Preble 1872, pp. 414–417
Preble 1880, pp. 523–525
Coski, John M. (May 13, 2013). "The Birth of the 'Stainless Banner'". The New York Times. New York: The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on 2014-01-27. Retrieved January 27, 2014. A handful of contemporaries linked the new flag design to the "peculiar institution" that was at the heart of the South's economy, social system and polity: slavery. Bagby characterized the flag motif as the "Southern Cross" – the constellation, not a religious symbol – and hailed it for pointing 'the destiny of the Southern master and his African slave' southward to 'the banks of the Amazon,' a reference to the desire among many Southerners to expand Confederate territory into Latin America. In contrast, the editor of the Savannah, Ga., Morning News focused on the white field on which the Southern Cross was emblazoned. "As a people, we are fighting to maintain the heaven-ordained supremacy of the white man over the inferior or colored races. A White Flag would be thus emblematical of our cause." He dubbed the new flag "the White Man's Flag," a sobriquet that never gained traction.
Thompson, William T. (April 23, 1863). "Daily Morning News". Savannah, Georgia.
Thompson, William T. (April 28, 1863). "Daily Morning News". Savannah, Georgia.
Thompson, William T. (May 4, 1863). "Daily Morning News". Savannah, Georgia.
Loewen, James W.; Sebesta, Edward H. (2010). The Confederate and Neo Confederate Reader: The Great Truth about the 'Lost Cause'. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-60473-219-1. OCLC 746462600. Retrieved December 5, 2013. Confederates even showed their preoccupation with race in their flag. Civil War buffs know that 'the Confederate flag' waved today was never the official flag of the Confederate States of America. Rather, it was the flag of the Army of Northern Virginia. During the war, the Confederacy adopted three official flags. The first, sometimes called 'the Stars and Bars,' drew many objections 'on account of its resemblance to that of the abolition despotism against which we are fighting,' in the words of the editor of the Savannah Morning News, quoted herein.
Kim, Kyle; Krishnakumar, Priya. "What you should know about the Confederate flag's evolution". Los Angeles Times (June 23, 2015). California. Archived from the original on July 12, 2015. Retrieved July 11, 2015.
Wood, Marie Stevens Walker (1957). Stevens-Davis and allied families: a memorial volume of history , biography, and genealogy. p. 44. Retrieved September 1, 2015. This design was suggested by William T. Thompson, editor of the Savannah (Ga.) Morning News, who, in an editorial published April 23, 1863, stated that through this design could be attained all the...
Allen, Frederick. Atlanta Rising: The Invention of an International City 1946-1996. p. 67. Retrieved September 1, 2015. By modern standards, the greatest flaw of the 'Stainless Banner' was its other popular nickname, bestowed by William T. Thompson, editor of the Savannah Daily Morning News, who called it 'the White Man's Flag' and argued that it represented 'the cause of a superior race and a higher civilization contending against ignorance, infidelity, and barbarism' – a bit of racist rhetoric that is plainly unacceptable in current public discource.
"The Second Confederate National Flag (Flags of the Confederacy)". Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. Retrieved October 24, 2005.
"The Third Confederate National Flag (Flags of the Confederacy)". Archived from the original on January 30, 2009. Retrieved July 29, 2007.
Coski 2005, pp. 17–18
"Nicola Marschall". The Encyclopedia of Alabama. April 25, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011. The flag does resemble that of the Germanic European nation of Austria, which as a Prussian artist, Marschall would have known well.
Hume, Edgar Erskine (August 1940). "Nicola Marschall: Excerpts from "The German Artist Who Designed the Confederate Flag and Uniform"". The American-German Review. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
Coski 2005, pp. 4–5
Coski 2005, p. 8
"The Declarations of Causes of Seceding States". Civil War Trust. Retrieved February 23, 2016. Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery—the greatest material interest of the world. Its labor supplies the product which constitutes by far the largest and most important portions of commerce of the earth. These products are peculiar to the climate verging on the tropical regions, and by an imperious law of nature, none but the black race can bear exposure to the tropical sun. These products have become necessities of the world, and a blow at slavery is a blow at commerce and civilization. That blow has been long aimed at the institution, and was at the point of reaching its consummation. There was no choice left us but submission to the mandates of abolition, or a dissolution of the Union, whose principles had been subverted to work out our ruin. That we do not overstate the dangers to our institution, a reference to a few facts will sufficiently prove.
Coski, John M. (May 13, 2013). "The Birth of the 'Stainless Banner'". The New York Times. New York: The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on 2014-01-27. Retrieved January 27, 2014. "Every body wants a new Confederate flag," wrote George Bagby, editor of The Southern Literary Messenger, in January 1862. "The present one is universally hated. It resembles the Yankee flag and that is enough to make it unutterably detestable." The editor of the "Charleston Mercury" echoed Bagby in his criticism and in his solution: "It seems to be generally agreed that the 'Stars and Bars' will never do for us. They resemble too closely the dishonored Flag of Yankee Doodle … we imagine that the Battle Flag will become the Southern Flag by popular acclaim." As early as April 1861, critics denounced the Stars and Bars as a "servile imitation" and a "detested parody" of the Stars and Stripes.
"Confederate States of America government". Retrieved October 5, 2014.
Coski & The Second Confederate National Flag, Flags of the Confederacy
Bonner, Robert E., "Flag Culture and the Consolidation of Confederate Nationalism." Journal of Southern History, Vol. 68, No. 2 (May 2002), 318-319. See also: John M. Coski, The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem (2005), p. 16 [1]; Bvt. Major-General Edward D. Townsend, Saving the Union: My Days with Lincoln and Stanton (Annotated) [2]; William Parker Snow, Lee and His Generals (1867), p.260 [3].
“Gen. Beauregard suggested the flag just adopted, or else a field of blue in place of the white.” -"Letter from Richmond" by the Richmond correspondent of the Charleston Mercury, May 5, 1863, p.1, c.1.
John M. Coski, "The Birth of the Stainless Banner," New York Times Opinionator, (May 13, 2013). "Some congressmen and newspaper editors favored making the Army of Northern Virginia battle flag (in a rectangular shape) itself the new national flag. But Beauregard and others felt the nation needed its own distinctive symbol, and so recommended that the Southern Cross be emblazoned in the corner of a white field."
J. Michael Martinez, William D. Richardson, Ron McNinch-Su, eds., Confederate Symbols in the Contemporary South, University Press of Florida (2000), p.98 [4].
Letter of Beauregard to Villere, Daily Dispatch (Richmond, VA), May 13, 1863 [5]
Coski 2005, pp. 16–17
Coski 2005, p. 18
John D. Wright, The Language of the Civil War, p.284; John M. Coski, The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem (2005), p. 17.
North & South – The Official Magazine of the Civil War Society, Volume 11, Number 2, Page 30, Retrieved April 16, 2010, "The Stars and Bars" Archived July 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Coski 2005, p. 11
Gevinson, Alan. "The Reason Behind the 'Stars and Bars". Teachinghistory.org. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
Coski, John M. (2009). The Confederate Battle Flag. Harvard University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-674-02986-6. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
Coski 2005, p. 5
Coski 2005, p. 5: "describes the 15 stars and the debate on religious symbolism."
Coski 2005, pp. 6–8
Coski 2005, p. 10
Birthplace of the Confederate Battle Flag. The Historical Marker Database.
"37 New Historical Markers for Virginia's Roadways" (PDF). Notes on Virginia. Virginia Department of Historic Resources (52): 71. 2008. B-261: Birthplace of the Confederate Battle Flag
"2008 Virginia Marker Dedication: Birthplace of the Confederate Battle Flag". Retrieved October 5, 2014.
Dedmondt, Glenn (2001). The Flags of Civil War Alabama. Pelican Publishing. pp. 30–31. ISBN 9781455604319.
Maberry, Robert (2001). Texas Flags. Texas A&M University Press. p. 85. ISBN 9781603443692.
Chapman, Roger (2011). Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices. M.E. Sharpe. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7656-2250-1. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
Leonard, Ian (June 21, 2015). "What is the Confederate flag and what does it stand for?". Daily Mirror. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
Coski 2005, pp. 58
The Associated Press (July 10, 2015). "Confederate flag removed: A history of the divisive symbol". Oregon Live.