New Jersey Plan				Northwest Ordinance			Andrew Jackson
Connecticut Compromise		Shay’s Rebellion			    Proclamation of 1763
Ratification				Pontiac’s Rebellion		  William Henry Harrison
The Federalist Papers			Benjamin Franklin		   Newburgh Conspiracy
Bill of Rights				James Monroe			   The American System
Alexander Hamilton			Whiskey Rebellion			    Embargo Act
Report on Credit			Judiciary Act of 1789			       XYZ  Affair
Report on Manufactures			Declaratory Act			         Nullification Crisis
First Bank of the United States		Stamp Act	         Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
John Marshall								         Battle of Saratoga
Marbury v. Madison							        Battle of Yorktown


Essay Question

Why was the Constitutional Convention called?

To amend the AoC because the National gov wasn’t powerful enough. States were taxing each other and harming the economy.

 What were the key issues the framers of the Constitution had to deal with?

Had to be complete agreement to amend the AoC, Face that it would be too difficult to amend the AoC and draft an entirely new Document. Becomes the constitution. Levels of government, had to separate the powers to ensure the gov isn’t too powerful. Create

  How did the framers of the Constitution deal with the issue of slavery?

3/5’s of a person. Avoided it all together, never used the word slavery. Will only do it if forced.


  Later, how did the Federalists act to utilize and expand the powers of the federal government?

Court system, there would be a supreme court for interpretation. Marburry v Madison puts the judicial power at even power …….. Alien and Sedition Act, Whiskey rebellion


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What was the first challenge to the federal government?

Whiskey Rebellion, whiskey excise tax name it, what it do? Talk about how the people reacted in w. pennslyvania.


 How did President Washington react to that challenge?

He got the troops and rode w/ an army to enforce the tax. Taxing and feathering of tax officials. Rode as commander in chief, and pardoned people that were convicted. Wash was making all the points of the powers of the presidency

 How did Anti-Federalists respond?

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New Jersey Plan - Wanted equal representation for each state

Connecticut Compromise - a compromise adopted at the Constitutional Convention, providing the states with equal representation in the Senate and proportional representation in the House of Representatives.

Newburgh Conspiracy – Issue was the army hadn’t been paid, and that the continental army should watch to Philadelphia to get payment. Washington said no that he’d not lead it.

Embargo Act – Shutting down trade w/ all the nations, and almost ruining the economy

Articles of Confederation - Temp constitution to fit the needs of the revolutionary country, Replaced w/ constitution.

Constitution - Framework of government

Report on Credit – (Expand Powers of Fed Gove Essay) Dealing w/ the debt problem, not a report on debt a report on credit.

Report on Manufactures – Basically we don’t want to be a colonial country to provide to other countries to turn into finished goods. Wanted to encourage manufacturing

First Bank of the U.S. - Where the government could deposit $ control the money supply

Marbury v Madison – Judicial Review; First decision by the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional

Virginia Plan - A proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch

Ratification - Making something valid by formally ratifying or confirming it

John Marshall - Was the Chief Justice of the United States (1801–1835) whose court opinions helped lay the basis for American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches.

Henry Clay / John C Calhoun – He and his colleagues Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun, he was instrumental in formulating the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and the Compromise of 1850.

Shays Rebellion - Shays' Rebellion was an armed uprising that took place in central and western Massachusetts from 1786 to 1787. The rebellion took place in a political climate where the reform of the country's governing document, the Articles of Confederation, was widely seen as necessary.

Pontiacs Rebellion - Warriors from numerous tribes joined the uprising in an effort to drive British soldiers and settlers out of the region. British officers at Fort Pitt attempted to infect the besieging Native Americans with smallpox using blankets that had been exposed to the virus.

Whiskey Rebellion - The Whiskey Rebellion, or Whiskey Insurrection, was a tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791, during the presidency of George Washington. Farmers who sold their grain in the form of whiskey had to pay a new tax which they strongly resented. On the western frontier, protesters used violence and intimidation to prevent federal officials from collecting the tax. Resistance came to a climax in July 1794, when a U.S. marshal arrived in western Pennsylvania to serve writs to distillers who had not paid the excise.

Judiciary Act of 1789 - 1789 law that created the Judicial Branch of the federal government. Among the things provided for in the Act:

•	the number of members of the Supreme Court (6)
•	the number of lower district courts (13)
•	the idea that the Supreme Court can settle disputes between states
•	the idea that a decision by the Supreme Court is final.

Cato’s Letters - The Letters are considered a seminal work in the tradition of the Commonwealth men. The 144 essays were published originally in the London Journal, later in the British Journal. These newspaper essays condemning tyranny and advancing principles of freedom of conscience and freedom of speech, were a main vehicle for spreading the concepts that had been developed by John Locke.

Proclamation of 1763 - The purpose of the proclamation was to organize Great Britain's new North American empire and to stabilize relations with Native North Americans through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier.