var preventSubmit = function() {
  var form = $('#comments-enhanced-submit'),
    name = form.find('#name').val(),
    email = form.find('#email').val(),
    comment = form.find('#comment').val();

  $.ajax({
    type: "POST",
    url: absolute_store_link + '/ajax/comments-filter',
    data: {
      name: name,
      email: email,
      comment: comment
    },
    success: function(data) {
      // if data is equal to 1,
      // submit form
      if (data == 1) {
        form.submit();
      }
    }
  });

};

$("#comments-enhanced-submit").on('click', preventSubmit);

<button type="submit" class="large-submit" id="comments-enhanced-submit">Comment</button>